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Articles 1351 - 1380 of 1395

Full-Text Articles in Applied Statistics

Accounting For Non-Independent Observations In 2×2 Tables, With Application To Correcting For Family Clustering In Exposure-Risk Relationship Studies, Leslie A. Kalsih, Katherine A. Riester, Stuart J. Pocock Nov 2002

Accounting For Non-Independent Observations In 2×2 Tables, With Application To Correcting For Family Clustering In Exposure-Risk Relationship Studies, Leslie A. Kalsih, Katherine A. Riester, Stuart J. Pocock

Journal of Modern Applied Statistical Methods

Participants in epidemiologic studies may not represent statistically independent observations. We consider modifications to conventional analyses of 2×2 tables, including Fisher’s exact test and confidence intervals, to account for correlated observations in this setting. An example is provided, assessing the robustness of conclusions from a published analysis.

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Simulation Study Of Chemical Inhibition Modeling, Pali Sen, Mary Anderson Nov 2002

Simulation Study Of Chemical Inhibition Modeling, Pali Sen, Mary Anderson

Journal of Modern Applied Statistical Methods

The combined effects of the activities of different chemicals are of interest of this study. We simulate for the synthetic data, and fit experimental data for three models and estimate the parameters. We assess the fit of the synthetic data and the experimental data by comparing the coefficients of variation for the parameter estimates and identify the best model for the inhibition process.

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On Distribution Function Estimation Using Double Ranked Set Samples With Application, Walid A. Abu-Dayyeh, Hani M. Samawi, Lara A. Bani-Hani Nov 2002

On Distribution Function Estimation Using Double Ranked Set Samples With Application, Walid A. Abu-Dayyeh, Hani M. Samawi, Lara A. Bani-Hani

Journal of Modern Applied Statistical Methods

As a variation of ranked set sampling (RSS); double ranked set sampling (DRSS) was introduced by Al-Saleh and Al-Kadiri (2000), and it has been used only for estimating the mean of the population. In this paper DRSS will be used for estimating the distribution function (cdf). The efficiency of the proposed estimators will be obtained when ranking is perfect. Some inference on the distribution function will be drawn based on Kolomgrov-Smirnov statistic. It will be shown that using DRSS will increase the efficiency in this case.

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On The Estimation Of Binomial Success Probability With Zero Occurrence In Sample, Mehdi Razzaghi Nov 2002

On The Estimation Of Binomial Success Probability With Zero Occurrence In Sample, Mehdi Razzaghi

Journal of Modern Applied Statistical Methods

The problem of estimating the probability of a rare event when the sample shows no incidence of the event is considered. Several methodologies based on various statistical techniques are described and their relative performances are investigated. A decision theoretic approach for estimation of response probability when the sample contains zero responses is examined in depth. The properties of each method are discussed and an example from teratology is used to provide illustration and to demonstrate the results.

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A Longitudinal Follow-Up Of Discrete Mass At Zero With Gap, Joseph L. Musial, Patrick D. Bridge, Nicol R. Shamey Nov 2002

A Longitudinal Follow-Up Of Discrete Mass At Zero With Gap, Joseph L. Musial, Patrick D. Bridge, Nicol R. Shamey

Journal of Modern Applied Statistical Methods

The first part of this paper discusses a five-year systematic review of the Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology following the landmark power study conducted by Sawilowsky and Hillman (1992). The second part discusses a five-year longitudinal follow-up of a radically nonnormal population distribution: discrete mass at zero with gap. This distribution was based upon a real dataset.

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Jmasm4: Critical Values For Four Nonparametric And/Or Distribution-Free Tests Of Location For Two Independent Samples, Bruce R. Fay Nov 2002

Jmasm4: Critical Values For Four Nonparametric And/Or Distribution-Free Tests Of Location For Two Independent Samples, Bruce R. Fay

Journal of Modern Applied Statistical Methods

Researchers engaged in computer-intensive studies may need exact critical values, especially for sample sizes and alpha levels not normally found in published tables, as well as the ability to control ‘best-fit’ criteria. They may also benefit from the ability to directly generate these values rather than having to create lookup tables. Fortran 90 programs generate ‘best-conservative’ (bc) and ‘best-fit’ (bf) critical values with associated probabilities for the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test of general differences (bc), Rosenbaum’s test of location (bc), Tukey’s quick test (bc and bf)) and the Wilcoxon rank-sum test (bc).

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Power Analyses When Comparing Trimmed Means, Rand R. Wilcox, H. J. Keselman May 2002

Power Analyses When Comparing Trimmed Means, Rand R. Wilcox, H. J. Keselman

Journal of Modern Applied Statistical Methods

Given a random sample from each of two independent groups, this article takes up the problem of estimating power, as well as a power curve, when comparing 20% trimmed means with a percentile bootstrap method. Many methods were considered, but only one was found to be satisfactory in terms of obtaining both a point estimate of power as well as a (one-sided) confidence interval. The method is illustrated with data from a reading study where theory suggests two groups should differ but nonsignificant results were obtained.

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Some Locally Most Powerful Rank Tests For Correlation, W. J. Conover May 2002

Some Locally Most Powerful Rank Tests For Correlation, W. J. Conover

Journal of Modern Applied Statistical Methods

Four examples are given to illustrate the ease and practicality of the procedure for finding locally most powerful rank tests for correlation. The first two examples deal with bivariate exponential models. The third example uses the bivariate normal distribution, and the fourth example analyzes the Morgenstem’s general correlation model.

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Exact Level And Power Of Permutation, Bootstrap, And Asymptotic Tests Of Trend, Christopher D. Corcoran, Cyrus R. Mehta May 2002

Exact Level And Power Of Permutation, Bootstrap, And Asymptotic Tests Of Trend, Christopher D. Corcoran, Cyrus R. Mehta

Journal of Modern Applied Statistical Methods

We develop computational tools that can evaluate the exact size and power of three tests of trend (e.g., permutation, bootstrap and asymptotic) without resorting to large-sample theory or simulations. We then use these tools to compare the operating characteristics of the three tests. It is seen that the bootstrap test is ultra-conservative relative to the other two tests and as a result suffers from a severe deterioration in power. The power of the asymptotic test is uniformly larger than that of the other two tests, but it fails to preserve the Type I error for most of the range of …

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Six Modifications Of The Aligned Rank Transform Test For Interaction, Kathleen Peterson May 2002

Six Modifications Of The Aligned Rank Transform Test For Interaction, Kathleen Peterson

Journal of Modern Applied Statistical Methods

Testing for interactions in multivariate experiments is an important function. Studies indicate that much data from social studies research is not normally distributed, thus violating that assumption of the AN OVA procedure. The aligned rank transformation test (ART), aligning using the means of columns and rows, has been found, in limited situations, to be robust to Type I error rates and to have greater power than the ANOVA. This study explored a variety of alignments, including the median, Winsorized trimmed means (10%) and (20%), the Huber1.28 M-estimator, and the Harrell-Davis estimator of the median. Results are reported for Type …

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Two Methods To Estimate Homogenous Markov Processes, Ricardo Ocaña-Rilola May 2002

Two Methods To Estimate Homogenous Markov Processes, Ricardo Ocaña-Rilola

Journal of Modern Applied Statistical Methods

Multi-state Markov processes have been introduced recently in Health Sciences in order to study disease history events. This sort of model have some advantages respect to traditional survival analysis, therefore they are an important line of research into stochastic processes applied to Epidemiology. However these types of models increase the complexity of analysis, even for simpler processes, and standard software is limited. In this paper, two methods for fitting homogeneous Markov models are proposed and compared.

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The Trouble With Trivials (P > .05), Shlomo S. Sawilowsky, Jina S. Yoon May 2002

The Trouble With Trivials (P > .05), Shlomo S. Sawilowsky, Jina S. Yoon

Journal of Modern Applied Statistical Methods

Trivials are effect sizes associated with statistically non-significant results. Trivials are like Tribbles in the Star Trek television show. They are cute and loveable. They proliferate without limit. They probably growl at Bayesians. But they are troublesome. This brief report discusses the trouble with trivials.

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An Error In Statistical Logic In The Application Of Genetic Paternity Testing, Ernest P. Chiodo, Joseph L. Musial, J. Sia Robinson May 2002

An Error In Statistical Logic In The Application Of Genetic Paternity Testing, Ernest P. Chiodo, Joseph L. Musial, J. Sia Robinson

Journal of Modern Applied Statistical Methods

A Bayes probability computer program was written in Fortran to examine issues related to genetic paternity testing. An application was given to demonstrate the effects improper assumptions of prior probability of culpability. The seriousness of such errors include the potential of assigning paternity to wrongly accused men, or wrongly refuting paternity.

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An Adaptive Inference Strategy: The Case Of Auditory Data, Bruno D. Zumbo May 2002

An Adaptive Inference Strategy: The Case Of Auditory Data, Bruno D. Zumbo

Journal of Modern Applied Statistical Methods

By way of an example some of the basic features in the derivation and use of adaptive inferential methods are demonstrated. The focus of this paper is dyadic (coupled) data in auditory and perceptual research. We present: (a) why one should not use the conventional methods, (b) a derivation of an adaptive method, and (c) how the new adaptive method works with the example data. In the concluding remarks we draw attention to the work of Professor George Barnard who provided the adaptive inference strategy in the context of the Behrens-Fisher problem -- testing the equality of means when one …

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Parametric Analyses In Randomized Clinical Trials, Vance W. Berger, Clifford E. Lunneborg, Michael D. Ernst, Jonathan G. Levine May 2002

Parametric Analyses In Randomized Clinical Trials, Vance W. Berger, Clifford E. Lunneborg, Michael D. Ernst, Jonathan G. Levine

Journal of Modern Applied Statistical Methods

One salient feature of randomized clinical trials is that patients are randomly allocated to treatment groups, but not randomly sampled from any target population. Without random sampling parametric analyses are inexact, yet they are still often used in clinical trials. Given the availability of an exact test, it would still be conceivable to argue convincingly that for technical reasons (upon which we elaborate) a parametric test might be preferable in some situations. Having acknowledged this possibility, we point out that such an argument cannot be convincing without supporting facts concerning the specifics of the problem at hand. Moreover, we have …

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Alternatives To SW In The Bracketed Interval Of The Trimmed Mean, Jennifer Bunner, Shlomo S. Sawilowsky May 2002

Alternatives To SW In The Bracketed Interval Of The Trimmed Mean, Jennifer Bunner, Shlomo S. Sawilowsky

Journal of Modern Applied Statistical Methods

The aim of this Monte Carlo study is to examine alternatives to estimated variability in building bracketed intervals about the trimmed mean.

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Generation Of Combinations Using Excel, Constantine Stamatopoulos May 2002

Generation Of Combinations Using Excel, Constantine Stamatopoulos

Journal of Modern Applied Statistical Methods

Theoretical development of combinations via enumeration methods are considered. An Excel macro is provided.

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Jmasm1: Rangen 2.0 (Fortran 90/95), Gail F. Fahoome May 2002

Jmasm1: Rangen 2.0 (Fortran 90/95), Gail F. Fahoome

Journal of Modern Applied Statistical Methods

Rangen 2.0 is Fortran 90 module of subroutines used to generate uniform and nonuniform pseudo-random deviates. It includes uni1, an uniform pseudo-random number generator, and non-uniform generators based on unil. The subroutines in Rangen 2.0 were written using Essential Lahey Fortran 90, a proper subset of Fortran 90. It includes both source code for the subroutines and a short description of each subroutine, its purpose, and the arguments including data type and usage.

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Asymptotic And Exact Tests In 2 X C Ordered Categorical Contingency Tables With Statxact 2.0 - 4.0, Margaret Posch May 2002

Asymptotic And Exact Tests In 2 X C Ordered Categorical Contingency Tables With Statxact 2.0 - 4.0, Margaret Posch

Journal of Modern Applied Statistical Methods

The purpose of this study was to compare the statistical power of a variety of exact tests in the 2 x C ordered categorical contingency table using StatXact software. The Wilcoxon Rank Sum, Expected Nonnal Scores, Savage Scores (or its Log Rank equivalent), and Permutation tests were studied. Results indicated that the procedures were nearly the same in terms of comparative statistical power.

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Quantifying Bimodality Part I: An Easily Implemented Method Using Spss, B. W. Frankland, Bruno D. Zumbo May 2002

Quantifying Bimodality Part I: An Easily Implemented Method Using Spss, B. W. Frankland, Bruno D. Zumbo

Journal of Modern Applied Statistical Methods

Scientists in a variety of fields are faced with the question of whether or not a particular sample of data are best described as unimodal or bimodal. We provide a simple and convenient method for assessing bimodality. The use of the non-linear algorithms in SPSS for modeling complex mixture distributions is demonstrated on a unimodal normal distribution (with 2 free parameters) and on bimodal mixture of two normal distributions (with 5 free parameters).

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A Measure Of Relative Efficiency For Location Of A Single Sample, Shlomo S. Sawilowsky May 2002

A Measure Of Relative Efficiency For Location Of A Single Sample, Shlomo S. Sawilowsky

Journal of Modern Applied Statistical Methods

The question of how much to trim or which weighting constant to use are practical considerations in applying robust methods such as trimmed means (L-estimators) and Huber statistics (M-estimators). An index oflocation relative efficiency (LRE), which is a ratio of the narrowness of resulting confidence intervals, was applied to various trimmed means and Huber M-estimators calculated on seven representative data sets from applied education and psychology research. On the basis of LREs, lightly trimmed means were found to be more efficient than heavily trimmed means, but Huber M-estimators systematically produced narrower confidence intervals. The weighting constant of ψ = 1.28 …

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Two-Sided Equivalence Testing Of The Difference Between Two Means, R. Clifford Blair, Stephen R. Cole May 2002

Two-Sided Equivalence Testing Of The Difference Between Two Means, R. Clifford Blair, Stephen R. Cole

Journal of Modern Applied Statistical Methods

Studies designed to examine the equivalence of treatments are increasingly common in social and biomedical research. Herein, we outline the rationale and some nuances underlying equivalence testing of the difference between two means. Specifically, we note the odd relation between tests of hypothesis and confidence intervals in the equivalence setting.

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Jmasm3: A Method For Simulating Systems Of Correlated Binary Data, Todd C. Headrick May 2002

Jmasm3: A Method For Simulating Systems Of Correlated Binary Data, Todd C. Headrick

Journal of Modern Applied Statistical Methods

An efficient algorithm is derived for generating systems of correlated binary data. The procedure allows for the specification of all pairwise correlations within each system. Intercorrelations between systems can be specified qualitatively. The procedure requires the simultaneous solution of a system of equations for obtaining the threshold probabilities to generate each system of binary data. A numerical example is provided to demonstrate that the procedure generates correlated binary variables that yield correlations in close agreement with the specified population correlations.

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Combining Two Nonparametric Tests Of Location, R. Clifford Blair May 2002

Combining Two Nonparametric Tests Of Location, R. Clifford Blair

Journal of Modern Applied Statistical Methods

A distribution-free test is proposed whose power is similar to that of the Wilcoxon Rank-Sum or Terry-Hoeffding Normal Scores tests depending on which of these two tests is more powerful in a given data analysis situation, regardless of the population. This new statistic is distribution-free, and adds no new assumptions to those associated with the constituent tests. A table of critical values for the new statistic is given and some of its Type I error and power properties are examined.

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An Unconditional Exact Test For Small Samples Matched Binary Pairs, Robert A. Malkin May 2002

An Unconditional Exact Test For Small Samples Matched Binary Pairs, Robert A. Malkin

Journal of Modern Applied Statistical Methods

When investigators have N pairs of binary data, a common test for an increased rate of response is McNemar's test. However, McNemar's is an approximate, conditional test. An exact, unconditional test exists, but requires restrictive assumptions. Critical values and power tables are presented for an exact, unconditional test free of these assumptions.

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Hotelling's T2 Vs. The Rank Transform With Real Likert Data, Michael J. Nanna May 2002

Hotelling's T2 Vs. The Rank Transform With Real Likert Data, Michael J. Nanna

Journal of Modern Applied Statistical Methods

Monte Carlo research has demonstrated that there are many applications of the rank transformation that result in an invalid procedure. Examples include the two dependent samples, the factorial analysis of variance, and the factorial analysis of covariance layouts. However, the rank transformation has been shown to be a valid and powerful test in the two independent samples layout. This study demonstrates that the rank transformation is also a robust and powerful alternative to the Hotellings T2 test when the data are on a Likert scale.

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Applying Spatial Randomness To Community Inclusion, Michael Wolf-Branigin May 2002

Applying Spatial Randomness To Community Inclusion, Michael Wolf-Branigin

Journal of Modern Applied Statistical Methods

A spatial analytic methodology incorporating true locations is demonstrated using Monte Carlo simulations as a complement to current psychometric and quality of life indices for measuring community inclusion. Moran's I, a measure of spatial autocorrelation, is used to determine spatial dependencies in housing patterns for multiple variables, including family/friends involvement in future planning, home size, and earned income. Simulations revealed no significant spatial autocorrelation, which is a socially desirable result for housing locations for people with disabilities. Assessing the absence of clustering provides a promising methodology for measuring community inclusion.

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Shifting Goals And Mounting Challenges For Statistical Methodology, Pranab K. Sen May 2002

Shifting Goals And Mounting Challenges For Statistical Methodology, Pranab K. Sen

Journal of Modern Applied Statistical Methods

Modern interdisciplinary research in statistical science encompasses a wide field: agriculture, biology, biomedical sciences along with bioinformatics, clinical sciences, education, environmental and public health disciplines, genomic science, industry, molecular genetics, socio-behavior, socio-economics, toxicology, and a variety of other disciplines. Statistical science has historically had mathematical perspectives dominating theoretical and methodological developments. Yet, the advent of modern information technology has opened the doors for highly computation intensive statistical tools (i.e., software), wherein mathematical aspects are often de-emphasized. Knowledge discovery and data mining (KDDM) is now becoming a dominating force, with bioinformatics as a notable example. In view of this apparent discordance …

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The Q-Sort Method: Assessing Reliability And Construct Validity Of Questionnaire Items At A Pre-Testing Stage, Abraham Y. Nahm, S. Subba Rao, Luis E. Solis-Galvan, T. S. Ragu-Nathan May 2002

The Q-Sort Method: Assessing Reliability And Construct Validity Of Questionnaire Items At A Pre-Testing Stage, Abraham Y. Nahm, S. Subba Rao, Luis E. Solis-Galvan, T. S. Ragu-Nathan

Journal of Modern Applied Statistical Methods

This paper describes the Q-sort, which is a method of assessing reliability and construct validity of questionnaire items at a pre-testing stage. The method uses Cohen's Kappa and Moore and Benbasat's Hit Ratio in assessing the questionnaire.

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Using The T Test With Uncommon Sample Sizes, Shlomo S. Sawilowsky, Barry S. Markman May 2002

Using The T Test With Uncommon Sample Sizes, Shlomo S. Sawilowsky, Barry S. Markman

Journal of Modern Applied Statistical Methods

Monte Carlo techniques were used to determine the effect of using common critical values as an approximation for uncommon sample sizes. Results indicate there can be a significant loss in statistical power. Therefore, even though many instructors now rely on computer statistics packages, the recommendation is made to provide more specificity (i.e., values between 30 and 60) in tables of critical values published in textbooks.

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