Elementary Particles and Fields and String Theory Commons^™

Energy Scaling And Frequency Ratios Of Particles And Constants, Alison Christina Menzmer, Donald Chakeres, Vola Andrianarijaona

Campus Research Month

We are exploring quantum aspects of various physical quantities (including Bohr radius, Rydberg constant, Planck time, and Hubble constant) and mass energies of elementary particles (including electron, neutron, and quarks). We express all physical units in an energy equivalence in Hertz, normalized to 1 Hz. Furthermore, the logarithms of these normalized energies are scaled by the logarithm of a chosen particle, which allows the generation of an Arrhenius plot exhibiting numerical structures. Our results presented in this poster show that the proton is a good candidate for an Arrhenius plot with partial fractions (1 + 1/n) and (1 - 1/n).

Applications Of Machine Learning In Gravitational-Wave Research With Current Interferometric Detectors, Elena Cuoco, Marco Cavaglià, Ik Siong Heng, David Keitel, Christopher Messenger

Physics Faculty Research & Creative Works

This article provides an overview of the current state of machine learning in gravitational-wave research with interferometric detectors. Such applications are often still in their early days but have reached sufficient popularity to warrant an assessment of their impact across various domains, including detector studies, noise and signal simulations, and the detection and interpretation of astrophysical signals. In detector studies, machine learning could be useful to optimize instruments like LIGO, Virgo, KAGRA, and future detectors. Algorithms could predict and help in mitigating environmental disturbances in real time, ensuring detectors operate at peak performance. Furthermore, machine-learning tools for characterizing and cleaning …

Enhanced Particle Interactions In Highly Curved Spacetime, Bradley Shapiro

Dartmouth College Ph.D Dissertations

Compact objects, such as black holes and neutron stars, are known to be surrounded by dense clouds of particles, including but not limited to photons, various plasmas, and potentially dark matter and gravitons. These environments are of immense research interest, not only for the purpose of understanding the compact objects they surround, but also in the search to identify new particles, especially dark matter. However, certain particle physics calculations are well developed in flat spacetime but intractable in curved spacetime. In this thesis, I present a formalism by which some of these calculations may be made tractable within a perturbative …

The Core-Collapse Supernovae Particle Physics Interactions, Skylar G. Butler

Beyond: Undergraduate Research Journal

This study investigates the role of specific particle physics interactions in simulations of core collapse supernovae, with a focus on understanding how varying levels of inclusion impact the accuracy of gravitational wave predictions and results of simulations. Different research groups often approach these simulations with varying degrees of complexity, cutting corners by omitting certain reactions or simplifying others. This project systematically evaluates the implications of these choices, comparing the particle physics interactions included, the dimensionality of the simulations, and the governing equations used. Our goal is to identify how these factors influence the precision of numerical simulations. By providing a …

The Gauge/Gravity Holographic Duality Between String Theory And Quantum Field Theory: A Full Introduction, Alex A. Short

Physics

The Anti-deSitter Spacetime / Conformal Field Theory (AdS/CFT) correspondence is a well known holographic duality between ten dimensional superstring theories and conformal quantum field theories. The existence of such a correspondence is fascinating and the duality provides a powerful tool-set for working out problems in both string theory and quantum field theory. The correspondence defines a dictionary of terms that exist dual to one another in each theory, allowing theorists to understand the dynamics in one system based on quantities from another. Furthermore, when one side of the duality has strong coupling (meaning the approximations of perturbation theory are no …

Neutrino’S Non-Zero Electric Potential As An Origin Of Gravitation, Domain Structure And Expansion Of The Universe., Polievkt Perov

College of Arts & Sciences Faculty Works

The axial electric potentials of neutrinos as neutral composite structures, while being very small at large distances, do not vanish, and the same can be said about the neutrino “asymmetric dipoles” (paired neutrinos of not the same kind). Depending on the orientation of the “asymmetric dipole”, its far-field electric potential in some direction can be positive or negative, interacting with other “dipoles” at that large distance attractively or repulsively depending on their mutual orientation. The mutual orientation of the dipoles locally (inside a galaxy) might be such that they are aligned and experience the attractive force toward the local center …

Conventions, Definitions, Identities, And Other Useful Formulae, Robert A. Mcnees Iv

Physics: Faculty Publications and Other Works

As the name suggests, these notes contain a summary of important conventions, definitions, identities, and various formulas that I often refer to. They may prove useful for researchers working in General Relativity, Supergravity, String Theory, Cosmology, and related areas.

Cosmological Vector Fields And Constraining The Neutrino Masses, Avery J. Tishue

Dartmouth College Ph.D Dissertations

In this thesis I explore two main topics: the role and consequences of cosmological vector fields, and new ideas for constraining fundamental physics with state-of-the-art experiments. These topics are disparate in content and technique but unified in their attempt to leverage novel approaches to better understand longstanding questions in cosmology. These questions, such as ``What is causing the universe to accelerate today?'' and ``What are the neutrino masses?'', underpin the modern cosmological paradigm. They play a key role in our understanding of cosmic history, the formation of structure, and the fate of our universe. Answers to or hints about these …

New Physics In The Age Of Precision Cosmology, Vivian I. Sabla

Dartmouth College Ph.D Dissertations

The Lambda-cold dark matter (LCDM) model has become the standard model of cosmology because of its ability to reproduce a vast array of cosmological observations, from the earliest moments of our Universe, to the current period of accelerated expansion, which it does with great accuracy. However, the success of this model only distracts from its inherent flaws and ambiguities. LCDM is purely phenomenological, providing no physical explanation for the nature of dark matter, responsible for the formation and evolution of large-scale structure, and giving an inconclusive explanation for dark energy, which drives the current period of accelerated expansion.

Furthermore, cracks …

Astrophysics, Cosmology And Particle Phenomenology At The Energy Frontier, Jorge Fernandez Soriano

Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects

This dissertation consists of two parts, treating significantly separated fields. Each part consists on several chapters, each treating a somewhat isolated topic from the rest. In each chapter, I present some of the work developed during my passage through the graduate program, which has mostly been published elsewhere.

Part I – Cosmic Rays and Particle Physics

• Chapter 1: In this chapter we present an introduction to the topic of cosmic ray physics, with an special focus on the so-called ultra high energy cosmic rays: their potential origins, effects during their propagation between their sources and Earth, the different techniques used …

Fermion-Induced Electroweak Symmetry Non-Restoration Via Temperature-Dependent Masses, Yu Hang Ng

Department of Physics and Astronomy: Dissertations, Theses, and Student Research

Standard Model (SM) and many extensions of SM predict that the electroweak (EW) symmetry was restored in the early universe when the temperature was around 160 GeV. However, recent studies showed that the interactions between some new scalars and SU(2)_L Higgs doublet(s) can cause the EW symmetry to remain broken at temperatures well above the EW scale in certain renormalizable extensions of SM. In this study, we found that new fermions from renormalizable models can also induce this EW symmetry non-restoration effect, provided that they have the appropriate temperature-dependent masses. These masses can arise naturally from the interactions between the …

Introduction To Classical Field Theory, Charles G. Torre

All Complete Monographs

This is an introduction to classical field theory. Topics treated include: Klein-Gordon field, electromagnetic field, scalar electrodynamics, Dirac field, Yang-Mills field, gravitational field, Noether theorems relating symmetries and conservation laws, spontaneous symmetry breaking, Lagrangian and Hamiltonian formalisms.

The Differentialgeometry Package, Ian M. Anderson, Charles G. Torre

Downloads

This is the entire DifferentialGeometry package, a zip file (DifferentialGeometry.zip) containing (1) a Maple Library file, DifferentialGeometryUSU.mla, (2) a Maple help file DifferentialGeometry.help, (3) a Maple Library file, DGApplicatons.mla. This is the latest version of the DifferentialGeometry software; it supersedes what is released with Maple.

Installation instructions

A New Non-Inheriting Homogeneous Solution Of The Einstein-Maxwell Equations With Cosmological Term, Charles G. Torre

Research Vignettes

No abstract provided.

Superluminal Propagation On A Moving Braneworld, Brian Greene, Daniel Kabat, Janna Levin, Arjun S. Menon

Publications and Research

We consider a braneworld scenario in the simplest setting, M₄ × S¹, with a four-dimensional (4D) Minkowski metric induced on the brane, and establish the possibility of superluminal propagation. If the brane is at rest, the 4D Lorentz symmetry of the brane is exact, but if the brane is in motion, it is broken globally by the compactification. By measuring bulk fields, an observer on the brane sees a slice through a higher-dimensional field profile, which carries an imprint of the extra dimensions even when the brane is at rest. If the brane is in motion, we …

The Octagon At Large M, Riccardo Argurio, Matteo Bertolini, Sebastían Franco, Eduardo García-Valdecasas, Shani Meynet, Antoine Pasternak, Valdo Tatitscheff

Publications and Research

Recently, the first instance of a model of D-branes at Calabi-Yau singularities where supersymmetry is broken dynamically into stable vacua has been proposed. This construction was based on a system of N regular and M = 1 fractional branes placed at the tip of the so-called (orientifolded) Octagon singularity. In this paper we show that this model admits a large M generalization, having the same low energy effective dynamics. This opens up the possibility that the effect on geometry is smooth, and amenable to describing the gauge theory all along the RG flow, including the deep IR, in terms of …

Perturbative Unitarity And Nec Violation In Genesis Cosmology, Yong Cai, Ji Xu, Shuai Zhao, Siyi Zhou

Physics Faculty Publications

Explorations of the violation of null energy condition (NEC) in cosmology could enrich our understanding of the very early universe and the related gravity theories. Although a fully stable NEC violation can be realized in the “beyond Horndeski” theory, it remains an open question whether a violation of the NEC is allowed by some fundamental properties of UV-complete theories or the consistency requirements of effective field theory (EFT). We investigate the tree-level perturbative unitarity for stable NEC violations in the contexts of both Galileon and “beyond Horndeski” genesis cosmology, in which the universe is asymptotically Minkowskian in the past. We …

𝒯, 𝒫-Odd Effects In The Luoh⁺ Cation, Daniel E. Maison, Leonid V. Skripnikov, Gleb Penyazkov, Matt Grau, Alexander N. Petrov

Physics Faculty Publications

The LuOH⁺ cation is a promising system to search for manifestations of time reversal and spatial parity violation effects. Such effects in LuOH⁺ induced by the electron electric dipole moment eEDM and the scalar-pseudoscalar interaction of the nucleus with electrons, characterized by k_s constant, in LuOH⁺ are studied. The enhancement factors, polarization in the external electric field, hyperfine interaction, and rovibrational structure are calculated. The study is required for the experiment preparation and extraction of the eEDM and k_s values from experimental data.

Improving The Background Of Gravitational-Wave Searches For Core Collapse Supernovae: A Machine Learning Approach, M. Cavaglià, S. Gaudio, T. Hansen, K. Staats, M. Szczepanczyk, M. Zanolin

Physics Faculty Research & Creative Works

Based on the priorO1-O2observing runs, about30%of the data collected by Advanced LIGO and Virgo Internext observing runs are expected tobe single-interferometer data, i.e. they will be collected at times when only one detector in the network is operating in observing mode. Searches for gravitational-wave signals from supernova events do not rely on matched filtering techniques because of the stochastic nature of the signals. If a Galactic supernova occurs during single-interferometer times, separation of its unmodelled gravitational-wave signal from noise will be even more difficult due to lack of coherence between detectors. We present a novel machine learning method to perform …

Dark Matter Production Beyond The Thermal Wimp Paradigm: An Exploration Of Early Matter Domination Scenarios, Jacek Ksawery Osinski

Physics & Astronomy ETDs

In the standard thermal history of the Universe, the energy density is dominated by radiation throughout the postinflationary era, until matter-radiation equality after big bang nucleosynthesis (BBN). However, we currently do not have any observational probes of the pre-BBN period, and radiation domination (RD) is therefore an assumption. Generic early Universe models predict the presence of additional components in the postinflationary Universe which can lead to periods of nonstandard evolution before the onset of BBN. A prominent example of such a period is a phase of early matter domination (EMD) in which the Universe undergoes matter-dominated expansion for a time, …

Graded Quivers, Generalized Dimer Models And Toric Geometry, Sebastián Franco, Azeem Hasan

Publications and Research

The open string sector of the topological B-model on CY (m+2)-folds is described by m-graded quivers with superpotentials. This correspondence extends to general m the well known connection between CY (m+2)-folds and gauge theories on the world-volume of D(5-2m)-branes for m = 0, ..., 3. We introduce m-dimers, which fully encode the m-graded quivers and their superpotentials, in the case in which the CY (m+2)-folds are toric. Generalizing the well known m = 1,2 cases, m-dimers significantly simplify the connection between geometry and m-graded quivers. A key …

Spacetime Groups, Ian M. Anderson, Charles G. Torre

Publications

A spacetime group is a connected 4-dimensional Lie group G endowed with a left invariant Lorentz metric h and such that the connected component of the isometry group of h is G itself. The Newman-Penrose formalism is used to give an algebraic classification of spacetime groups, that is, we determine a complete list of inequivalent spacetime Lie algebras, which are pairs (g,η), with g being a 4-dimensional Lie algebra and η being a Lorentzian inner product on g. A full analysis of the equivalence problem for spacetime Lie algebras is given which leads to a completely algorithmic solution to the …

Nonthermal Dark Matter From Early Matter Domination, Jacek Ksawery Osinski

Shared Knowledge Conference

Dark matter (DM) production in the early universe traditionally assumes a standard thermal history where the universe is in a radiation-dominated phase after the end of inflation until matter-radiation equality. However, the presence of additional scalar fields (which is a generic prediction of explicit string constructions) can lead to an epoch of early matter domination (EMD) that ends before the onset of big bang nucleosynthesis. Such an EMD phase has important cosmological consequences and renders thermal production of DM irrelevant. We present three scenarios for DM production involving an era of EMD: evaporation of primordial black holes into DM, DM …

Primordial Black Hole Atoms, David Zwick, Tyler Hanover, Brian Nepper

STEM Student Research Symposium Posters

Primordial black holes are thought to have been formed at the early stages of the universe in the presence of non-homogeneous density distributions of dark matter. We are working under the assumption that dark matter consists of elementary low mass particles, specifically, spin 1/2 fermions. We further assume that dark matter is electrically neutral, thus its main interaction is gravitational. We investigate dark matter spin 1/2 fermions in orbit around a black hole atom and consider mass ranges for which the quantum description is appropriate. Solutions to the Dirac equation are utilized to describe the radial mass distribution of primordial …

Anomalous Electromagnetic Transport In Compact Stars, Efrain J. Ferrer, Vivian De La Incera

Publications and Research

We study the anomalous electromagnetic transport properties of a quark-matter phase that can be realized in the presence of a magnetic field in the low-temperature/moderate-high-density region of the Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) phase map. In this so-called Magnetic Dual Chiral Density Wave phase, an inhomogeneous condensate is dynamically induced producing a nontrivial topology, a consequence of the asymmetry of the lowest Landau level modes of the quasiparticles in this phase. The nontrivial topology manifests in the electromagnetic effective action via a chiral anomaly term θF^µνF˜_µν, with an axion field θ given by the phase of the Dual …

Prompt Photon-Jet Angular Correlations At Central Rapidities In P + A Collisions, Sanjin Benić, Adrian Dumitru

Publications and Research

Photon-jet azimuthal correlations in proton-nucleus collisions are a promising tool for gaining information on the gluon distribution of the nucleus in the regime of nonlinear color fields. We compute such correlations from the process $g → q\bar{q}γ$ in the rapidity regime where both the projectile and target light-cone momentum fractions are small. By integrating over the phase space of the quark which emits the photon, subject to the restriction that the photon picks up most of the transverse momentum (to pass an isolation cut), we effectively obtain a g + A → qγ process. For nearly back-to-back photon-jet configurations we …

Introduction To The Usu Library Of Solutions To The Einstein Field Equations, Ian M. Anderson, Charles G. Torre

Tutorials on... in 1 hour or less

This is a Maple worksheet providing an introduction to the USU Library of Solutions to the Einstein Field Equations. The library is part of the DifferentialGeometry software project and is a collection of symbolic data and metadata describing solutions to the Einstein equations.

Probing Dark Matter-Neutrino Connection Via Indirect Detection Experiments, Bradley Knockel

Physics & Astronomy ETDs

Various evidence reveals that dark matter is a primary component of this universe. The amount of dark matter is known, but its identity is a mystery. To determine its properties, efforts to detect and produce dark matter are underway. Dark matter annihilations throughout the galaxy may produce photons, neutrinos, and cosmic rays. Neutrino and photon detectors may then indirectly detect dark matter by detecting these annihilation products. The annihilation rate, dark matter mass, and dark matter scattering rate off of matter affect the signals received at Earth. These signals can therefore probe the identity of dark matter, especially if dark …

Geometrization Conditions For Perfect Fluids, Scalar Fields, And Electromagnetic Fields, Charles G. Torre, Dionisios Krongos

Presentations and Publications

Rainich-type conditions giving a spacetime “geometrization” of matter fields in general relativity are reviewed and extended. Three types of matter are considered: perfect fluids, scalar fields, and elec- tromagnetic fields. Necessary and sufficient conditions on a spacetime metric for it to be part of a perfect fluid solution of the Einstein equa- tions are given. Formulas for constructing the fluid from the metric are obtained. All fluid results hold for any spacetime dimension. Ge- ometric conditions on a metric which are necessary and sufficient for it to define a solution of the Einstein-scalar field equations and for- mulas for constructing …

Rainich-Type Conditions For Perfect Fluid Spacetimes, Dionisios Krongos, Charles G. Torre

Research Vignettes

In this worksheet we describe and illustrate a relatively simple set of new Rainich-type conditions on an n-dimensional spacetime which are necessary and sufficient for it to define a perfect fluid solution of the Einstein field equations. Procedures are provided which implement these Rainich-type conditions and which reconstruct the perfect fluid from the metric. These results provide an example of the idea of geometrization of matter fields in general relativity, which is a purely geometrical characterization of matter fields via the Einstein field equations.