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Articles 61 - 90 of 95
Full-Text Articles in Optics
Interferometric Weak Value Deflections: Quantum And Classical Treatments, John C. Howell, David J. Starling, P. Ben Dixon, Praveen K. Vudyasetu, Andrew N. Jordan
Interferometric Weak Value Deflections: Quantum And Classical Treatments, John C. Howell, David J. Starling, P. Ben Dixon, Praveen K. Vudyasetu, Andrew N. Jordan
Mathematics, Physics, and Computer Science Faculty Articles and Research
We derive the weak value deflection given in an article by Dixon et al. [P. B. Dixon et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 102 173601 (2009)] both quantum mechanically and classically, including diffraction effects. This article is meant to cover some of the mathematical details omitted in that article owing to space constraints.
Continuous Phase Amplification With A Sagnac Interferometer, David J. Starling, P. Ben Dixon, Nathan S. Williams, Andrew N. Jordan, John C. Howell
Continuous Phase Amplification With A Sagnac Interferometer, David J. Starling, P. Ben Dixon, Nathan S. Williams, Andrew N. Jordan, John C. Howell
Mathematics, Physics, and Computer Science Faculty Articles and Research
We describe a phase-amplification technique using a Sagnac interferometer. We monitor the relative phase between two paths of a precisely misaligned interferometer by measuring the average position of a split-Gaussian mode in the dark port. Although we monitor only the dark port, we show that the signal varies linearly with phase and that we can obtain similar sensitivity to balanced homodyne detection. We derive the source of the amplification using classical wave optics.
Optimizing The Signal-To-Noise Ratio Of A Beam-Deflection Measurement With Interferometric Weak Values, David J. Starling, P. Ben Dixon, Andrew N. Jordan, John C. Howell
Optimizing The Signal-To-Noise Ratio Of A Beam-Deflection Measurement With Interferometric Weak Values, David J. Starling, P. Ben Dixon, Andrew N. Jordan, John C. Howell
Mathematics, Physics, and Computer Science Faculty Articles and Research
The amplification obtained using weak values is quantified through a detailed investigation of the signal-to-noise ratio for an optical beam-deflection measurement. We show that for a given deflection, input power and beam radius, the use of interferometric weak values allows one to obtain the optimum signal-to-noise ratio using a coherent beam. This method has the advantage of reduced technical noise and allows for the use of detectors with a low saturation intensity. We report on an experiment which improves the signal-to-noise ratio for a beam-deflection measurement by a factor of 54 when compared to a measurement using the same beam …
Ultrasensitive Beam Deflection Measurement Via Interferometric Weak Value Amplification, P. Ben Dixon, David J. Starling, Andrew N. Jordan, John C. Howell
Ultrasensitive Beam Deflection Measurement Via Interferometric Weak Value Amplification, P. Ben Dixon, David J. Starling, Andrew N. Jordan, John C. Howell
Mathematics, Physics, and Computer Science Faculty Articles and Research
We report on the use of an interferometric weak value technique to amplify very small transverse deflections of an optical beam. By entangling the beam’s transverse degrees of freedom with the which-path states of a Sagnac interferometer, it is possible to realize an optical amplifier for polarization independent deflections. The theory for the interferometric weak value amplification method is presented along with the experimental results, which are in good agreement. Of particular interest, we measured the angular deflection of a mirror down to 400
All Optical Waveguiding In A Coherent Atomic Rubidium Vapor, Praveen K. Vudyasetu, David J. Starling, John C. Howell
All Optical Waveguiding In A Coherent Atomic Rubidium Vapor, Praveen K. Vudyasetu, David J. Starling, John C. Howell
Mathematics, Physics, and Computer Science Faculty Articles and Research
We demonstrate an all optical waveguide imprinted by a low power Laguerre Gaussian control laser beam using a coherent Raman process in warm atomic rubidium vapor. We show that the signal beam propagates with a small spot size over several diffraction lengths. We also show that the coupling efficiency of the signal beam into the waveguide varies linearly with the signal power.
Realization Of An All-Optical Zero To Cross-Phase Modulation Jump, Ryan M. Camacho, P. Ben Dixon, Ryan T. Glasser, Andrew N. Jordan, John C. Howell
Realization Of An All-Optical Zero To Cross-Phase Modulation Jump, Ryan M. Camacho, P. Ben Dixon, Ryan T. Glasser, Andrew N. Jordan, John C. Howell
Mathematics, Physics, and Computer Science Faculty Articles and Research
We report on the experimental demonstration of an all-optical π cross-phase modulation jump. By performing a preselection, an optically induced unitary transformation, and then a postselection on the polarization degree of freedom, the phase of the output beam acquires either a zero or π phase shift (with no other possible values). The postselection results in optical loss in the output beam. An input state may be chosen near the resulting phase singularity, yielding a π phase shift even for weak interaction strengths. The scheme is experimentally demonstrated using a coherently prepared dark state in a warm atomic cesium vapor.
Discriminating Orthogonal Single-Photon Images, Curtis J. Broadbent, Petros Zerom, Heedeuk Shin, John C. Howell, Robert W. Boyd
Discriminating Orthogonal Single-Photon Images, Curtis J. Broadbent, Petros Zerom, Heedeuk Shin, John C. Howell, Robert W. Boyd
Mathematics, Physics, and Computer Science Faculty Articles and Research
We can encode an image from an orthogonal basis set onto a single photon from a downconverted pair via the use of an amplitude mask. We can then discriminate the image imprinted on the photon from other images in the set using holographic-matched filtering techniques. We demonstrate this procedure experimentally for an image space of two objects, and we discuss the possibility of applying this method to a much larger image space. This process could have important implications for the manipulation of images at the quantum level.
Preservation Of Energy-Time Entanglement In A Slow Light Medium, Curtis J. Broadbent, Ryan M. Camacho, Ran Xin, John C. Howell
Preservation Of Energy-Time Entanglement In A Slow Light Medium, Curtis J. Broadbent, Ryan M. Camacho, Ran Xin, John C. Howell
Mathematics, Physics, and Computer Science Faculty Articles and Research
We demonstrate the preservation of entanglement of an energy-time entangled biphoton through a slow light medium. Using the D1 and D2 fine structure resonances of Rubidium, we delay one photon of the 1.5 THz biphoton by ∼1.3 correlation lengths and measure the fourth order correlation fringes. After the group delay the fringe visibility is reduced from 97.0±4.4% to 80.0±4.8%, but is still sufficient to violate a Bell inequality. We show that temporal broadening is the primary mechanism for reducing the fringe visibility and that smaller bandwidths lead to greatly reduced broadening.
Storage And Retrieval Of Multimode Transverse Images In Hot Atomic Rubidium Vapor, Praveen K. Vudyasetu, Ryan M. Camacho, John C. Howell
Storage And Retrieval Of Multimode Transverse Images In Hot Atomic Rubidium Vapor, Praveen K. Vudyasetu, Ryan M. Camacho, John C. Howell
Mathematics, Physics, and Computer Science Faculty Articles and Research
We report on the experimental realization of the storage of images in a hot vapor of Rubidium atoms. The images are stored in and retrieved from the long-lived ground state atomic coherences. We show that an image impressed onto a 500 ns pulse can be stored and retrieved up to 30 μs later. The image storage is made robust to diffusion by storing the Fourier transform of the image.
Slow-Light Fourier Transform Interferometer, Zhimin Shi, Robert W. Boyd, Ryan M. Camacho, Praveen K. Vudyasetu, John C. Howell
Slow-Light Fourier Transform Interferometer, Zhimin Shi, Robert W. Boyd, Ryan M. Camacho, Praveen K. Vudyasetu, John C. Howell
Mathematics, Physics, and Computer Science Faculty Articles and Research
We describe a new type of Fourier transform (FT) interferometer in which the tunable optical delay between the two arms is realized by using a continuously variable slow-light medium instead of a moving arm as in a conventional setup. The spectral resolution of such a FT interferometer exceeds that of a conventional setup of comparable size by a factor equal to the maximum group index of the slow-light medium. The scheme is experimentally demonstrated by using a rubidium atomic vapor cell as the tunable slow-light medium, and the spectral resolution is enhanced by a factor of approximately 100.
Transients Of The Electromagnetically-Induced-Transparency-Enhanced Refractive Kerr Nonlinearity, John C. Howell, M. V. Pack, R. M. Camacho
Transients Of The Electromagnetically-Induced-Transparency-Enhanced Refractive Kerr Nonlinearity, John C. Howell, M. V. Pack, R. M. Camacho
Mathematics, Physics, and Computer Science Faculty Articles and Research
We report observations of the dynamics of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in a Λ system when the ground states are Stark shifted. Interactions of this type exhibit large optical nonlinearities called Kerr nonlinearities, and have numerous applications. The EIT Kerr nonlinearity is relatively slow, which is a limiting factor that may make many potential applications impossible. Using rubidium atoms, we observe the dynamics of the EIT Kerr nonlinearity using a Mach-Zehnder interferometer to measure phase modulation of the EIT fields resulting from a pulsed signal beam Stark shifting the ground state energy levels. The rise times and transients agree well …
Electromagnetically Induced Transparency Line Shapes For Large Probe Fields And Optically Thick Media, M. V. Pack, R. M. Camacho, John C. Howell
Electromagnetically Induced Transparency Line Shapes For Large Probe Fields And Optically Thick Media, M. V. Pack, R. M. Camacho, John C. Howell
Mathematics, Physics, and Computer Science Faculty Articles and Research
We calculate the line shape and linewidths for electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in optically thick, Doppler broadened media (buffer gasses are also considered). In generalizing the definition of the EIT linewidth to optically thick media, we find two different linewidth definitions apply depending on whether the experiment is pulsed or continuous wave (cw). Using the cw definition for the EIT line shape we derive analytic expressions describing the linewidth as a function of optical depth. We also review the EIT line shapes in optically thin media and provide physical arguments for how the line shapes change as a function of …
Wide-Bandwidth, Tunable, Multiple-Pulse-Width Optical Delays Using Slow Light In Cesium Vapor, Ryan M. Camacho, Michael V. Pack, John C. Howell, Aaron Schweinsberg, Robert W. Boyd
Wide-Bandwidth, Tunable, Multiple-Pulse-Width Optical Delays Using Slow Light In Cesium Vapor, Ryan M. Camacho, Michael V. Pack, John C. Howell, Aaron Schweinsberg, Robert W. Boyd
Mathematics, Physics, and Computer Science Faculty Articles and Research
We demonstrate an all-optical delay line in hot cesium vapor that tunably delays 275 ps input pulses up to 6.8 ns and 740 input ps pulses up to 59 ns (group index of approximately 200) with little pulse distortion. The delay is made tunable with a fast reconfiguration time (hundreds of ns) by optically pumping out of the atomic ground states.
Large-Alphabet Quantum Key Distribution Using Energy-Time Entangled Bipartite States, Irfan Ali-Khan, Curtis J. Broadbent, John C. Howell
Large-Alphabet Quantum Key Distribution Using Energy-Time Entangled Bipartite States, Irfan Ali-Khan, Curtis J. Broadbent, John C. Howell
Mathematics, Physics, and Computer Science Faculty Articles and Research
We present a protocol for large-alphabet quantum key distribution (QKD) using energy-time entangled biphotons. Binned, high-resolution timing measurements are used to generate a large-alphabet key with over 10 bits of information per photon pair, albeit with large noise. QKD with 5% bit error rate is demonstrated with 4 bits of information per photon pair, where the security of the quantum channel is determined by the visibility of Franson interference fringes. The protocol is easily generalizable to even larger alphabets, and utilizes energy-time entanglement which is robust to transmission over large distances in fiber.
All-Optical Delay Of Images Using Slow Light, Ryan M. Camacho, Curtis J. Broadbent, Irfan Ali-Khan, John C. Howell
All-Optical Delay Of Images Using Slow Light, Ryan M. Camacho, Curtis J. Broadbent, Irfan Ali-Khan, John C. Howell
Mathematics, Physics, and Computer Science Faculty Articles and Research
Two-dimensional images carried by optical pulses (2 ns) are delayed by up to 10 ns in a 10 cm cesium vapor cell. By interfering the delayed images with a local oscillator, the transverse phase and amplitude profiles of the images are shown to be preserved. It is further shown that delayed images can be well preserved even at very low light levels, where each pulse contains on average less than one photon.
Slow Light With Large Fractional Delays By Spectral Hole-Burning In Rubidium Vapor, Ryan M. Camacho, Michael V. Pack, John C. Howell
Slow Light With Large Fractional Delays By Spectral Hole-Burning In Rubidium Vapor, Ryan M. Camacho, Michael V. Pack, John C. Howell
Mathematics, Physics, and Computer Science Faculty Articles and Research
We report on the experimental realization of large fractional pulse delays in a hot, Doppler-broadened rubidium vapor. A pump laser burns a deep spectral hole in the inhomogeneously broadened vapor. The delay is shown to be widely tunable by both power broadening the resonance and frequency modulating the pump laser. The simplicity of the scheme opens up the possibility for practical optical delays and buffers.
Transients Of The Electromagnetically-Induced-Transparency-Enhanced Refractive Kerr Nonlinearity: Theory, M. V. Pack, R. M. Camacho, John C. Howell
Transients Of The Electromagnetically-Induced-Transparency-Enhanced Refractive Kerr Nonlinearity: Theory, M. V. Pack, R. M. Camacho, John C. Howell
Mathematics, Physics, and Computer Science Faculty Articles and Research
We present a theory describing the transients and rise times of the refractive Kerr nonlinearity which is enhanced using electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT). We restrict our analysis to the case of a pulsed signal field with continuous-wave EIT fields, and all fields are well below saturation. These restrictions enable the reduction of an EIT Kerr, four-level, density-matrix equation to a two-level Bloch-vector equation which has a simple and physically intuitive algebraic solution. The physically intuitive picture of a two-level Bloch vector provides insights that are easily generalized to more complex and experimentally realistic models. We consider generalization to the cases …
Low-Distortion Slow Light Using Two Absorption Resonances, Ryan M. Camacho, Michael V. Pack, John C. Howell
Low-Distortion Slow Light Using Two Absorption Resonances, Ryan M. Camacho, Michael V. Pack, John C. Howell
Mathematics, Physics, and Computer Science Faculty Articles and Research
We consider group delay and broadening using two strongly absorbing and widely spaced resonances. We derive relations which show that very large pulse bandwidths coupled with large group delays and small broadening can be achieved. Unlike single resonance systems, the dispersive broadening dominates the absorptive broadening which leads to a dramatic increase in the possible group delay. We show that the double resonance systems are excellent candidates for realizing all-optical delay lines. We report on an experiment which achieved up to 50 pulse delays with 40% broadening.
Erratum: Exploring The Optimal Sensitivity Of Sum-Variance Nonseparability Critera For Spin-1/2 Systems, Irfan Ali Khan, John C. Howell
Erratum: Exploring The Optimal Sensitivity Of Sum-Variance Nonseparability Critera For Spin-1/2 Systems, Irfan Ali Khan, John C. Howell
Mathematics, Physics, and Computer Science Faculty Articles and Research
No abstract provided.
Experimental Demonstration Of High Two-Photon Time-Energy Entanglement, Irfan Ali Khan, John C. Howell
Experimental Demonstration Of High Two-Photon Time-Energy Entanglement, Irfan Ali Khan, John C. Howell
Mathematics, Physics, and Computer Science Faculty Articles and Research
We report on the experimental demonstration of high energy-time entanglement in two-photon states created in the process of spontaneous parametric down-conversion. We show that the classical variance product, which we violate by three orders of magnitude, actually represents a lower bound estimate of the number of information eigenmodes K. Explicit measurements estimate K to be greater than 100, with theoretical estimates predicting a value of as high as 1×106. These results provide incentive for the practical feasibility of large bandwidth quantum information processing, particularly in cryptography over large distances.
Pixel Entanglement: Experimental Realization Of Optically Entangled D=3 And D=6 Qudits, Malcolm N. O'Sullivan, Irfan Ali Khan, Robert W. Boyd, John C. Howell
Pixel Entanglement: Experimental Realization Of Optically Entangled D=3 And D=6 Qudits, Malcolm N. O'Sullivan, Irfan Ali Khan, Robert W. Boyd, John C. Howell
Mathematics, Physics, and Computer Science Faculty Articles and Research
We demonstrate a simple experimental method for creating entangled qudits. Using transverse-momentum and position entanglement of photons emitted in spontaneous parametric down-conversion, we show entanglement between discrete regions of space, i.e., pixels. We map each photon onto as many as six pixels, where each pixel represents one level of our qudit state. The method is easily generalizable to create even higher dimensional, entangled states. Thus, the realization of quantum information processing in arbitrarily high dimensions is possible, allowing for greatly increased information capacity.
Exploring The Optimal Sensitivity Of Sum-Variance Nonseparability Criteria For Spin-1/2 Systems, Irfan Ali Khan, John C. Howell
Exploring The Optimal Sensitivity Of Sum-Variance Nonseparability Criteria For Spin-1/2 Systems, Irfan Ali Khan, John C. Howell
Mathematics, Physics, and Computer Science Faculty Articles and Research
We report on experimental and theoretical studies on recently introduced entanglement measures which use a sum of spin-variance criteria for two spin-1∕2 particles. Three inequalities are explored which exhibit useful concatenating properties. They are each shown to have greater sensitivities than a Bell’s measurement, while each requiring fewer measurements than a Bell’s measurement to obtain. The simplest inequality, requiring just four measurements, is shown to be efficient at testing for entanglement in down-conversion sources which naturally exhibit maximally polarized noise. The most complex inequality, requiring just 12 measurements, is shown to have a sensitivity equal to that of the Peres …
Bell’S Inequalities For Particles Of Arbitrary Spin In Fixed Analyzers, Ronen Mukamel, John C. Howell
Bell’S Inequalities For Particles Of Arbitrary Spin In Fixed Analyzers, Ronen Mukamel, John C. Howell
Mathematics, Physics, and Computer Science Faculty Articles and Research
We propose a new set of observables for experiments on entangled particles of arbitrarily large spin that produce significant Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt inequality violations for fixed analyzer settings over a wider range of spins than was previously possible. These observables are better suited for experiments where analyzer orientations must be chosen before the spin of the entangled particles is known, such as experiments using polarization entangled downconverted photons.
Hong-Ou-Mandel Cloning: Quantum Copying Without An Ancilla, Irfan Ali Khan, John C. Howell
Hong-Ou-Mandel Cloning: Quantum Copying Without An Ancilla, Irfan Ali Khan, John C. Howell
Mathematics, Physics, and Computer Science Faculty Articles and Research
In this paper we report an experimental realization of an ancilla-free 1→2 phase-covariant quantum cloner. The cloner is realized by interfering a linearly polarized photon, which we wish to clone with a circularly polarized photon at a beam splitter. The two-photon effect can be understood in light of Hong-Ou-Mandel interference. The fidelity of the cloner was measured as 0.829±0.008 for the 0∕90 basis and 0.835±0.006 for the 45∕135 basis, which is in good agreement with the theoretical prediction of 5∕6 fidelity. The experimental scheme is straightforward and has a high cloning success rate.
Realization Of The Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Paradox Using Momentum- And Position-Entangled Photons From Spontaneous Parametric Down Conversion, John C. Howell, Ryan S. Bennink, Sean J. Bentley, Robert W. Boyd
Realization Of The Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Paradox Using Momentum- And Position-Entangled Photons From Spontaneous Parametric Down Conversion, John C. Howell, Ryan S. Bennink, Sean J. Bentley, Robert W. Boyd
Mathematics, Physics, and Computer Science Faculty Articles and Research
We report on a momentum-position realization of the EPR paradox using direct detection in the near and far fields of the photons emitted by collinear type-II phase-matched parametric down conversion. Using this approach we achieved a measured two-photon momentum-position variance product of 0.01ℏ2, which dramatically violates the bounds for the EPR and separability criteria.
Quantum And Classical Coincidence Imaging, Ryan S. Bennink, Sean J. Bentley, Robert W. Boyd, John C. Howell
Quantum And Classical Coincidence Imaging, Ryan S. Bennink, Sean J. Bentley, Robert W. Boyd, John C. Howell
Mathematics, Physics, and Computer Science Faculty Articles and Research
Coincidence, or ghost, imaging is a technique that uses two correlated optical fields to form an image of an object. In this work we identify aspects of coincidence imaging which can be performed with classically correlated light sources and aspects which require quantum entanglement. We find that entangled photons allow high-contrast, high-resolution imaging to be performed at any distance from the light source. We demonstrate this fact by forming ghost images in the near and far fields of an entangled photon source, noting that the product of the resolutions of these images is a factor of 3 better than that …
Experimental Quantum Cloning Of Single Photons, Antia Lamas-Linares, Christoph Simon, John C. Howell, Dik Bouwmeester
Experimental Quantum Cloning Of Single Photons, Antia Lamas-Linares, Christoph Simon, John C. Howell, Dik Bouwmeester
Mathematics, Physics, and Computer Science Faculty Articles and Research
Although perfect copying of unknown quantum systems is forbidden by the laws of quantum mechanics, approximate cloning is possible. A natural way of realizing quantum cloning of photons is by stimulated emission. In this context, the fundamental quantum limit to the quality of the clones is imposed by the unavoidable presence of spontaneous emission. In our experiment, a single input photon stimulates the emission of additional photons from a source on the basis of parametric down-conversion. This leads to the production of quantum clones with near-optimal fidelity. We also demonstrate universality of the copying procedure by showing that the same …
Experimental Violation Of A Spin-1 Bell Inequality Using Maximally Entangled Four-Photon States, John C. Howell, Antia Lamas-Linares, Dik Bouwmeester
Experimental Violation Of A Spin-1 Bell Inequality Using Maximally Entangled Four-Photon States, John C. Howell, Antia Lamas-Linares, Dik Bouwmeester
Mathematics, Physics, and Computer Science Faculty Articles and Research
We demonstrate the experimental violation of a spin-1 Bell inequality. The spin-1 inequality is based on the Clauser, Horne, Shimony, and Holt formalism. For entangled spin-1 particles, the maximum quantum-mechanical prediction is 2.55 as opposed to a maximum of 2, predicted using local hidden variables. We obtained an experimental value of 2.27±0.02 using the four-photon state generated by pulsed, type-II, stimulated parametric down-conversion. This is a violation of the spin-1 Bell inequality by more than 13 standard deviations.
Stimulated Emission Of Polarization-Entangled Photons, Antia Lamas-Linares, John C. Howell, Dik Bouwmeester
Stimulated Emission Of Polarization-Entangled Photons, Antia Lamas-Linares, John C. Howell, Dik Bouwmeester
Mathematics, Physics, and Computer Science Faculty Articles and Research
Entangled photon pairs—discrete light quanta that exhibit non-classical correlations—play a crucial role in quantum information science (for example, in demonstrations of quantum non-locality1,2,3,4,5,6,7, quantum teleportation8,9 and quantum cryptography10,11,12,31). At the macroscopic optical-field level non-classical correlations can also be important, as in the case of squeezed light13, entangled light beams14,15 and teleportation of continuous quantum variables16. Here we use stimulated parametric down-conversion to study entangled states of light that bridge the gap between discrete and macroscopic optical quantum correlations. We demonstrate experimentally the onset of laser-like action for entangled photons, through …
Optically Simulating A Quantum Associative Memory, John C. Howell, John A. Yeazell, Dan Ventura
Optically Simulating A Quantum Associative Memory, John C. Howell, John A. Yeazell, Dan Ventura
Mathematics, Physics, and Computer Science Faculty Articles and Research
This paper discusses the realization of a quantum associative memory using linear integrated optics. An associative memory produces a full pattern of bits when presented with only a partial pattern. Quantum computers have the potential to store large numbers of patterns and hence have the ability to far surpass any classical neural-network realization of an associative memory. In this work two three-qubit associative memories will be discussed using linear integrated optics. In addition, corrupted, invented and degenerate memories are discussed.