Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®

Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons™

Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®

Psychology

Institution
Keyword
Publication Year
Publication
Publication Type
File Type

Articles 66721 - 66750 of 73808

Full-Text Articles in Social and Behavioral Sciences

Attitudes About Mental Illness : How Strong Is The Stigma When Given A Label?, Michele George Jan 1996

Attitudes About Mental Illness : How Strong Is The Stigma When Given A Label?, Michele George

Theses, Dissertations and Capstones

The differences in attitudes toward those with a mental illness was investigated, and the demographic factors that may be common among those who tend to reject the mentally ill was also investigated. Subjects read one of four vignettes which varied only by having no mental illness label (Just symptoms), having a mental illness label, having a mental illness label while seeking psychotherapy, or having a physical illness label. The subjects responded to statements in three different categories about the individual in the vignette: social distance, perceived dangerousness, and perceptions of society. Subjects also responded to statements about their level of …

Go to article

Symbolic Interaction And An Interpretive Approach To Cross Cultural Psychiatry, Henry Dyson Jan 1996

Symbolic Interaction And An Interpretive Approach To Cross Cultural Psychiatry, Henry Dyson

Modern Psychological Studies

Adoption of the medical model of psychopathology has de-emphasized the need for psychiatry to incorporate new developments from the other social sciences. The need for an interpretive (rather than merely biological) approach to psychopathology based upon theories of symbolic interaction is argued in the present article with respect to the emerging field of cross-cultural psychiatry. Groundwork for such an approach is sketched out by application of Obeyesekere's (1981) anthropological theory of personal symbols.

Go to article

Apathy Correlates With Self-Esteem: A Study Of Personality, Orie Kristel Iv, Jen Young, Kate Ruley, Laura Seidel, Denise Krch, John Nonnemacher, David Helfand, Shawn Ogiba Jan 1996

Apathy Correlates With Self-Esteem: A Study Of Personality, Orie Kristel Iv, Jen Young, Kate Ruley, Laura Seidel, Denise Krch, John Nonnemacher, David Helfand, Shawn Ogiba

Modern Psychological Studies

To study apathy and the variables that influence it, a psychological research methods class from a small, liberal arts, northeastern college devised a 10 item questionnaire. The questionnaire included a student designed apathy scale, a Locus of Control scale, a Self-Esteem scale, and a number o f demographic questions. The hypothesis that high apathy levels would be con-elated with low self-esteem and an external locus of control was supported. The discussion argues that learned helplessness may contribute to the apathy scores and may be the "common denominator" underlying student apathy, low self- esteem, and external locus of control.

Go to article

Development Of The Prosocial Personality At Work Scale, Antonia P. Steward, Sue Falter Mennino, Barbara A. Fritzsche Jan 1996

Development Of The Prosocial Personality At Work Scale, Antonia P. Steward, Sue Falter Mennino, Barbara A. Fritzsche

Modern Psychological Studies

This study was aimed at developing a scale to measure prosocial behavior in a work-related context that may predict Organizational Citizenship Behaviors (OCBs). The Prosocial Personality at Work Scale (PPWS) items were developed by adding a work-related frame-of-reference to items from the Prosocial Personality Battery (PSB; Penner, Fritzsche, Craiger, & Freifeld, 1995), a general measure of prosocial personality. In addition, some new items were generated. A sample of 55 participants completed the initial 14 item version of the PPWS. After an item analysis was performed and revisions made, a new sample of 99 participants anonymously completed three measures consisting of …

Go to article

Metaphor And Monophony In The Twentieth-Century Psychology Of Emotions, Kenneth J. Gergen Jan 1996

Metaphor And Monophony In The Twentieth-Century Psychology Of Emotions, Kenneth J. Gergen

Psychology Faculty Works

Attempts to define the emotions and elucidate their character have ornamented the intellectual landscape for over two thousand years. Two characteristics of this continuing colloquy are particularly noteworthy: first, the presumption of palpability and, second, the interminability of debate. In the former case, until the present century there has been little doubting the obdurate existence of the emotions. In the second book of the Rhetoric, Aristotle distinguished among 15 emotional states; Aquinas's Summa Theologiae enumerated 6 “affective” and 5 “spirited” emotions; Descartes distinguished among 6 primary passions of the soul; the eighteenth-century moralist, David Hartley, located 10 “general passions of …

Go to article

Understanding How Family-Level Dynamics Affect Children's Development : Studies Of Two-Parent Families, James P. Mchale, Philip A. Cowan Jan 1996

Understanding How Family-Level Dynamics Affect Children's Development : Studies Of Two-Parent Families, James P. Mchale, Philip A. Cowan

Faculty Books

Despite advances in family and child research over the past decade, most studies continue to examine dyadic subsystems of the larger family system rather than the full family context. With few exceptions, empirical support for the utility of whole-family analysis in child development research remains to be established. This sourcebook draws together diverse studies of whole-family (2-parent) dynamics to explore the potential of this paradigm for understanding individual variability in children's early social and emotional development. Several chapters underscore the significance of coparental processes—behaviors between adults that include and involve the child. Other chapters assess patterns of cohesion, emotion, coordination, …

Go to article

Male Serial Killers And The Criminal Profiling Process: A Literature Review, Jennifer R. Phillips Jan 1996

Male Serial Killers And The Criminal Profiling Process: A Literature Review, Jennifer R. Phillips

Masters Theses

A review of the relevant psychological and sociological literature regarding serial killers is presented. Also described is the investigative process and the procedures involved in constructing accurate criminal profiles. This paper examines the definition, characteristics, and classifications of male serial killers. Additionally, the paper discusses various motivations for killing serially, the importance of fantasy, and emotional, cognitive, and behavioral processes in the serial killer. The process of criminal profiling, which is a relatively new and innovative proactive and reactive investigative procedure, is also described as a tool used frequently in the investigative process of serial homicides. Also described is the …

Go to article

The Assertive/Vulnerable Dimension Of Dreaming Style, William Andrew Peters Jan 1996

The Assertive/Vulnerable Dimension Of Dreaming Style, William Andrew Peters

Masters Theses

This study involved the exploration of the Assertive/Vulnerable dimension of dreaming style. Assertiveness and Vulnerability, as characteristics of dreaming experience, were measured using the Dreaming Style Questionnaire-Revised that was derived from a revision of Gruber's 1988 Dreaming Style Questionnaire (DSQ.) For this study, the DSQ-R was administered to approximately 2500 participants. The structure, reliability, validity and waking correlates of the Assertive/Vulnerable scale of the DSQ-Revised was explored. Factor analysis replicated the Assertive/Vulnerable dreaming dimension, first uncovered by the original DSQ, as predicted, with the ten Assertive and Vulnerable items loading together to form one bi-polar factor. The exploration of sub-scales …

Go to article

A Study Of School Personnel's Knowledge Regarding Traumatic Brain Injury, Kelly Kay Richardson Jan 1996

A Study Of School Personnel's Knowledge Regarding Traumatic Brain Injury, Kelly Kay Richardson

Masters Theses

This study attempted to determine if school psychologists are more knowledgeable regarding traumatic brain injury (TBI) today than in a study conducted years ago (Mira, Meck, & Tyler, 1988). Since the Mira, et al. study a federal category has been added to special education legislation, and it was hypothesized that school psychologists would be receiving more training in this area as a result of the addition of the special education category. This study also attempted to determine if regular education teachers, special education teachers, and school psychologists differ in their knowledge of (TBI). A survey from the Mira, et al. …

Go to article

Strategic Transfer In Logical Abilities In Children Playing Mastermind And An Analogue, Cynthia J. Kincaid Jan 1996

Strategic Transfer In Logical Abilities In Children Playing Mastermind And An Analogue, Cynthia J. Kincaid

Masters Theses

Strategy development and the use of strategy as a mechanism of transfer was examined in sixty elementary students while playing the logical deduction game Mastermind and a familiar analogue. In the first couple of two-way ANOVAs subjects showed that they are in fact learning or developing a task-specific strategy that can be applied across the two types of games regardless of which game was in the target position of a transfer paradigm. This suggests that subjects were able to focus on structural similarities rather than surface features and apply what was learned between the game isomorphs. Both the third and …

Go to article

A Comparison Of Personality Correlates Of Self-Identified And Nonidentified Adult Children Of Alcoholics, Patti K. Hampsten Jan 1996

A Comparison Of Personality Correlates Of Self-Identified And Nonidentified Adult Children Of Alcoholics, Patti K. Hampsten

Masters Theses

This study compared personality traits of adult children of alcoholics with adults who did not come from alcoholic home environments, for the purpose of developing treatment protocols. It was hypothesized that 1) there would be differences between clinical ACOA's and non-clinical ACOA's, 2) clinical ACOA's would differ from non-ACOA's, 3) non-clinical ACOA's would differ from non-ACOA's. Four groups were used in the comparison, adult children of alcoholics in treatment, adult children of alcoholics with no treatment history, non-adult children of alcoholics in treatment, and non-adult children of alcoholics with no treatment history. The fifty-two female participants were administered the Children …

Go to article

Undergraduate Knowledge Of School Psychology And The Effects Of Presentation On Graduate And Career Pursuit, Robert J. Bolin Jan 1996

Undergraduate Knowledge Of School Psychology And The Effects Of Presentation On Graduate And Career Pursuit, Robert J. Bolin

Masters Theses

With the increasing national demand for credentialed school psychologists, it is essential that every effort be made to recruit qualified individuals into the field of school psychology. This paper describes the important role and function of the school psychologist. Research demonstrating the present and future need for school psychological services is presented. Literature investigating several factors that contribute to the gap between supply and demand is reviewed. An intervention is presented based on the recommendations of the reviewed research. A brief informational presentation on school psychology, in conjunction with distributed materials about the profession, was assessed with a retrospective pretest-posttest …

Go to article

Academic Achievement Of High School Students As It Relates To Locus Of Control, Family Life Changes, And Perceived Level Of Stress, Marla M. Mcdaneld Jan 1996

Academic Achievement Of High School Students As It Relates To Locus Of Control, Family Life Changes, And Perceived Level Of Stress, Marla M. Mcdaneld

Masters Theses

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between family life changes, perceived stress, locus of control, gender, and the achievement of grade eleven students. A literature review revealed that adolescents report a high level of stress in a variety of situations. Changes in family life and factors at school are two of the major stressors. The research suggests that an individual with an external locus of control is more likely to experience stress than an individual with an internal locus of control. The research also suggests that a higher level of stress combined with an external locus …

Go to article

The Effects Of Verbal And Pictorial Elaborations On Memory In Younger And Older Adults, Deanna Kathleen Dokey Jan 1996

The Effects Of Verbal And Pictorial Elaborations On Memory In Younger And Older Adults, Deanna Kathleen Dokey

Honors Capstones

No abstract provided.

Go to article

The Use Of Literature As A Source Of Occupational Modeling For Children, Tracy L. Nemecek Jan 1996

The Use Of Literature As A Source Of Occupational Modeling For Children, Tracy L. Nemecek

Master's Theses

No abstract provided.

Go to article

Development Of Depressive Encoding Dispositions: Self-Perpetuation Of Biases And The Congruency Effect, Mariana C. Belvedere Jan 1996

Development Of Depressive Encoding Dispositions: Self-Perpetuation Of Biases And The Congruency Effect, Mariana C. Belvedere

Master's Theses

No abstract provided.

Go to article

Effect Of Stimulus Presentation Time On Visual Search Processes, Gavin S. Lew Jan 1996

Effect Of Stimulus Presentation Time On Visual Search Processes, Gavin S. Lew

Master's Theses

No abstract provided.

Go to article

The Relationship Between Child Sexual Abuse And Hypoactive Sexualdesire Disorder In Adult Women: An Investigation Of Contributory Factors And Treatment Outcomes, David B. Sarwer Jan 1996

The Relationship Between Child Sexual Abuse And Hypoactive Sexualdesire Disorder In Adult Women: An Investigation Of Contributory Factors And Treatment Outcomes, David B. Sarwer

Dissertations

No abstract provided.

Go to article

Temporal, Social, And Meaningful Aspects Of Information Sharing Behavior, Lisa Mirabelli Jan 1996

Temporal, Social, And Meaningful Aspects Of Information Sharing Behavior, Lisa Mirabelli

Master's Theses

Previous studies on resource-sharing behavior have revealed a number of factors which influence the decision-making process. For example, Allison and Messick (1990) found payoffs, resource divisibility, fate control, and social values to be significant factors influencing resource-sharing decisions. Information sharing behavior, however, remains relatively unexamined. The present study was designed to investigate the effects of three situational cues on information sharing behavior, including the type of information at hand (ambiguous or concrete), the amount of time allotted to complete a task, and the availability of a team of experts. Results indicated a two-way interaction between the type of information and …

Go to article

The Social Basis Of Emotion: Affective Consequences Of Social Comparisons With Competitive And Cooperative Others, Celinda M. Reese Jan 1996

The Social Basis Of Emotion: Affective Consequences Of Social Comparisons With Competitive And Cooperative Others, Celinda M. Reese

Master's Theses

The present research explores the affective consequences of social comparisons made by cooperators and competitors. Participants (75 males, 90 females) were randomly assigned to either a cooperative or competitive condition in which they either performed better or worse than a partner. Participants were asked to imagine themselves in a particular situation and then report their emotional reaction to the scenario. Consistent with R. Lazarus' cognitive appraisal theory of emotion, participants in the cooperative condition reported anger when their partner's actions hindered goal attainment but reported joy when the partner promoted goal attainment. Consistent with T. Wills' theory of downward social …

Go to article

Relation Of Negative Affectivity To Self-Reports Of Job Stressors And Psychological Outcomes, Irvin Sam Schonfeld Jan 1996

Relation Of Negative Affectivity To Self-Reports Of Job Stressors And Psychological Outcomes, Irvin Sam Schonfeld

Publications and Research

A total of 250 new women teachers participated in a longitudinal study of the influence of negative affectivity (NA) on the relation of self-report work-environment measures to psychological outcomes. Three "neutrally worded" work-environment measures were specially constructed to minimize confounding with NA. The work-environment measures were moderately related to postemployment depressive symptoms, job satisfaction, and, among Whites but not among a principally Black and Hispanic subsample, motivation. Correlation and regression coefficients were largely unchanged when the preemployment psychophysiologic symptoms scale and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale (L. S. Radloff, 1977), factors that tap NA, were controlled. Findings suggest NA …

Go to article

The Effects Of Blocking On Selective Attention In Visual Search, Kristen Lewandowski '96 Jan 1996

The Effects Of Blocking On Selective Attention In Visual Search, Kristen Lewandowski '96

Honors Projects

In studies of attention in visual search, older adults consistently perform more poorly than young adults. In most visual attention computer tasks, simple, conjunction, and unconfounded trials are presented randomly. This study explores the possibility that older adults are slower than young adults at changing their search strategies to match each type of trial. If this is the case, blocking the trials together so that the subject sees a series of each type of trial should allow the older adults to perfect their search strategies, giving them reaction times similar to those of young adults. In this experiment, 14 young …

Go to article

The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale: Interview Versus Self-Report, Gail Steketee, Randy Frost, Karen Bogart Jan 1996

The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale: Interview Versus Self-Report, Gail Steketee, Randy Frost, Karen Bogart

Psychology: Faculty Publications

Several studies have demonstrated the reliability and validity of the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (YBOCS) conducted by trained interviewers. The present study examined several aspects of a self-report YBOCS version relative to the usual interview format in two non-clinical samples (ns = 46 and 70) and in a clinical OCD sample (n = 36) and a clinical non-OCD group (n = 10). The self-rated instrument showed excellent internal consistency and test-retest reliability, performing somewhat better than the interview. There was good agreement between symptom checklist categories across the two versions, though clinical subjects reported more symptoms on the self-report form …

Go to article

Electrocortical Differentiation Of Evaluative And Nonevaluative Categorizations, Stephen Crites, John Cacioppo Jan 1996

Electrocortical Differentiation Of Evaluative And Nonevaluative Categorizations, Stephen Crites, John Cacioppo

Departmental Papers (Psych)

The evaluative categorizations that underlie affective and attitudinal judgments have often been equated with nonevaluative categorizations despite the central importance of evaluative processes for survival. In the present experiment, a late positive potential (LPP) of the event-related brain potential elicited when participants evaluatively categorized food items as positive or nonpositive was compared with the LPP elicited when participants semantically (i.e., nonevaluatively) categorized food items as vegetable or nonvegetable. Results revealed that evaluative categorizations evoked an LPP that was relatively larger over the right than the left scalp regions compared with the LPP evoked by nonevaluative categorizations. This finding provides evidence …

Go to article

Front Matter Jan 1996

Front Matter

Modern Psychological Studies

No abstract provided.

Go to article

Occupational Possible Selves: Patterns Among Male And Female Undergraduates, Lori D. Lindley, Linda M. Chalk, Aimee Ellenich Jan 1996

Occupational Possible Selves: Patterns Among Male And Female Undergraduates, Lori D. Lindley, Linda M. Chalk, Aimee Ellenich

Modern Psychological Studies

This study uses the possible selves theory (Markus & Nurius, 1986) to examine the differences between 27 undergraduate men and 27 undergraduate women in their perceptions of their future occupational possibilities. Participants rated a list of feminine, masculine, and neutral jobs on how much they feared, expected, and idealized each one. Analysis was done using a within-subjects repeated measures MANOVA test and backward elimination regression analysis. Both men and women were found to fear feminine jobs more than they expected or idealized these jobs (all ps < .001). Women were found to fear masculine jobs more than they expected (p < .001) but not more than they idealized these jobs (p < .060). Occupational self-efficacy and support of the women's movement were also analyzed for their possible influence on fear of masculine jobs, using the Attitudes Toward Feminism and the Women's Movement Scale and the Task-Specific Scale of Occupational Self-Efficacy, but no significant predictors were found.

Go to article

Exploring Three Correlates Of Thought Suppression: Attention, Absorbtion, And Cognitive Load, Carolyn I. Vicchiullo, Dana S. Dunn Jan 1996

Exploring Three Correlates Of Thought Suppression: Attention, Absorbtion, And Cognitive Load, Carolyn I. Vicchiullo, Dana S. Dunn

Modern Psychological Studies

Previous studies evaluating the probability of successful thought suppression (attempts to rid our minds of repeated unwanted thoughts) have relied solely upon internal mental distracters (Wegner, 1989), characterizing thought suppression to be a controlled rather than an automatic process. As an alternative approach, the effects of attention actively focused on limited external stimuli were studied in order to achieve easy, effortless, and successful thought suppression. Participants included students enrolled in undergraduate psychology courses. Experiment 1 showed that the presence of cognitive load (computerized tests of perceptual skills) occupied conscious capacity sufficiently so that attempts to suppress both mundane (tree) and …

Go to article

Effects Of Media-Endorsed, Thin-Ideal Body Image On Women's Self-Esteem, Anne E. Stuart Jan 1996

Effects Of Media-Endorsed, Thin-Ideal Body Image On Women's Self-Esteem, Anne E. Stuart

Modern Psychological Studies

The present study examines the effects of the media-endorsed, thin-ideal body image on women's self- and body- esteem. Participants in this study were 63 undergraduate females ages 18 to 21. Participants viewed slides of either "ideal-body" images or "neutral" images. Self- and body-esteem were evaluated using the Rosenberg Self Esteem Scale, the Body Esteem Scale, and the Body Image/Attractiveness Perception Scale. Contrary to previous research in this area, no significant differences were found between participants in the two conditions. Explanations for the lack of difference are discussed, and suggestions for future research are presented.

Go to article

Memory Development And Aging, Jane M. Berry Jan 1996

Memory Development And Aging, Jane M. Berry

Psychology Faculty Publications

And so, over a century ago, William James (1890) anticipated much of what has captured the attention of memory researchers in the ensuing years, particularly those working from the information processing perspective. I use this quote to open my Introduction to Psychological Science lecture on memory development across the lifespan because it alludes to different memory systems and stores, as well as individual and developmental differences in memory processing. In that lecture, questions of which memory processes and stores are most age sensitive are addressed, with the assumption that developmental changes in memory are not necessarily due to chronological age …

Go to article

The Relationship Between Spirituality And Depression In Family Caregivers Of The Elderly, Mary Jean Chappel Jan 1996

The Relationship Between Spirituality And Depression In Family Caregivers Of The Elderly, Mary Jean Chappel

Masters Theses

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between spirituality and depression in family caregivers of the elderly. This study sought to test the following hypothesis: The level of spirituality will be negatively correlated with the level of depression for family caregivers of the elderly. A descriptive, correlational design utilizing Neuman's wholistic system theory was used with a convenience sample of 44 family caregivers aged between 32 and 88 years. Self-reporting questionnaires were mailed to clients (identified as caregivers) of a home care agency, a caregiver respite program, and a Parkinson's support group all providing services in Northern …

Go to article

First Prev Next Last