Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons™
Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
- Institution
-
- University of Nebraska - Lincoln (5546)
- Singapore Management University (3696)
- University of Nebraska at Omaha (2853)
- SIT Graduate Institute/SIT Study Abroad (1505)
- George Fox University (1459)
-
- Brigham Young University (677)
- University of Denver (569)
- Western Michigan University (476)
- Chulalongkorn University (465)
- Universitas Indonesia (443)
- City University of New York (CUNY) (438)
- Kennesaw State University (411)
- Claremont Colleges (359)
- Cornell University Law School (355)
- American University in Cairo (350)
- Penn State Dickinson Law (314)
- College of Saint Benedict and Saint John's University (313)
- College of the Holy Cross (299)
- University of Dayton (285)
- Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University (282)
- University of Missouri, St. Louis (272)
- University of Arkansas, Fayetteville (225)
- The University of San Francisco (220)
- Chapman University (210)
- University of Central Florida (209)
- Old Dominion University (189)
- University of Richmond (182)
- Western Kentucky University (181)
- Gettysburg College (179)
- Clark University (177)
- Keyword
-
- Afghanistan Newspaper (2187)
- Singapore (949)
- China (639)
- Human rights (451)
- Africa (285)
-
- UMSL Global (264)
- Development (245)
- United States (238)
- Education (227)
- History (206)
- Women (201)
- India (198)
- Migration (197)
- Russia (196)
- Immigration (181)
- Gender (174)
- Politics (174)
- Soviet Union (172)
- Latin America (171)
- Egypt (163)
- Culture (160)
- Singapore Management University (157)
- Afghanistan (153)
- Democracy (153)
- Identity (153)
- Globalization (151)
- Ethiopia (146)
- COVID-19 (144)
- Terrorism (139)
- Islam (138)
- Publication Year
- Publication
-
- Great Plains Quarterly (through 2013) (2472)
- Kabul Times (2188)
- Occasional Papers on Religion in Eastern Europe (1447)
- Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection (1403)
- Great Plains Research: A Journal of Natural and Social Sciences (through 2013) (1024)
-
- Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law (940)
- China Beat Blog: Archive 2008-2012 (924)
- Research Collection School of Social Sciences (795)
- Comparative Civilizations Review (458)
- Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business (452)
- Human Rights & Human Welfare (381)
- Asian Review (360)
- Research Collection School Of Economics (330)
- Penn State Journal of Law & International Affairs (2012 - Present) (312)
- Space and Defense (276)
- Erforschung biologischer Ressourcen der Mongolei / Exploration into the Biological Resources of Mongolia, ISSN 0440-1298 (267)
- The Journal of Social Encounters (264)
- UMSL Global (264)
- United States Geological Survey, Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center: Publications (260)
- Journal of African Policy Studies (244)
- International Dialogue (222)
- International Bulletin of Political Psychology (210)
- Présence Francophone: Revue internationale de langue et de littérature (184)
- Honors Theses (180)
- Sustainability and Social Justice (169)
- SAIPAR Case Review (164)
- Claremont-UC Undergraduate Research Conference on the European Union (162)
- Van Sickle Leftist Pamphlet Collection, 1900-1993 (154)
- Faculty Book Chapters (149)
- Master's Theses (149)
- Publication Type
- File Type
Articles 4501 - 4530 of 29044
Full-Text Articles in Social and Behavioral Sciences
Work Conditions And Problems Of Former Care Workers After Returned To Indonesia, Eldwita Nofrelia
Work Conditions And Problems Of Former Care Workers After Returned To Indonesia, Eldwita Nofrelia
Journal of Strategic and Global Studies
Based on Indonesian-Japan Economic Partnership Agreement (IJEPA), Indonesia sends some nurses (perawat) who would be employed either as hospital nurses (perawat rumah sakit) or as care workers for the elderly (perawat lansia). Nurses who work in Japanese hospitals are required to meet Japanese nursing standards, through a competency test of Japanese nursing standards. This article discusses how Indonesian care workers adapt to working conditions while being in Japan and about the problem of nurses with Indonesian qualifications working with Japanese competency standards. This study is qualitative research using a survey method. The data collection technique used in this study was …
U.S. Foreign Policy Towards Unesco After Acceptance Of Palestinian Membership For The Period 2012-2017, Yon Machmudi, Qothrunnada Quraissyn Qudsi Ardifansyia
U.S. Foreign Policy Towards Unesco After Acceptance Of Palestinian Membership For The Period 2012-2017, Yon Machmudi, Qothrunnada Quraissyn Qudsi Ardifansyia
Journal of Strategic and Global Studies
The United States is one of the countries that established Palestine as a state. The struggle for Palestine to get full membership status in the United Nations (UN) also often gets a veto from the United States. The United States rejects Palestine at UNESCO because according to America, membership status as a country cannot determine the decision of the UN Security Council first. The research method used in this research is descriptive research method, and the writer will use secondary data. This paper examines the United States' policy towards UNESCO after the membership of Palestine for the 2012-2017 period. The …
Estimating The Latino Population In New York City, 2020, Laird W. Bergad
Estimating The Latino Population In New York City, 2020, Laird W. Bergad
Center for Latin American, Caribbean, and Latino Studies
Introduction:
This report compares the population growth of Latinos in New York City using four different sources and finds that the numbers differ dramatically from those published by the Census Bureau.
Methods:
This report uses four data sources: (i) the 2020 Census Redistricting Files; (ii) the American Community Survey (ACS) 1-Year Experimental Data Release; (iii) the ACS 5-Year (2016–2020) Estimates; and (iv) the IPUMS-NHGIS 2016–2020 5-Year Summary File. The American Community Survey PUMS (Public Use Microdata Series) data used for all years was released by the Census Bureau and reorganized for public use by the Minnesota Population Center, University of …
Eu Asylum Governance And E(Xc)Lusive Solidarity: Insights From Germany, Emek M. Ucarer
Eu Asylum Governance And E(Xc)Lusive Solidarity: Insights From Germany, Emek M. Ucarer
Faculty Journal Articles
The response to the so‐called refugee crisis of 2015 in the European Union was haphazard and inconsistent with the stated mission of solidarity. This article situates the EU’s response and its Common European Asylum System (CEAS) as defensive integration producing the lowest common denominator policies. It argues that the rise of right‐wing populism redefines solidarity in narrow and exclusionary terms, in contrast to the inclusive and global solidarity espoused by the EU. Drawing on Germany as a case study of how domestic populist pressures also rise to the European level, the article juxtaposes the demise of the EU’s temporary relocation …
Environment, Power, And Justice : Southern African Histories, Graeme Wynn, Jane Carruthers, Nancy J. Jacobs
Environment, Power, And Justice : Southern African Histories, Graeme Wynn, Jane Carruthers, Nancy J. Jacobs
Ohio University Press Open Access Books
Spanning the colonial, postcolonial, and postapartheid eras, these historical and locally specific case studies analyze and engage vernacular, activist, and scholarly efforts to mitigate social-environmental inequity.
This book highlights the ways poor and vulnerable people in South Africa, Lesotho, and Zimbabwe have mobilized against the structural and political forces that deny them a healthy and sustainable environment. Spanning the colonial, postcolonial, and postapartheid eras, these studies engage vernacular, activist, and scholarly efforts to mitigate social-environmental inequity. Some chapters track the genealogies of contemporary activism, while others introduce positions, actors, and thinkers not previously identified with environmental justice. Addressing health, economic …
Summary Report Of Discussions At The Forum “Nepali Diaspora Organizations In North America: Achievements, Opportunities, And Challenges”, Coppell, Texas, Usa July 2022, Ambika P. Adhikari
Summary Report Of Discussions At The Forum “Nepali Diaspora Organizations In North America: Achievements, Opportunities, And Challenges”, Coppell, Texas, Usa July 2022, Ambika P. Adhikari
Himalayan Research Papers Archive
The forum “Nepali Diaspora Organizations in North America: Achievements, Opportunities and Challenges” was held at the annual convention of the Association of Nepalis in the Americas (ANA) in Coppell, TX, USA on July 2, 2022. Nepalese Society of Texas (NST) hosted the convention and forum. As studies related to diaspora have become important topics in the fields of development, community culture, sociology and anthropology, ANA decided to include this topic in the forums organized at the national convention.
The global Nepali diaspora population in 2022 is estimated at 800,000. Although no authoritative statistics is available, the Nepali diaspora in North …
"Letter To The Central Committee Of The World Council Of Churches," By The Conference On Religion And Politics In The Context Of The War Against Ukraine, Various Authors
"Letter To The Central Committee Of The World Council Of Churches," By The Conference On Religion And Politics In The Context Of The War Against Ukraine, Various Authors
Occasional Papers on Religion in Eastern Europe
No abstract provided.
Riverine Plastic Pollution In Asia: Results From A Bibliometric Assessment, Peter Yang
Riverine Plastic Pollution In Asia: Results From A Bibliometric Assessment, Peter Yang
Faculty Scholarship
Rivers are important ecosystems, vital to the livelihoods of hundreds of millions of humans and other species. Despite their environmental, social, and economic importance, current use of rivers is unsustainable, due to a combination of solid waste and high levels of pollutants. Plastic materials are among the most predominant of such pollutants. Based on the need for additional research in this area, this study examines pressures put to rivers and explores trends related to riverine plastic pollution, with a focus on Asia. Apart from the bibliometric analysis, and relying on the collected information, examples describing the drivers of riverine plastic …
China's Strategic Ambiguity On The Issue Of Autonomous Weapons Systems, Putu Shangrina Pramudia
China's Strategic Ambiguity On The Issue Of Autonomous Weapons Systems, Putu Shangrina Pramudia
Global: Jurnal Politik Internasional
This paper discusses the factors behind China's ambiguous stance on the issue of autonomous weapons and its relationship with China's rise. In 2016 at the United Nations on Certain Conventional Weapons (UN-CCW), China was the only Permanent Five (P5) country to call for the prohibition and importance of a binding protocol on autonomous weapons. Through its position paper, China stated that the characteristics of autonomous weapons are not in accordance with the principles of International Humanitarian Law (IHL), fears of an arms race, to the threat of war. However, in 2017 China issued the New Generation of AI Development Plan …
Assessing New Wars Theory In The Post-Arab Spring Era: The Libyan And Yemeni Wars (2011-2020), Shady El-Sherif
Assessing New Wars Theory In The Post-Arab Spring Era: The Libyan And Yemeni Wars (2011-2020), Shady El-Sherif
Theses and Dissertations
Mary Kaldor’s “New Wars” theory which was first published in 1991 argues that warfare has changed after the Cold War with the growing globalization and the rise of violent non-state actors. According to the theory, globalization augmented certain problems that are considered the main causes of these “new wars” such as; state fragility/failure, identity politics, and war economy methods which all account at present for the continuation of conflicts, especially in the MENA region with more civilian casualties. To assess this theory, I am using a comparative case study methodology with a historical process-tracing approach for the Yemeni and Libyan …
The Grand Strategy Of Gertrude Bell: From The Arab Bureau To The Creation Of Iraq, Heather S. Gregg
The Grand Strategy Of Gertrude Bell: From The Arab Bureau To The Creation Of Iraq, Heather S. Gregg
Books, Monographs & Collaborative Studies
The remarkable life of early-twentieth-century British adventurer Gertrude Bell has been well documented through her biographies and numerous travel books. Bell’s role as a grand strategist for the British government in the Middle East during World War I and the postwar period, however, is surprisingly understudied. Investigating Gertrude Bell as both a military strategist and a grand strategist offers important insights into how Great Britain devised its military strategy in the Middle East during World War I—particularly, Britain’s efforts to work through saboteurs and secret societies to undermine the Ottoman Empire during the war and the country’s attempts to stabilize …
Mandela Washington Fellows To Visit Baier Hall On July 8, James Owsley Boyd
Mandela Washington Fellows To Visit Baier Hall On July 8, James Owsley Boyd
Keep Up With the Latest News from the Law School (blog)
A group of 24 young leaders from 18 Sub-Saharan African countries is set to visit the Indiana University Maurer School of Law on July 8 as part of the Mandela Washington Fellowship for Young African Leaders.
Gender Equity And State-Mosque Relations In Middle East North Africa: A Case Study Of Tunisia, Joy Amarachi Agbugba
Gender Equity And State-Mosque Relations In Middle East North Africa: A Case Study Of Tunisia, Joy Amarachi Agbugba
Dissertations and Theses
Why is the Middle East North Africa region consistently ranked the lowest on the gender equity scale? This question is quite perplexing and that has driven several scholarly researchers to investigate the situation of gender and women's rights within the states in the region. In this research, I explore the various theories explaining the cause of gender inequity in this region including the Islam thesis/social modernization theory, political-economic theory, and psychological/social structural theories, with an emphasis on the Islamic thesis theory. I argue that the state's support and prioritization of Muslim/sharia law over federal law is a major contributor to …
Climate Disasters, Mass Violence, And Human Mobility In South Sudan: Through A Gender Lens, Marisa O. Ensor
Climate Disasters, Mass Violence, And Human Mobility In South Sudan: Through A Gender Lens, Marisa O. Ensor
Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal
This article examines the links between gender, mass violence, climate change, and displacement in South Sudan. I argue for risk-informed gender-sensitive strategies that incorporate local capacities and sources of resilience. When civil war engulfed South Sudan again in 2013, egregious human rights violations, including sexual and gender-based violence, were perpetrated with near complete impunity. As the national army was divided along Dinka-Nuer ethnic lines, soldiers from each faction turned against each other in a deadly pattern of revenge and counter-revenge attacks that soon spread across the national territory. Inter-communal conflicts also intensified, often centering on competition over land for pasture, …
Evolving Deforestation Narratives In Practice: A Study Of The Un-Redd+ Readiness Programme In Nigeria, Stuart Clive Blackwell
Evolving Deforestation Narratives In Practice: A Study Of The Un-Redd+ Readiness Programme In Nigeria, Stuart Clive Blackwell
Master's Theses
The UN-REDD+ Readiness Programme was conducted between 2009 and 2015. The REDD+ Programme in Nigeria began once the readiness program was completed. This study conducts a document analysis of the program utilizing a political ecology lens to determine the extent to which the program adheres to or strays away from critical narratives surrounding both drivers of deforestation and inclusion and autonomy of federal, state, and local communities. By examining the entirety of the available documentation of the REDD+ Readiness program in Nigeria using a political ecological lens, this study demonstrates both an evolution of the program itself, and an evolution …
Keynote Address: Building Excellence In Higher Education: Singapore's Experience, Arnoud De Meyer
Keynote Address: Building Excellence In Higher Education: Singapore's Experience, Arnoud De Meyer
17th AUNILO Meeting 2022
Using the research done on higher education in Singapore, he identified some drivers of the success of higher education: a system that is fit for purpose, a signification investment in R&D, good governance, active learning from overseas partners, and flexibility in implementation. The future challenges that higher education could face included: the role of technology, the changing nature of work, jobs and careers, the challenge of life-long learning, and translating research into innovation.
International Sports Diplomacy In Action–An Investigation Of Aus+Rally: An Australian Sports Diplomacy Campaign In Japan, Alexander R. Best, Ian Austin
International Sports Diplomacy In Action–An Investigation Of Aus+Rally: An Australian Sports Diplomacy Campaign In Japan, Alexander R. Best, Ian Austin
Research outputs 2022 to 2026
As exercised by the recent Tokyo 2020 Olympics and 2020 Paralympics, both delayed until 2021 due to COVID-19 conditions, sports diplomacy is shifting, from emergence as a concept, toward empirical legitimacy. Extant literature has allowed scholars to clearly establish the factors constituting sports diplomacy, which has culminated in the sports diplomacy model proposed by Abdi and colleagues. This study examines the sports diplomacy model through a qualitative investigation of an operational Australian sports diplomacy campaign, AUS+RALLY, within the context of Japan. The evident conformity of the extant sports diplomacy model with the AUS+RALLY campaign represents an important step for sports …
Review Of Cachita’S Streets: The Virgin Of Charity, Race, And Revolution In Cuba By Jalane D. Schmidt, Gary Prevost
Review Of Cachita’S Streets: The Virgin Of Charity, Race, And Revolution In Cuba By Jalane D. Schmidt, Gary Prevost
Political Science Faculty Publications
No abstract provided.
China: The Next Big Market For Soft-Branded Hotels?, Elisa Ka-Yan Chan
China: The Next Big Market For Soft-Branded Hotels?, Elisa Ka-Yan Chan
Perspectives@SMU
A wave of deal-making in China’s hotel investment sector is expected to encourage more independent hotels to rebrand as chain affiliates
Older Adult Healthcare Utilization Patterns And Receptiveness Towards Healthier Sg Initiative, Micah Tan, Grace Cheong, Wensi Lim, Paulin T. Straughan
Older Adult Healthcare Utilization Patterns And Receptiveness Towards Healthier Sg Initiative, Micah Tan, Grace Cheong, Wensi Lim, Paulin T. Straughan
ROSA Research Briefs
The Healthier SG (HSG) initiative was launched by Health Minister Ong Ye Kung in March 2022. HSG marks a distinct departure from existing healthcare models as under this new initiative, greater emphasis is placed on preventive healthcare rather than reactive treatments. This shift in approach is envisioned to have a significant influence on the healthcare system in Singapore – for instance, by focusing on “health care” rather than on “sick care” it is hoped by some that this new model will discourage the ‘over-service’ of patients by doctors in Singapore (Lim, 2022). An integral component of the HSG initiative is …
Amjambo Africa! (July 2022), Kathreen Harrison
Amjambo Africa! (July 2022), Kathreen Harrison
Amjambo Africa!
In this Issue
Amjambo Arts ......................2/3
Adama Delphine Fawundu Arisa White • Genius Black
Education ..................................4
Youth Fellowship Moonglade ................................ 5
4th of July • Hanji Chang
APIDA books for kids
Editorial & Letters.................... 6
Tips & info ...........................8-15
Fully translated
Useful info: Stimulus checks,
Resources, Marijuana, scams World Market Basket .............16
Farm market in Wales All about the workforce... 18/19
Licensing • Networking Community Happenings..20/21
News from Africa .......22/23/36
Congo Basin • Rwanda Ethiopia • DRC
Health & Wellness ............24-30
Lead poisoning - Fully Translated
Ask the Doctor • COVID Monkeypox • Suicide prevention
Community org. columns ....32
Financial …
Ideological And Strategic Influences On Hezbollah's Decisions To Deliver Social Service Provisions, Morgan Mcminn
Ideological And Strategic Influences On Hezbollah's Decisions To Deliver Social Service Provisions, Morgan Mcminn
Theses - ALL
Hezbollah is a unique organization that acts as a transnational group, an insurgent group and a major political party in Lebanon. Since the founding of Hezbollah, they have found social service provisions to be an important aspect of their organization and have had immense control over the territory, acting as a state within the state of Lebanon. Hezbollah offers an organizational structure, a conflict resolution mechanism, healthcare, education and much more to their primarily Shi'a constituents, however to other sects as well. My master's thesis seeks to examine the reasons that Hezbollah does offer these social service provisions. Through the …
Chinese-Backed Fintech Lending Boom: How Did Indonesia Respond?, Angela Tritto, Yujia He, Victoria Amanda Junaedi
Chinese-Backed Fintech Lending Boom: How Did Indonesia Respond?, Angela Tritto, Yujia He, Victoria Amanda Junaedi
Diplomacy and International Commerce Reports
Peer-to-peer (P2P) online lending has the potential to boost innovation and financial inclusion in emerging markets, yet it can also incur investment and borrower-related risks, such as privacy breaches.
Driven by regulation control in China, Chinese investments flocked to Indonesia, causing a rapid expansion of online lending platforms.
Similar to what happened in China prior to the regulatory crackdown, the P2P lending boom in Indonesia saw a rise in unethical and illegal business practices. The government responded by creating new regulations and institutions to mitigate risks without stifling the potential for financial inclusion.
A proactive approach towards monitoring and regulating …
Urban Utopia Or Pipe Dream? Examining Chinese-Invested Smart City Development In Southeast Asia, Yujia He, Angela Tritto
Urban Utopia Or Pipe Dream? Examining Chinese-Invested Smart City Development In Southeast Asia, Yujia He, Angela Tritto
Patterson School of Diplomacy and International Commerce Faculty Publications
With increasing public–private partnership and international cooperation in smart city development across the Global South, Chinese firms are poised to take advantage of growing business opportunities, a situation that few studies have examined. This empirical case study of the Forest City, a Chinese-invested greenfield smart city project in Iskandar Malaysia, begins to fill that gap. This megaproject represents the coming together of overlapping economic development interests of the local authorities and the profit motivations of the Chinese investor. However, the project’s use of the ‘smart city’ discourse contrasts with the reality of limited technology adoption. Its visibility and considerable socio-economic …
Law Library Blog (July 2022): Legal Beagle Blog Archive, Roger Williams University School Of Law
Law Library Blog (July 2022): Legal Beagle Blog Archive, Roger Williams University School Of Law
Law Library Newsletters/Blog
No abstract provided.
Focusing On Wounded Collective Identity: Toward A Regional Interpretation Of Religious Processes In Central And Eastern Europe, András Máté-Tóth
Focusing On Wounded Collective Identity: Toward A Regional Interpretation Of Religious Processes In Central And Eastern Europe, András Máté-Tóth
Occasional Papers on Religion in Eastern Europe
Excerpt: "Defending the value system of Christian Europe, defending the nation with the help of God, and defending the nation against nationalism. Three recent statements from three different countries in Central and Eastern Europe. Such ideas and avowals lay the provocative groundwork to take a closer look to the points of connection between religion and security.
I have two theses to put forward, aiming to make them understandable and discussable. The first is that the region Central and Eastern Europe (hereafter CEE) can be appropriately interpreted in the theoretical framework of wounded collective identity. The primary marker of the region …
Book Review: Ina Merdjanova, Ed. Women And Religiosity In Orthodox Christianity, Nadieszda Kizenko
Book Review: Ina Merdjanova, Ed. Women And Religiosity In Orthodox Christianity, Nadieszda Kizenko
Occasional Papers on Religion in Eastern Europe
A review of Ina Merdjanova, ed. Women and Religiosity in Orthodox Christianity (New York: Fordham University Press, 2021), 287 + xix pp., $35, ISBN: 9780823298617.
Leveraging On A University-Industry Partnership Programme: How A Yearbook Publisher Can Pivot Its Operations In A New Normal, Yuanto Kusnadi, Benjamin Huan Zhou Lee, Gary Pan
Leveraging On A University-Industry Partnership Programme: How A Yearbook Publisher Can Pivot Its Operations In A New Normal, Yuanto Kusnadi, Benjamin Huan Zhou Lee, Gary Pan
Research Collection School Of Accountancy
The printing industry is a “sunset” industry that is currently undergoing massive changes, with digital transformation and sustainability being two key issues that the companies in these 2 industries have to face. In addition, the Covid-19 pandemic has hastened the pace of the changes that are taking place and companies have to make serious decisions that will affect their future survival in this industry. This article highlights how one printing solutions provider in Singapore can pivot its operations to be more sustainable in the new post-pandemic normal.
Universities In And Beyond A Pandemic, Lily Kong, Sovan Patra
Universities In And Beyond A Pandemic, Lily Kong, Sovan Patra
Research Collection School of Social Sciences
The impact of the COVID pandemic, and concomitant public health interventions, on university operations and finances is unprecedented in its scope and scale. This chapter provides, firstly, a panorama of the challenges of tertiary teaching and learning in a socially distanced world as well as of the fiscal impact of the pandemic on universities. Secondly, it is an experience-informed personal reflection on the lessons that university instructors, researchers, and leaders can learn from the events of the past year to be more effective in sub-optimal environments, both as individuals and as members of the larger society. Finally, it presents an …
Clocking Out: Nurses Refusing To Work In A Time Of Pandemic, Yasmin Y. Ortiga, Michael Joseph S. Dino, Romeo Luis A. Macabasag
Clocking Out: Nurses Refusing To Work In A Time Of Pandemic, Yasmin Y. Ortiga, Michael Joseph S. Dino, Romeo Luis A. Macabasag
Research Collection School of Social Sciences
Social science research has long critiqued how professional ideals of public service can ignore chronic problems within the healthcare industry, placing unfair burden on the "heroism" of individual workers. Yet, fewer studies investigate how healthcare professionals actively negotiate such demands for service, amidst increasing workplace pressures and risks. This paper studies Filipino nurses' response to a government policy that banned them from working overseas in order to channel their labor to local hospitals during the COVID-19 pandemic. Based on 51 in-depth interviews, we argue that nurses' willingness to serve in the Philippines' COVID-19 hospitals hinged on the point at which …