Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons^™

A New Era In American Agriculture, Peter Hosch

Major Themes in Economics

The implications of the 1996 Freedom to Farm Bill go far beyond free market agriculture. By moving away from past farm policy and lifting subsidy payments, America's small farmers will be forced out of business. This should have happened gradually over the years. With current agricultural technology and the unique structure of the agriculture industry, the phasing out of the small farmer will be rapid. Current trends in agribusiness consolidation also threaten the rural businesses that have traditionally supported the small farmers and consumer choice in the marketplace.

Trade Adjustment Assistance: Past Issues, Current Concerns, And A Possible Solution, Mike Hanson

Major Themes in Economics

Compensating workers who are displaced by trade provides a key political tool for advancing the cause of free trade. Since 1962 the United States has provided such compensation through Trade Adjustment Assistance. Throughout much of the program's relatively short life, there has been much criticism of its effectiveness. However, converting the program to one that provides earnings insurance rather than income replacement would greatly improve the program by providing strong incentives to find work.

The Role Of Foreign Direct Investment In Transition Economies, With Special Emphasis On The Republic Of Croatia, Marko Svetina

Major Themes in Economics

This paper examines the process of transition in Central Europe. It examines the development of international trade theories as a basis for the emergence of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), along with a brief history of FDI. Special consideration is given to FDI as a determinate of economic growth in transitional Croatia. It is argued that Croatia has reached a level of economic development where it can make use of substantial amounts of FDI.

Income Inequality And Economic Growth: An Empirical Study About The Effects Of Economic Growth On Income Distribution, Steve Schuler

Major Themes in Economics

The Kuznets inverted-U hypothesis has been a source of debate in development economics for years. Most of the recent studies on the subject have been panel studies. In this paper, the author re-considers the possibility of testing the Kuznets hypothesis in a cross-sectional study. The results suggest that the Kuznets hypothesis does hold. However, there are a number of qualifications about the research presented which must be considered.

Population Trends In Rural Iowa: Decline And Recovery, Jake Hansen

Major Themes in Economics

In the 1980s, the population of the United States increased by 22,219,000 people, or 9.8%. At the same time, the population of the state of lowa declined by 4.7%, meaning a loss of over 136,000 Iowans. Many experts blame the farm crisis of the 1980s for this population decline. As of 1998, only 20 of Iowa's 99 counties had experienced population growth since 1980. The purpose of this paper is to determine the factors that contributed to Iowa's population decline in the 1980s and what Iowans can do to stabilize their population in the years ahead. The focus of this …

Youth Violence : A Comprehensive Literature Review, Amy L. Licht

Graduate Research Papers

Over the last decade a great deal of literature has been focused on the subject of youth violence. For this paper, youth violence is defined as elementary and adolescent-aged boys and girls who commit violent acts. These include: the use of physical force to produce injury or death to others, gang fighting, hate crimes, sexual and/or physical assault, bringing and/or using weapons at school, and aggressive behavior used as a means to gain a certain outcome.

Many studies have been conducted focusing on several dynamics involved in this complicated issue. The focus of the present work was primarily to: review …

Distribution And Habitat Of The Southern Two-Lined Salamander, Eurycea Cirrigera, In Will County, Illinois: Implications For Population Management And Monitoring, David Mauger, Timothy Bell, Eric L. Peters

Journal of the Iowa Academy of Science: JIAS

The southern two-lined salamander (Eurycea cirrigera) was found to occur at numerous localities within the Kankakee River State Park in Will County, Illinois. The species is restricted to small drainages within the Kankakee River valley that have flow consisting of groundwater that discharges at seeps or springs at or within the valley bluff. Cooler water temperatures and possibly other conditions that are associated with water derived from seep or spring sources may be important factors in determining salamander abundance. This is particularly relevant to larval habitat. These observations suggest that the spring or seep-fed larval habitat may be the primary …

Book Review: Wildflowers And Other Plants Of Iowa Wetlands, Paul Christiansen

Journal of the Iowa Academy of Science: JIAS

Wildflowers and Other Plants of Iowa Wetlands. Sylvan T. Runkeland Dean M. Roosa. 1999. Iowa State University Press. 372 pages. ISBN 0-8138-2174-6 pbk.

Runkel and Roosa have scored again with an impressive book on the plants of Iowa wetlands. The format is similar to their very successful Wildflowers of the Tallgrass Prairie (ISU Press, 1989) with full-page color illustrations of each species with the facing page giving nomenclatural data, range and habitat, leaf, flower and fruit characteristics. Information and interesting facts about the plant, including uses by aborigines and early settlers, follows.

Wetland Mitigation And Amphibians: Preliminary Observations At A Southwestern Illinois Bottomland Hardwood Forest Restoration Site, Kenneth S. Mierzwa

Journal of the Iowa Academy of Science: JIAS

Much has been written on amphibian declines attributed to habitat loss or fragmentation. Much less is known about the response of amphibians to restoration of wetland habitat. Amphibians were monitored at a series of southwestern Illinois wetland mitigation sites from 1995-1998. By the end of the study period, all seven species of amphibians previously known from the site had been found within restored wetlands, and an eighth species had apparently colonized the site. Amphibian species associated with open sunlit wetlands were the first to enter the mitigation sites and were the most abundant. As trees mature and mitigation sites become …

Burnout : Implications For Counselors, Rhonda L. Corell

Graduate Research Papers

The phenomenon of burnout has received wide attention during the last fifteen years, especially in human service organizations. Burnout may affect individuals in a number of ways within the work setting. Its consequences may be physical, emotional, or intellectual (Whitaker, 1995). The key characteristics are an overwhelming exhaustion; feelings of frustration, anger, and cynicism; and a sense of ineffectiveness and failure (Maslach & Goldberg, 1998). Emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduced personal accomplishment are symptoms of a cognitive and emotional state that mental health workers experience and observe among their colleagues (Leiter & Harvie, 1996). Although some people may quit the …

Holistic Approaches In Counseling, Rachel Denhart

Graduate Research Papers

The concept of holism has several meanings according to this review of the literature; the origination and evolution is complex. The definitions and context of holism in counseling are specified. Moreover, the elements and models based in holism are examined. Finally, the areas in which holistic based counseling occurs are outlined and investigated.

The Status Of The Blacknose Shiner (Notropis Heterolepis) Tn Iowa: A Preliminary Survey, Neil P. Bernstein, Michael Getting, Timothy Kamp, Stevenson Christain, Ryan Smith, Joseph Steele, Steven Steele

Journal of the Iowa Academy of Science: JIAS

During the last 45 years, the blacknose shiner (Notropis heterolepis) has been restricted to a three county area in northwestern Iowa. We surveyed locations where this siltation-intolerant species had been captured to update the status of the fish in the state. Streams were blocked with nets on both the upstream and downstream ends of sample areas, and fish were collected with a backpack electrofisher and seines. Lakes where the blacknose shiner had been found were also sampled. No blacknose shiners were found and several possible explanations are offered for their absence from historical sites.

Editorial Board & Iowa Academy Of Science Officers And Directors

Journal of the Iowa Academy of Science: JIAS

No abstract provided.

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Journal of the Iowa Academy of Science: JIAS

No abstract provided.

Distribution And Abundance Of Three Freshwater Mussel Species (B1valv1a: U Ntontdae) Correlated With Physical Habitat Characteristics In An Iowa Reservoir, J. R. Straka, J. A. Downing

Journal of the Iowa Academy of Science: JIAS

A rapid drawdown (weeks) of a reservoir allowed us to determine the combined influence of water depth, maximum effective fetch, bottom slope, and substrate characteristics on abundance of three species of freshwater mussels. The three principal mussel species were significantly (PPyganodon grandis(Say) was most abundant on deeper shelves (ca. 3 m depth, slope 1 km), and sediment organic matter content was moderate (Lampsilis siliquoidea(Barnes), however, was most abundant in shallow water (Potamilus alatus(Say) had a more cosmopolitan depth distribution, but was found only on bottoms with low slope (Pyganodon grandiswas found to be negatively affected by increasing substrate organic matter …

Population Size Estimates For The Endangered Iowa Pleistocene Snail, Discus Macclintocki Baker, Tama K. Anderson

Journal of the Iowa Academy of Science: JIAS

Discus macclintocki Baker, the Iowa Pleistocene snail, is a federally endangered species found only on algific talus slopes in northeastern Iowa and northwestern Illinois. Population size estimates for fourteen D. macclintocki populations in Iowa and Illinois ranged from 182 to 22,125 individuals. Estimates from the program CAPTURE as well as Bayesian estimation procedures gave similar results, although the Bayesian method allowed estimation of populations that could not be estimated with CAPTURE due to small sample sizes. A comparison of two methods of sampling, visual counts of quadrats and cover boards, showed that using cover boards resulted in much higher probabilities …

Table Of Contents

Journal of the Iowa Academy of Science: JIAS

No abstract provided.

The North American Reporting Center For Amphibian Malformations, Douglas H. Johnson, Suzanne C. Fowle, Jeffrey A. Jundt

Journal of the Iowa Academy of Science: JIAS

The North American Reporting Center for Amphibian Malformations was established to provide a conduit of information about, and a systematic data base on, malformed amphibians. This article describes the Reporting Center and the variety of features available at its Web site, presents an example of a summary analysis that can be conducted with its data, discusses caveats about the data, and makes recommendations about systematic surveys to better understand patterns and trends in the incidence of malformed amphibians.

Demographic And Reproductive Characteristics Of A Southern Illinois Population Of The Crayfish Frog, Rana Areolata, Michael Redmer

Journal of the Iowa Academy of Science: JIAS

Demographic (snout-vent length, skeletochronologically estimated age) and reproductive (fecundity, ova size) characteristics were examined in Riina areolata from Williamson County, Illinois. Fifty-nine frogs (36 males, 23 females) were sampled from breeding choruses in March 1996. Hematoxylinophilic annular lines of arrested growth (LAG) were detected in the diaphyses of cross-sectioned phalanges of all sampled frogs. t-tests revealed that male age (mean = 3.53 yr) and female age (mean = 3.83 yr) were not significantly different, but male SVL (mean = 82.78 mm) was significantly smaller than that of females (mean = 89.61 mm). There were positive correlations between SVL and age …

Herpetofaunal Abundance And Distribution In Northern Minnesota: Contributions Of Ecological Land Units And Assessment Of Sampling Methodology, Gabrielle Yaunches, S. R. Winterstein, H. Campa Iii, B. J. Kernohan, J. B. Haufler

Journal of the Iowa Academy of Science: JIAS

Herpetofaunal species distributions need to be understood and mapped using landscape descriptions that incorporate important habitat features and ecological processes. An ecosystem management effort in northern Minnesota is characterizing a landscape as a coarse filter for ecological communities. The coarse filter approach involves looking at communities in different successional stages and habitat types in a region (Haufler et al. 1996). Documenting distributions and abundances of herpetofauna using this coarse filter approach will allow data about these species to be incorporated in landscape planning efforts.

Conclusions Drawn From The Malformity And Disease Session, Midwest Declining Amphibians Conference, 1998, Michael J. Lannoo

Journal of the Iowa Academy of Science: JIAS

While the general problem of amphibian declines is well known, no issue recently has engendered as much concern by the public as amphibian malformities (Ouellet et al. 1996, Tietge 1996, Gray 1998, Helgen et al. 1998a and 1998b, D. Johnson 1998, T. Johnson 1998, Meteyer and Converse 1998). As a result, Gary Casper, Chris Phillips and I decided to assemble this symposium. The session was open to anyone who wished to participate. Nineteen papers were presented (there was one cancellation) and a panel discussion followed. I will organize this summary of, and conclusions drawn from, our symposium into two sections: …

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Journal of the Iowa Academy of Science: JIAS

No abstract provided.

Limits To Ice Thickness In Iowa During The Late Wisconsinan, Eric C. Brevik

Journal of the Iowa Academy of Science: JIAS

Minimum and maximum limits to Des Moines Lobe ice thickness in Iowa during the Late Wisconsinan glaciation are calculated. These limits are based on minimum and maximum ice thickness calculations for the Des Moines Lobe in eastern North Dakota using crustal depression indicated by Lake Agassiz strandlines. Minimum and maximum basal shear stresses for the Des Moines Lobe are calculated by projecting a flow line from the terminus of the Des Moines Lobe back up-ice to the study site in northeastern North Dakota. Ice thickness in Iowa is then calculated with a method that uses the basal shear stress values. …

Field Surveys Of Midwestern And Northeastern Fish And Wildlife Service Lands For The Presence Of Abnormal Frogs And Toads, Kathryn A. Converse, James Mattsson, Laura Eaton-Poole

Journal of the Iowa Academy of Science: JIAS

The national distribution of information on the discovery of malformations in Minnesota frogs in 1995 stimulated collection and examination of newly metamorphosed frogs during 1996. By late summer and early fall of 1996, malformed frogs and toads were reported on U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) lands in Vermont (Northeast, Region 5) and Minnesota (Midwest, Region 3). In response to these reports, biologists in USFWS Regions 3 and 5 conducted a survey, during the summer of 1997 to determine the distribution and type of malformations in frogs and toads on selected Federal lands. Region 3 personnel surveyed 38 field stations …

Editorial Board & Iowa Academy Of Science Officers And Directors

Journal of the Iowa Academy of Science: JIAS

No abstract provided.

Conflict Resolution : A Counseling Skill, Carol Jean Friedmann

Graduate Research Papers

Conflict resolution is a counseling skill (Ivy, 1994; Haley, 1976; Pearce, 1996). Counselors are in a unique place to both promote conflict resolution skills and use counseling skills while practicing conflict resolution for longer lasting and therapeutic resolutions. Two environments in which counselors have been especially active regarding conflict resolution have been in the schools and in the family (Moore, 1996).

To take a closer look at conflict resolution, this paper will do the following: define conflict resolution; look at common attitudes and ways of handling conflict; examine the effects of destructive conflict resolution and the effects of teaching constructive …

Residential Learning Communities : What Are They? Why Do We Have Them? Are They Here To Stay?, Kris Franzen

Graduate Research Papers

Higher education administrators have been challenged with creating optimal learning and developmental environments, and have identified residence halls as one area on college campuses that can be used as a tool in promoting learning. In order to be more purposeful in creating learning environments, housing administrators have created residential learning communities. The communities discussed in this paper have centered around freshmen interest groups, academic areas and majors, and common interests. The majority of information available to this point has been very positive. However, more information is needed before it is certain that the communities are worth the money that institutions …

Adolescent School Refusal In Japan : Implications For School Counselors, Noriko Ido

Graduate Research Papers

Since its emergence in the late 1950s, school refusal has been identified as a severe problem related to schooling in Japan. Its etiology is complex; changes in social environment in Japan after World War II which affect everyone, familial factors such as parenting style, and school environmental factors are considered as critical factors which cause school refusal.

School counselors need to not only understand the background information of school refusal, but also identify early symptoms and intervene before students develop it. Coordination and consultation roles are especially important in dealing with this problem. Consultation with parents of school refusers is …

Effectively Addressing The Needs Of Bereaved Children, Nichole J. Flint

Graduate Research Papers

Any professional counselor who works with children will eventually be presented with children who have lost a loved one due to death. It is important, therefore, for counselors to acquire basic knowledge about how children understand death, how children are affected when shielded from the facts about death, what the grieving process looks like for children, and whether a child's reactions to death is typical or whether it is a sign of more serious mental health problems.

A brief overview summarizing these factors is included in the first section of this paper. In the second section, the author will explore …

Stepfamilies : Implications And Interventions For Children, Deanna S. Johnson

Graduate Research Papers

The American family has been in a state of transition for the past three decades. Marital dissolution has quadrupled in the past 20 years, with three in five marriages ending in divorce. Approximately 80% of divorced men and 75% of divorced women remarry, creating 5.3.million married-couple households in which at least one stepchild under 18 resides.

The author of this paper will address several factors and intervention strategies that have been identified as potential determinants of healthy adaptation in children in stepfamilies. Given the increasing prevalence of stepfamilies in this country, it is imperative that school counselors become knowledgeable in …