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Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons™

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2018

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Articles 14551 - 14580 of 22830

Full-Text Articles in Social and Behavioral Sciences

Graduate Certificate In Aquaculture And Fisheries, Joanna Burkhardt Feb 2018

Graduate Certificate In Aquaculture And Fisheries, Joanna Burkhardt

Library Impact Statements

No abstract provided.


Library Publishing Curriculum Impact Module: Outreach, Engagement, And Collaboration (Unit 5), Instructor's Guide, John W. Warren Feb 2018

Library Publishing Curriculum Impact Module: Outreach, Engagement, And Collaboration (Unit 5), Instructor's Guide, John W. Warren

Library Publishing Curriculum

This unit focuses on strategies and tactics for audience engagement and outreach, with the goal of extending the impact of publishing organizations, publication portfolios and series, or individual publications. We will discuss approaches to engage faculty and students in the campus community, the local community, and other communities of interest. We define community engagement as interaction or collaboration with a community of interest. This involves reciprocity. Outreach, on the other hand, describes activities that are provided to, intended for, or done in communities.


Twitter Chats As A Research Tool: A Study Of Young Adult Financial Decisions, Barbara O’Neill, Yilan Xu, Carrie L. Johnson, Elizabeth Kiss Feb 2018

Twitter Chats As A Research Tool: A Study Of Young Adult Financial Decisions, Barbara O’Neill, Yilan Xu, Carrie L. Johnson, Elizabeth Kiss

Journal of Human Sciences and Extension

Many researchers collect online survey data because it is cost-effective and less time-consuming than traditional research methods. This paper describes Twitter chats as a research tool vis-à-vis two other online research methods: providing links to electronic surveys to respondents and use of commercially available survey panels through vendors with readily available respondents. Similar to a face-to-face focus group, Twitter chats provide a synchronous environment for participants to answer a structured series of questions and to respond to both the chat facilitator and each other. This paper also reports representative responses from a Twitter chat that explored financial decisions of young …


Food Handling Practices And Food Safety Messaging Preferences Of African-American And Latino Consumers, Emily Patten, Jeannie Sneed, Londa Vanderwal Nwadike Feb 2018

Food Handling Practices And Food Safety Messaging Preferences Of African-American And Latino Consumers, Emily Patten, Jeannie Sneed, Londa Vanderwal Nwadike

Journal of Human Sciences and Extension

Extensive research on consumer food handling has identified common practices that could negatively impact food safety. Limited research has considered if food handling practices differ among diverse groups or if unique approaches are needed to provide food safety education for different audiences. This study examined food handling practice differences between African-American and Latino consumers and differing responses to food safety messages. Four focus groups were conducted, two with African-American participants and two with Latino participants, with each focus group consisting of 10-15 participants. Focus group transcripts were reviewed, coded, and grouped into themes using an iterative process. The 50 participants …


Lessons Learned From Organizing A Multi-County Marriage Celebration Event, Naomi Brower, Pamela B. Payne Feb 2018

Lessons Learned From Organizing A Multi-County Marriage Celebration Event, Naomi Brower, Pamela B. Payne

Journal of Human Sciences and Extension

It is well documented that individuals in communities need and value opportunities to engage in marital education and enrichment programs. Often individuals are interested in learning strategies that will enhance their interpersonal relationships. One way in which this can be done is through educational events that focus on specific topics. This paper focuses on specific strategies and lessons learned in hosting a collaborative relationship enrichment event, Marriage Celebration, across multiple counties.


From Context To Outcomes: A Thriving Model For 4-H Youth Development Programs, Mary E. Arnold Feb 2018

From Context To Outcomes: A Thriving Model For 4-H Youth Development Programs, Mary E. Arnold

Journal of Human Sciences and Extension

The contemporary Extension 4-H program is focused on positive youth development, providing experiences that increase the likelihood of enhanced wellbeing and optimal development for 4-H participants. Despite the longevity, reach, and success of the 4-H program, however, with few notable exceptions, there has been relatively little attention paid to elucidating the underlying program theory and the actions that put the theory into motion. As a result, no one model or framework guides the program uniformly across the 4-H system, resulting in numerous ways of describing and measuring the impact of the 4-H program on young people. This paper proposes a …


Building The Capacity Of Classroom Teachers As Extenders Of Nutrition Education Through Extension: Evaluating A Professional Development Model, Jessica D. Linnell, Sheri Zidenberg-Cherr, Rachel E. Scherr, Martin H. Smith Feb 2018

Building The Capacity Of Classroom Teachers As Extenders Of Nutrition Education Through Extension: Evaluating A Professional Development Model, Jessica D. Linnell, Sheri Zidenberg-Cherr, Rachel E. Scherr, Martin H. Smith

Journal of Human Sciences and Extension

Utilizing teachers as extenders may maximize the reach of Extension nutrition education programs; however, there is a need to identify effective professional development (PD) strategies to ensure quality implementation. Lesson study is a PD model that demonstrated improvements in school teachers’ self-efficacy and knowledge in various disciplines. In this study, fourth-grade teachers at two schools delivered nutrition education in their classrooms. Lesson study was examined to improve self-efficacy, content knowledge, and use of inquiry-based teaching strategies. While teachers at one school followed the lesson study model, teachers at the other school did not. Teachers reported time, resources, and funding were …


Full Issue, Volume 6, Number 1, Donna J. Peterson, Rich Poling Feb 2018

Full Issue, Volume 6, Number 1, Donna J. Peterson, Rich Poling

Journal of Human Sciences and Extension

No abstract provided.


Financially Successful Farms In Nebraska, What Matters?, Matthew C. Stockton, Robert Tigner Feb 2018

Financially Successful Farms In Nebraska, What Matters?, Matthew C. Stockton, Robert Tigner

Cornhusker Economics

The 2012 record high cash receipts for corn brought much optimism among corn farmers and associated businesses. However, more recent years have fostered feelings of concern with many reflections about other challenging times, such as those experienced in the 1980’s. Among producers such feelings are usually negative, but when properly channeled can lead to positive business actions, such as cost reductions and increased efficiencies.


Risk Of Adolescent Pregnancy Toward Maternal And Infant Health, Analisis Of Idhs 2012, Anni Fithriyatul Mas'udah, Besral Besral, Bimandra Adiputra Djaafara Feb 2018

Risk Of Adolescent Pregnancy Toward Maternal And Infant Health, Analisis Of Idhs 2012, Anni Fithriyatul Mas'udah, Besral Besral, Bimandra Adiputra Djaafara

Kesmas

Dampak kehamilan pada remaja erat kaitannya dengan risiko kesehatan ibu dan bayi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan komposit indeks kesehatan ibu, indeks kesehatan bayi dan untuk menelaah pengaruh kehamilan remaja terhadap kesehatan ibu dan bayi. Penelitian ini menggunakan data Survei Demografi Kesehatan Indonesia tahun 2012, dengan sampel 2.167 responden yang memenuhi syarat inklusi (wanita usia subur yang pernah melahirkan anak pertama sejak Januari 2007 sampai survei dilaksanakan). Analisis menggunakan Polychoric Principal Component Analysis untuk menentukan komposit indeks kesehatan ibu dan bayi, serta regresi logistik untuk mengetahui besar hubungan kehamilan remaja terhadap kesehatan ibu dan bayi. Kesehatan ibu dapat ditentukan melalui …


Exclusive Breastfeeding Intention Among Pregnant Women, Tria Astika Endah Permatasari, Ratu Ayu Dewi Sartika, Endang Laksminingsih Achadi, Urip Purwono, Anies Irawati, Dwiana Ocviyanti, Evi Martha Feb 2018

Exclusive Breastfeeding Intention Among Pregnant Women, Tria Astika Endah Permatasari, Ratu Ayu Dewi Sartika, Endang Laksminingsih Achadi, Urip Purwono, Anies Irawati, Dwiana Ocviyanti, Evi Martha

Kesmas

Intensi pemberian ASI eksklusif adalah intensi ibu untuk memberikan hanya ASI pada bayinya sejak dilahirkan hingga berusia enam bulan. Intensi pada periode prenatal merupakan penentu langsung pemberian ASI eksklusif. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui faktor paling dominan berhubungan dengan intensi pemberian ASI eksklusif pada ibu hamil di sebuah rumah sakit ibu dan anak di Kota Tangerang Selatan. Penelitian dengan desain studi potong lintang dilakukan secara primer. Sampel berjumlah 143 ibu hamil trimester ketiga dipilih secara purposive sampling. Intensi pemberian ASI eksklusif diukur menggunakan kuesioner the Infant Feeding Intentions scale. Sedangkan sikap, norma subjektif dan persepsi kontrol perilaku dinilai menggunakan modifikasi kuesioner …


Listening To Earth Stories: An Interview With Swarnalatha Rangarajan, Sufina K, Bhuvaneswari R Feb 2018

Listening To Earth Stories: An Interview With Swarnalatha Rangarajan, Sufina K, Bhuvaneswari R

The Goose

In this interview with Dr. Swarnalatha Rangarajan, a well known Indian ecocritic and a pioneer of Indian ecocriticism, discusses ecocriticism, her novel The Final Instructions, and a wide range of Indian environmental writing.


Incorporating Farmers’ Market Tours Into The Expanded Food And Nutrition Education Program: Best Practices And Lessons Learned, Annie Hardison-Moody, J. Dara Bloom, Lorelei Jones, Tony Benavente Feb 2018

Incorporating Farmers’ Market Tours Into The Expanded Food And Nutrition Education Program: Best Practices And Lessons Learned, Annie Hardison-Moody, J. Dara Bloom, Lorelei Jones, Tony Benavente

Journal of Human Sciences and Extension

Research indicates that low-income consumers are less likely to shop at farmers’ markets and that these individuals are often those with the lowest intake of fresh fruits and vegetables. This project aimed to improve familiarity with farmers’ markets among low-income consumers through guided tours of farmers’ markets, implemented as part of the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP). EFNEP Program Assistants (PAs) in five counties in North Carolina received training and partnered with a local Cooperative Extension agent to deliver a farmers’ market tour at the mid-point of a nine-lesson series on healthy eating. Forty-eight participants completed the series, …


Using The Re-Aim Framework To Evaluate Disaster Recovery Videos, Sarah Cronin, Lori Hendrickson, Sara Croymans Feb 2018

Using The Re-Aim Framework To Evaluate Disaster Recovery Videos, Sarah Cronin, Lori Hendrickson, Sara Croymans

Journal of Human Sciences and Extension

Natural disasters both increase and cause financial challenges for survivors. Crisis support reduces negative outcomes such as financial stress, yet survivors are often unaware or unable to access available services. Aiming to innovatively improve access to quality financial education and to support financial recovery post-disaster, a video series was developed with a community advisory board. The RE-AIM framework informed a developmental evaluation measuring the videos’ influence. Results indicated majority of participants have used or intend to use the videos in their disaster work. This indicates the video series may be a helpful tool for disaster responders when providing financial recovery …


Building Life Skills And Interest In Stem Through Rural 4-H Robotics Camps, Rayna Sage, Jaymie Vandagriff, Janet Schmidt Feb 2018

Building Life Skills And Interest In Stem Through Rural 4-H Robotics Camps, Rayna Sage, Jaymie Vandagriff, Janet Schmidt

Journal of Human Sciences and Extension

Many rural communities are looking for inexpensive and innovative ways to engage youth in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). University Extension 4-H programs offer a unique platform to increase rural youth exposure to STEM and build important life skills. This study employed a mixed-methods approach to examine ways in which 47 youth in five rural robotics day camps grew in targeted 4-H life skills and enthusiasm for science. Campers perceived growth in their decision making and ability to use limited resources during these short day camps. Furthermore, participant observations and responses to open-ended prompts in their “science notebooks” provided …


Library Publishing Curriculum Content Module: Publishing Educational Materials (Unit 5), Instructor's Guide, Peter Berkery, Meredith Babb, Jasmine Mulliken, Friederike Sundaram, Dennis Lloyd, Mary Rose Muccie, Brenna Mclaughlin Feb 2018

Library Publishing Curriculum Content Module: Publishing Educational Materials (Unit 5), Instructor's Guide, Peter Berkery, Meredith Babb, Jasmine Mulliken, Friederike Sundaram, Dennis Lloyd, Mary Rose Muccie, Brenna Mclaughlin

Library Publishing Curriculum

Many universities have formal programs addressing textbook affordability. These may include committees charged with investigating the current landscape and communicating with faculty to encourage affordable options; open textbook programs supported by the library, institution, or state; or a university-press program supporting faculty in the creation of affordable course readers. How do you identify opportunities to best offset student costs with quality affordable textbooks? Do you create resources devotedto a course at your institution, or should you aim for broader course adoption? What additional non-text components may be expected by users? How do you get faculty on board with creating and …


Library Publishing Curriculum Content Module: Editorial Strategy (Unit 1), Instructor's Guide, Peter Berkery, Meredith Babb, Jasmine Mulliken, Friederike Sundaram, Dennis Lloyd, Mary Rose Muccie, Brenna Mclaughlin Feb 2018

Library Publishing Curriculum Content Module: Editorial Strategy (Unit 1), Instructor's Guide, Peter Berkery, Meredith Babb, Jasmine Mulliken, Friederike Sundaram, Dennis Lloyd, Mary Rose Muccie, Brenna Mclaughlin

Library Publishing Curriculum

As a library publisher, will you act as a service provider for your home institution, an editorially driven publisher of scholarly content, or both? After you’ve decided on the approach you want to take, it’s time to select an approach to publishing and craft your vision, mission, and goals. Building and growing a publishing program requires active engagement with the university and scholarly communities. A needs assessment will help you identify areas where your program can focus. Should you target specific areas, perhaps aligned with the strengths or strategic interests of your institution? As word of your program gets out …


Library Publishing Curriculum Impact Module: Assessment Measures And Strategies (Unit 3), Instructor's Guide, John W. Warren Feb 2018

Library Publishing Curriculum Impact Module: Assessment Measures And Strategies (Unit 3), Instructor's Guide, John W. Warren

Library Publishing Curriculum

We have previously discussed methods and tools for strategic planning and crafting effective goals. How do we know if we are making progress towards these goals? How can we determine if our publications and our work is having the impact we want? This unit introduces assessment methods, tools, and metrics that help us measure the impact of individual publications and publishing programs. We will look at the connection between strategic planning and assessment, and practice applying assessment methods to real-world scenarios. In the first half of the unit, we discuss evaluating individual publications, examining the advantages and disadvantages of common …


Library Publishing Curriculum Impact Module: Trends Affecting Scholarly Publishing (Unit 1), Instructor's Guide, John W. Warren Feb 2018

Library Publishing Curriculum Impact Module: Trends Affecting Scholarly Publishing (Unit 1), Instructor's Guide, John W. Warren

Library Publishing Curriculum

This unit provides a brief introduction to the Impact module by situating library publishing in the context of key trends affecting scholarly publishing. We will review how changes in technology, consumer behavior, and higher education influence nonprofit and for-profit scholarly publishing, highlighting the changing role of libraries, the rise of online bookselling, the growth of Open Access (OA) publishing models, the expansion of self-publishing, changes in discovery, the ubiquity of social media, the impact of metadata, competition for reader attention, and the changing definitions of “publication” and “scholarship.” Participants will consider the implications of each trend for library publishing.


Library Publishing Curriculum Content Module: Nuts And Bolts (Unit 2), Instructor's Guide, Peter Berkery, Meredith Babb, Jasmine Mulliken, Friederike Sundaram, Dennis Lloyd, Mary Rose Muccie, Brenna Mclaughlin Feb 2018

Library Publishing Curriculum Content Module: Nuts And Bolts (Unit 2), Instructor's Guide, Peter Berkery, Meredith Babb, Jasmine Mulliken, Friederike Sundaram, Dennis Lloyd, Mary Rose Muccie, Brenna Mclaughlin

Library Publishing Curriculum

Publishing is a process with numerous moving parts; systems, workflows, guidelines, and documentation are crucial for a program’s success. This unit provides answers to the following questions: What’s needed to support an author or journal editor from submission through publication? What are the workflows for file preparation, the production process, and distribution? How do you manage text-based digital and possible print editions? What staff skills are required to support a publishing program? What resources can be drawn upon to assist you as you build your program?


Library Publishing Curriculum Content Module: Journal Publishing (Unit 4), Instructor's Guide, Peter Berkery, Meredith Babb, Jasmine Mulliken, Friederike Sundaram, Dennis Lloyd, Mary Rose Muccie, Brenna Mclaughlin Feb 2018

Library Publishing Curriculum Content Module: Journal Publishing (Unit 4), Instructor's Guide, Peter Berkery, Meredith Babb, Jasmine Mulliken, Friederike Sundaram, Dennis Lloyd, Mary Rose Muccie, Brenna Mclaughlin

Library Publishing Curriculum

On the surface, launching a journal may appear to be one of the simplest, most straightforward means of starting a library publishing program, especially if a professor or group of students comes to you with a pre-formed idea. But even such service-oriented projects can be deceptively complex. Are the editor’s needs and expectations aligned with the your resources and capacity? What roles and skills do you need to successfully support a journal? How will you promote the journal to potential authors and readers? In this unit, you’ll learn the fundamentals of launching and maintaining a journal publishing program in a …


Library Publishing Curriculum Impact Module: Strategic Planning (Unit 2), Instructor's Guide, John W. Warren Feb 2018

Library Publishing Curriculum Impact Module: Strategic Planning (Unit 2), Instructor's Guide, John W. Warren

Library Publishing Curriculum

This unit focuses on strategic planning methods and tools designed to increase impact. As we aim to maximize the impact and value of our publishing programs, portfolios, and individual products, whether through decision about content or the activities related to marketing and promotion, we must begin by understanding and articulating our organizational objectives. Library publishers may aspire to increase their impact on campus (among scholars, students, and administrators); among local or global publics; and upon specific fields and communities of practice. Extending impact begins with thoughtful and purposeful strategic planning: aligning goals with organizational objectives, articulating desired outcomes, and understanding …


The Antelope, University Of Nebraska At Kearney Feb 2018

The Antelope, University Of Nebraska At Kearney

The Antelope

No abstract provided.


Library Publishing Curriculum Impact Module: Strategies For Enhancing Discovery And Accessibility (Unit 4), Instructor's Guide, John W. Warren Feb 2018

Library Publishing Curriculum Impact Module: Strategies For Enhancing Discovery And Accessibility (Unit 4), Instructor's Guide, John W. Warren

Library Publishing Curriculum

This unit focuses on the interrelated topics of discovery and accessibility, or how you enable readers to find and use your publications. In the first half of the unit, we will cover best practices in metadata management, common metadata standards and unique identifiers, journal indexing, and search engine optimization. In the second half, we will briefly discuss best practices in accessibility for the web, ebooks, and PDFs, legal and ethical concerns, and universal design.


Library Publishing Curriculum Impact Module: Marketing, Promotion, Publicity (Unit 6), Instructor's Guide, John W. Warren Feb 2018

Library Publishing Curriculum Impact Module: Marketing, Promotion, Publicity (Unit 6), Instructor's Guide, John W. Warren

Library Publishing Curriculum

This unit covers brand development and marketing for library-based publishers, with a focus on the fundamentals of audience-targeting, promotion, publicity, and effective copy-writing.


Library Publishing Curriculum Impact Module: Self Evaluation Rubric, John W. Warren Feb 2018

Library Publishing Curriculum Impact Module: Self Evaluation Rubric, John W. Warren

Library Publishing Curriculum

No abstract provided.


Antenatal Care Provider And Cesarean Section In Urban Areas In Indonesia, Terry Yuliana Rahadian Pristya, Milla Herdayati, Besral Besral, Dheni Fidyah Fika Feb 2018

Antenatal Care Provider And Cesarean Section In Urban Areas In Indonesia, Terry Yuliana Rahadian Pristya, Milla Herdayati, Besral Besral, Dheni Fidyah Fika

Kesmas

Tren persalinan sesar di Indonesia (2007-2012) mengalami peningkatan dua kali lipat berisiko pada munculnya masalah kesehatan jangka panjang maupun pendek. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui hubungan tenaga kesehatan pemeriksa kehamilan dengan persalinan sesar. Penelitian kuantitatif ini menggunakan desain potong lintang dengan sampel penelitian 5143 wanita usia subur berusia 15-49 tahun yang melahirkan anak terakhirnya, baik melahirkan sesar maupun tidak di wilayah perkotaan yang terpilih dalam sampel Survei Demografi Kesehatan Indonesia tahun 2012. Analisis multivariat regresi logistik digunakan untuk mengetahui hubungan tenaga pemeriksa kehamilan dengan persalinan sesar, dikontrol oleh usia ibu, tempat periksa kehamilan, paritas, dan tempat melahirkan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa …


Early Inititation Of Breastfeeding And Vitamin A Supplementation With Nutritional Status Of Children Aged 6-59 Months, Betty Yosephin Simanjuntak, Miratul Haya, Desri Suryani, Che An Ahmad Feb 2018

Early Inititation Of Breastfeeding And Vitamin A Supplementation With Nutritional Status Of Children Aged 6-59 Months, Betty Yosephin Simanjuntak, Miratul Haya, Desri Suryani, Che An Ahmad

Kesmas

Masa balita, khususnya dua tahun pertama kehidupan merupakan usia emas bagi anak karena pertumbuhan dan perkembangannya yang cepat. Oleh karena itu, terjadinya gangguan nutrisi pada masa itu bisa bersifat permanen dan tidak dapat diubah. Penelitian ini mengkaji hubungan antara inisiasi dini pemberian air susu ibu dan vitamin A dengan status gizi. Total sampel yang dianalisis dalam penelitian ini adalah 1.592 anak di bawah lima tahun (balita) berusia 6-59 bulan yang diambil dari Pemantauan Status Gizi Indonesia 2015 di Bengkulu. Data termasuk usia, jenis kelamin, inisiasi menyusui dini, panjang kelahiran, berat lahir, suplementasi vitamin Adikumpulkan dengan menggunakan kuesioner. Berat dan tinggi …


Family Support As A Factor Influencing The Provision Of Exclusive Breastfeeding Among Adolescent Mothers In Bantul, Yogyakarta, Maulida Lailatussu’Da, Niken Meilani, Nanik Setiyawati, Sammy Onyapidi Barasa Feb 2018

Family Support As A Factor Influencing The Provision Of Exclusive Breastfeeding Among Adolescent Mothers In Bantul, Yogyakarta, Maulida Lailatussu’Da, Niken Meilani, Nanik Setiyawati, Sammy Onyapidi Barasa

Kesmas

Kehamilan remaja di Indonesia cukup tinggi. Kecamatan Sewon memiliki angka persalinan remaja tertinggi di Kabupaten Bantul pada tahun 2015-2016. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi pemberian ASI eksklusif pada ibu usia remaja di Kecamatan Sewon, Kabupaten Bantul. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain potong lintang dan sampel penelitian berjumlah 45 orang ibu usia remaja yang mempunyai bayi usia 6-24 bulan. Pengumpulan data menggunakan kuesioner terstruktur. Analisis bivariat menggunakan kai kuadrat dan fisher’s exact test, sedangkan analisis multivariat menggunakan regresi logistik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa 53.3% ibu usia remaja tidak memberikan ASI eksklusif. Analisis bivariat menunjukkan faktor status kehamilan (nilai p …


Effect Of Nutrition Counseling Knowledge And Attitude Toward Mother Breastfeeding And Baby Growth In Sub Lubuk Pakam, Herta Masthalina, Zein Agustina Feb 2018

Effect Of Nutrition Counseling Knowledge And Attitude Toward Mother Breastfeeding And Baby Growth In Sub Lubuk Pakam, Herta Masthalina, Zein Agustina

Kesmas

Untuk dapat menjalankan program ASI eksklusif, ibu menyusui harus memiliki pengetahuan yang baik. Salah satu cara dalam menambah pengetahuan yaitu dengan memberikan konseling gizi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh konseling gizi tentang ASI eksklusif dan status gizi terhadap pengetahuan dan sikap ibu menyusui di wilayah Puskesmas Kecamatan Lubuk Pakam. Jenis penelitian ini adalah quasi experimental non-equivalent control group design. Sampel sejumlah 60 ibu dibagi ke dalam dua kelompok, yaitu 30 ibu yang diberikan konseling gizi intensif pada kelompok intervensi di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Lubuk Pakam dan 30 ibu pada kelompok kontrol di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Tanjung Morawa. Kelompok perlakuan …