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Articles 5281 - 5310 of 73805
Full-Text Articles in Social and Behavioral Sciences
Rachel Barr, Huda Abu-Suwa, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Rachel Barr, Huda Abu-Suwa, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Dr. Rachel Barr is a developmental and clinical psychologist, and a leading expert on early learning and memory. She has published and presented on over 200 articles, encyclopedia entries, book chapters, and poster presentations on subjects related to child development and psychology and continues to do research in these fields (Rachel Barr, 2019).
Robert Stoller, Huda Abu-Suwa, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Robert Stoller, Huda Abu-Suwa, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Robert Stoller was an American psychiatrist who studied gender identity and sexuality. Stoller was born in 1924 and died in 1991 (Green, 1992). He died in a car accident near his home, at the age of 66 (Cook, 1992). Stoller received his bachelor’s degree from the University of California, Berkeley, and received his medical degree in 1948 from the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) (Goleman, 1991). Stoller also completed psychoanalytic training at the Psychoanalytic Society and Institute, where he worked under psychoanalyst Hanna Fenichel.
Psychological Development: Cognition, Emotions, Personality, Anita Knight Kuhnley, Kelly Carapezza, Gary Sibcy
Psychological Development: Cognition, Emotions, Personality, Anita Knight Kuhnley, Kelly Carapezza, Gary Sibcy
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Adolescence is considered the age that bridges childhood and adulthood, Erik Erikson, who has contributed much to our understanding of the developmental stages described adolescence as, “the age mediating between childhood and adulthood (Erikson, 1997, p.xi).” Adolescence includes the sometimes tumultuous years between the ages of 11 and 21, and the Eriksons addressed this as one stage (Newman and Newman, 2013). Some authors attribute the fact that adolescence is such a trying time to the fact that adolescents lose synapses in the brain specifically in the primary visual cortex at a rate of 5,000 per second (Bears, Connor, and Paradiso, …
Fast Mapping, Heidi Kloos, Hannah Mcintire
Fast Mapping, Heidi Kloos, Hannah Mcintire
Essays in Developmental Psychology
In a classic study by Carey and Bartlett (1978), preschool children were presented with two trays and prompted to: “Bring me the chromium tray, not the blue one. The chromium one.” One week later, a new task context was used to test what children thought ‘chromium’ refers to (e.g., “Show me the chromium one”). Results show that 3- and 4-year-olds were able to learn the meaning of ‘chromium’ even after a single exposure. This phenomenon was termed ‘fast mapping’. It captures the mental process of narrowing down the meaning of a word during a casual experience. In the current essay, …
Personal Control Beliefs, Sarah Kurzu, Eric A. Goedereis
Personal Control Beliefs, Sarah Kurzu, Eric A. Goedereis
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Personal control refers to the degree to which an individual believes one is in control of his or her own life, as opposed to one’s circumstances being the result of factors outside of one’s control. An individual with high personal control has a stronger belief that he or she is able to produce desired outcomes within a designated domain. The beliefs themselves are broken down into two main constructs: external and internal control. Internal control emphasizes the responsibility of the individual and his or her actions on the outcome, while external control determines the outcome as being guided by an …
Adolescent Depression, Skip Kumm
Adolescent Depression, Skip Kumm
Essays in Developmental Psychology
It is common for teens to experience depression. Researchers have found that up to one in eight youth experience some form of depression during their teenage years. It is also well known that all adolescents face many unique challenges related to school, finding a college, peer pressure, and hormones, which may result periods of sadness, frustration, and despair; however, depression is more than just feeling sad or not being happy, depression is a serious mental condition different from typical adolescent experiences.
Generativity, Chris Burley, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Generativity, Chris Burley, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
In psychology, the term generativity refers to concern for the future and the need to offer positive contributions to future generations. The term first appeared in stage seven of Erik Erikson’s model of psychosocial development (generativity vs. stagnation). Erikson’s model postulates that generativity occurs explicitly in middle adulthood, but a more recent model of generativity created by Dan McAdams proposes that generativity occurs as a function of increasing cultural demand and concern for future generations, rather than a function of personality change (McAdams, 2001).
Complex Emotions, Jessica Choe, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Complex Emotions, Jessica Choe, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Complex emotions are ways in which an individual reacts and respond to complex social situations when encountering people and situations in the social world. Thus, complex emotions are ways of coping and adapting to complex social situations. Complex emotions are mental representations that have been studied on a three-level analysis surrounding the body, mind, and society, which translates to the biological and the evolutionary, the mental and the psychological, and the social and the cultural. This approach has been referred to as the neurocognitive sociology of emotions.
Birth Complications, Chris Burley, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Birth Complications, Chris Burley, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Complications during childbirth can pose a serious threat to both infant and maternal health. Birth complications can lead to a variety of different health risks, ranging from minor to severe in nature. The following common labor complications can happen even after a standard pregnancy with no difficulties or high risk variables.
The Life Of Susan Sutherland Isaacs, Cherish J. Caldwell, Rachel C. Davis, Betty S. Lai
The Life Of Susan Sutherland Isaacs, Cherish J. Caldwell, Rachel C. Davis, Betty S. Lai
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Susan Sutherland Isaacs was a British psychologist and psychoanalyst who rose to prominence during the nineteenth century progressive educational movement. Isaacs is best known for her publications on the intellectual and social development of children, as well as her theories regarding the education of children through free play. Furthermore, Issacs served as the first principal of the Malting House School, one of the earliest progressive schools to incorporate the theories of psychoanalysis within its curriculum (Graham, 2009).
Parental Influence, Justin Burgess, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Parental Influence, Justin Burgess, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
An adequate level of parenting—providing enough nutrition, shelter, exposure to language and peers, or not harshly punishing children (punching, kicking, striking with a weapon)—seems to not have a long-term effect on cognitive development in children. Twin and adoption studies have found that intelligence is accounted for almost entirely by genes and nonshared environment, which includes peers, teachers, and unique experiences. However, there are parenting styles and types of home environments that are correlated with better school performance, stronger school engagement, and more words spoken at certain ages.
Gifted Children, Justin Burgess, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Gifted Children, Justin Burgess, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Children can be gifted in a variety of different areas, including musical talent, athleticism, and artistic ability among others. The focus of this entry will be solely on those children who are gifted in intellectual ability and academic achievement. Identification of intellectual giftedness usually requires an individually administered intelligence test, achieving a Full-Scale Intelligence Quotient (FSIQ) of 130 or higher, which is a threshold that dates back to Lewis Terman’s research at Stanford in the early to mid 20th century. Although this seems like an arbitrary score, an IQ score of 130 and above is where an individual scores two …
The Marshmallow Task, Laurel A. Brabson, Hannah M. Coffey, Mary Margaret Ruckle, Cheryl B. Mcneil
The Marshmallow Task, Laurel A. Brabson, Hannah M. Coffey, Mary Margaret Ruckle, Cheryl B. Mcneil
Essays in Developmental Psychology
To study the human systems of self-control during delayed gratification, Dr. Walter Mischel and colleagues developed what became the famous Marshmallow Test, published in Science in 1989. This study became a frontrunner in the field of psychology, laying the foundation for future studies in impulse control. Dr. Mischel was born in 1930 in Vienna, Austria. He was a professor at the University of Colorado, Harvard University, and Stanford University where he originally conducted the Marshmallow Test. Dr. Mischel currently holds a professorship at Columbia University.
Perception, Chris Burley, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Perception, Chris Burley, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Perception is the process through which humans are able to select, organize, and interpret sensory input from the external environment. This process of selection, organization, and interpretation of external sensory stimulation results in our internal representation of the outside world, as well as our conscious experience. Through the process of perception, we are able to gain information and knowledge about our environment, allowing us to safely and effectively navigate in the world.
Nutrition And Growth, Chris Burley, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Nutrition And Growth, Chris Burley, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
From a child’s embryonic development in the womb to adulthood, nutrition plays a key role in physical, mental, and social growth and development. Throughout the lifespan, proper nutrition and growth are essential to living a long, healthy life. Nutrition is particularly important in the developmental period.
Craik & Lockhart: Levels Of Processing, Macey Cartwright, Heidi Kloos
Craik & Lockhart: Levels Of Processing, Macey Cartwright, Heidi Kloos
Essays in Developmental Psychology
What is the nature of mental activity that allows a child to remember a past experience? Traditionally, the question of memory was answered with an exclusively static model: The mind was said to have storage bins to which represented experiences are added. Depending on the exact nature of the storage bin, the experience is remembered either for a short time (i.e., shortterm memory) or for a long time (i.e., long-term memory). Though widely familiar, this model of static storage bins falls notoriously short on explaining the nuance of memory findings. For example, short-term memory appears to have strict capacity limits …
Representative Sampling, Jessica Choe, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Representative Sampling, Jessica Choe, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
The research process begins with an initial observation that scientists or researchers of various backgrounds want to engage in and understand, which prompts them to formulate theories and hypotheses, collect data, and use statistical procedures to organize, summarize, and interpret gathered data. Research conducted through questionnaires or surveys are often utilized to determine the nature of a population or the interests of members in a particular group.
Durable Power Of Attorney, Carolyn L. Carlson
Durable Power Of Attorney, Carolyn L. Carlson
Essays in Developmental Psychology
A power of attorney is a written document that authorizes an individual (an “agent” or “attorney-in-fact”) to act on behalf of another individual (the “principal”) in a fiduciary capacity related to matters specified within the power of attorney document. The agent does not have to be a licensed attorney in order to assume the role as agent, but must act with care and in good faith when dealing with the principal’s affairs. An agent’s power can be limited to a specific transaction, such as purchasing a specified piece of real estate, or the agent can be authorized to complete various …
Possible Selves, Chris Burley, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Possible Selves, Chris Burley, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Self-concept is an individual’s idea of who the individual was in the past, who the individual is at present, and who that individual has the potential to become in the future. When considering self-concept, group memberships and other social roles typically shape how an individual thinks about him- or herself. A strong self-concept helps an individual to make sense of his or her present situation, maintains positive feelings through difficult situations, make sensible predictions about the future, as well as helps to sustain motivation.
Intersensory Redundancy, Macey Cartwright, Heidi Kloos
Intersensory Redundancy, Macey Cartwright, Heidi Kloos
Essays in Developmental Psychology
How does redundancy in the input affect the child’s attention? Consider, for example, a scenario in which the child is listening to a parent’s utterances, as well as watching the parent’s lips moving in synchrony with the speech. Intuitively, one might assume that there is an inherent advantage in such informational coherence. The match between sounds and visual input might help constrain attention in productive ways. Alternatively, a mismatch in intersensory information might affects attention negatively. The reality of how intersensory redundancy affects a child’s attention is more surprising than what intuition might suggest, as we discuss in this essay.
Psychomotor Speed In Old Age, Cheryl Chakranarayan, Nathan C. Weed
Psychomotor Speed In Old Age, Cheryl Chakranarayan, Nathan C. Weed
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Psychomotor ability is defined in terms of the relationship between cognitive functions and motor activities. It plays an important role in acquiring and carrying out a broad range of physical skills and coordinated behaviors, such as playing a sport, or in everyday activities like pouring a glass of milk or applying makeup. Psychomotor speed therefore is the rate at which a certain psychomotor behavior can be carried out. Because of the relevance of psychomotor speed to many areas of personal functioning, it has been extensively studied in a wide variety of applied contexts including sports performance, personnel selection within the …
Spirituality, Kimberly Diah, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Spirituality, Kimberly Diah, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
The concept of spirituality is polysemic and adapts different meaning based on individual experiences, culture, and purpose. For many, spirituality means being a part of a structured religion such as attending church, going to a mosque or synagogue. For others, it is a personal journey that involves meditation, yoga, private worship with a higher power or God and reflection. Spirituality can also be a way of seeking meaning through connections with other people, or nature. Virtually, it is a broad concept that allows multiple perspectives to take hold. While the object or belief may differ, the commonality among spirituality suggests …
Vision In Infants, Brianna Mcgee, Rachel Wu
Vision In Infants, Brianna Mcgee, Rachel Wu
Essays in Developmental Psychology
There is a great deal of visual development over the first year of life. Many aspects of vision undergo this dramatic change, including visual perception (the ability to see and interpret information), visual acuity (the clarity of our vision), and smooth pursuit (the ability to follow objects). These three aspects are fundamental to early visual experiences that facilitate typical cognitive development. This entry will provide a brief overview of visual perception, visual acuity, and smooth pursuit in human infants.
Learning, Brianna Mcgee, Rachel Wu
Learning, Brianna Mcgee, Rachel Wu
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Learning is broadly defined as the acquisition or modification of behavior or knowledge through experience. While learning is perhaps most apparent within the context of students in school, learning begins from birth (perhaps even in the womb) and continues throughout the lifespan. Without the ability to learn from our experiences, we would not be able to function in society. Although there are many types of learning, this entry focuses on three common types. First, associative learning, or the ability to learn about the relationship between two objects or behaviors, is exhibited by human beings every day. Second, formal learning (learning …
Types Of Play, Rebecca Mcmahon Giles
Types Of Play, Rebecca Mcmahon Giles
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Rather than using a universally agreed upon definition of play, the following list of characteristics, first presented in the widely cited Association of Childhood Education International position statement on play, "Play: A Necessity for All Children" (ACEI/Isenberg & Quisenberry, 1988), is used to distinguish play from non-play behaviors: intrinsically motivated and self-initiated; process oriented; non-literal and pleasurable; exploratory and active; and rule-governed. Types of play have been categorized according to both the degree of social participation (Parten, 1932) and the level of cognitive functioning (Piaget, 1962; Vygotsky, 1967).
Attention, Brianna Mcgee, Rachel Wu
Attention, Brianna Mcgee, Rachel Wu
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Attention is a particularly tricky concept to study because it encompasses many different aspects. For example, attention can refer to general arousal, such as when someone is experiencing a scary event. Attention also can refer to prioritizing one event over another event, such as paying attention to your friend talking to you, and ignoring a stranger in the background. This type of attention is studied extensively in cognitive psychology. Attention also can refer to multi-tasking, when the focus of your attention is split among different events, such as when you are driving and fiddling with the radio. This entry provides …
Obesity, Sara D. Mcmullin, Eric A. Goedereis
Obesity, Sara D. Mcmullin, Eric A. Goedereis
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Obesity is defined as having a body mass index (BMI) greater than 30 in adults and above the 95th percentile for children based on age and sex norms. The prevalence of obesity across the lifespan has increased over the last several decades in the United States. Currently, 17% of children and 36% of adults in the United States meet these criteria, with higher prevalence among racial and ethnic minority groups. Childhood and adult obesity are associated with immediate and long-term medical, psychological, and cognitive consequences. Therefore, the United States Preventative Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommends all children and adults are …
Attention In Old Age, Anna C. Mccarrey
Attention In Old Age, Anna C. Mccarrey
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Attention is the first step our brains take to actively process information from the environment. Our attentional capacity is limited, such that we cannot process all the sights, sounds, smells and feelings surrounding us all at once. Attention (along with memory) is one of the basic cognitive processes most impacted by growing older. In addition, attention is not a unitary process and different types of attention require more cognitive resources than others. Thus, not all attentional systems are subject to declines with age to the same degree.
Stages Of Labor, Ashleigh Lupton, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Stages Of Labor, Ashleigh Lupton, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Labor, or the process through which a baby is born, is separated into three primary stages. The first stage begins at the onset of labor and ends when the cervix reaches a 10-centimeter dilation. This first stage is comprised of three sub-stages: early labor, active labor, and transition. The early labor phase begins at the onset of labor and ends when the women’s cervix is 3 centimeters dilated. This phase generally takes place over 8-12 hours at which point the cervix begins to open up (i.e., dilate) and thin out. During this phase, contractions, which are the uterine muscles tightening …
Intelligence- Hierarchical, Brooke Maston, Donna Devaughn Kreskey
Intelligence- Hierarchical, Brooke Maston, Donna Devaughn Kreskey
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Within the field of psychology, intelligence is usually defined using a psychometric approach. This approach relies on the use of psychological measurement, or standardized tests, to objectively measure the cognitive processes and skills of an individual and compare them to the processes and skills of a norm group that represents the general population. Historically, psychologists who studied human intelligence fell into two major groups. One group, which included psychologists such as Charles Spearman, Phillip Vernon, and John Carroll, favored a single general factor comprised of a variety of specific factors to explain intelligence. The second group, which included psychologists such …