Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®

Climate Commons™

Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®

University of Nebraska - Lincoln

Discipline
Keyword
Publication Year
Publication
Publication Type

Articles 451 - 480 of 549

Full-Text Articles in Climate

Enso’S Impact On The Occurrence Of Autumnal Drought In Iran, M. J. Nazemosadat Aug 1999

Enso’S Impact On The Occurrence Of Autumnal Drought In Iran, M. J. Nazemosadat

Drought Network News (1994–2001)

Recent extreme rainfall events and the frequent occurrence of worldwide droughts and their associated natural disasters (i.e., devastating bushfires in Australia, Indonesia, and Italy during 1997; the current severe drought in Iran) have increased the scientific community’s interest in the broad characteristics of rainfall variation and the potential for rainfall prediction.

On the basis of the Koppen climate classification (Ahrens, 1998), the Islamic Republic of Iran (Figure 1) is categorized as generally having arid (BW) and semiarid (BS) climates. This signifies that the annual precipitation is less than the potential annual loss of water through evapotranspiration. The occurrence of rainfall …

Go to article

Announcements: February 1999 Feb 1999

Announcements: February 1999

Drought Network News (1994–2001)

Contents:

International Symposium on High Altitude and Sensitive Ecological Environmental Geotechnology

5th International Symposium on Environmental Geotechnology and Global Sustainable Development

10th Global Warming International Conference & Expo (GW10)

New Book

Go to article

Rainfall Climatology Of Jammu And Kashmir State, India, Badrul Hasan Feb 1999

Rainfall Climatology Of Jammu And Kashmir State, India, Badrul Hasan

Drought Network News (1994–2001)

We have written a number of articles on various aspects of weather characterization and forecast verification under temperate environments of Jammu and Kashmir (India). We have also touched on some of the approaches that might help in solving climatically triggered problems (Hasan and Kanth 1997). Fortunately, we were lucky enough to make significant progress in some (if not all) of the approaches. The present article focuses on an analysis of rainfall/ precipitation in this state of the Indian Union under different agroclimatic zones, with an update on forecast verification analysis of temperate Kashmir (India) during 1997–98.

India is classified into …

Go to article

Using The Spi To Analyze Spatial And Temporal Patterns Of Drought In Turkey, Ali Umran Komuscu Feb 1999

Using The Spi To Analyze Spatial And Temporal Patterns Of Drought In Turkey, Ali Umran Komuscu

Drought Network News (1994–2001)

Drought is a natural phenomenon that has significant economic, social, and environmental impacts. Drought differs from other natural hazards in that its onset and end are difficult to determine. It develops slowly, and its impacts may remain for years after termination of the event. No single definition of drought exists that applies to all circumstances, but most definitions of drought are based on an expression of deficiency of precipitation resulting in water shortage for some activity related to use of water (Wilhite and Glantz, 1985; Dracup et al., 1980). Water resources planners usually rely on quantitative indices to decide whether …

Go to article

Heat Waves And Floods Across Asia: Was El Niño, Then La Niña The Cause?, R. H. Kripalani, Ashwini Kulkarni Feb 1999

Heat Waves And Floods Across Asia: Was El Niño, Then La Niña The Cause?, R. H. Kripalani, Ashwini Kulkarni

Drought Network News (1994–2001)

Unprecedented heat wave conditions occurred during May–June 1998 across Asia. Unusually high temperatures were recorded in western India, Pakistan, eastern China, Japan, and Southeast Asia. Even the United States, western Africa, eastern Canada, and western Australia experienced the blistering heat spell.

Some reports blame people for the global warming. The world is warming because of the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation, resulting in an increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. The 1998 heat wave prompted the United Nations Environment Programme to issue an urgent warning and a wakeup call to limit the emission of global warming gases. The …

Go to article

Severe Droughts Becoming Recurrent, More Persistent In Mexico, Israel Velasco Feb 1999

Severe Droughts Becoming Recurrent, More Persistent In Mexico, Israel Velasco

Drought Network News (1994–2001)

During recent years, severe and extreme droughts in Mexico and their consequent water deficits have become more recurrent and persistent, according to historic records and the experiences of those who have lived through these events.

In Mexico, agriculture consumes more than 85% of the available water. When the available water is insufficient to satisfy agricultural requirements, impacts can be acute. In extreme cases, lack of water has caused severe economic, social, and environmental crises, and recovery from these crises has taken much time and money.

The regions that are most affected by drought have some common characteristics: they are the …

Go to article

From The Director: February 1999, Donald A. Wilhite Feb 1999

From The Director: February 1999, Donald A. Wilhite

Drought Network News (1994–2001)

Many of the readers of Drought Network News are familiar with the “hydro-illogical cycle” cartoon that I use frequently in presentations and publications. This illustration has been translated into many languages and serves as a constant reminder of the crisis management mentality often displayed in responding to drought emergencies and the proverbial “window of opportunity” following a drought when planning for the next event is of high priority. I hear comments routinely from government officials that recognize the need to plan, but they express hesitancy in moving forward now if water supply conditions are normal or above. The concern is …

Go to article

Global Rural Temperature Trends, Thomas C. Peterson, Kevin P. Gallo, Jay Lawrimore, Timothy W. Owen, Alex Huang, David A. Mckittrick Jan 1999

Global Rural Temperature Trends, Thomas C. Peterson, Kevin P. Gallo, Jay Lawrimore, Timothy W. Owen, Alex Huang, David A. Mckittrick

School of Natural Resources: Faculty Publications

Using rural/urban land surface classifications derived from maps and satellite observed nighttime surface lights, global mean land surface air temperature time series were created using data from all weather observing stations in a global temperature data base and from rural stations only. The global rural temperature time series and trends are very similar to those derived from the full data set. Therefore, the well-known global temperature time series from in situ stations is not significantly impacted by urban warming.

Go to article

Monitoring The 1996 Drought Using The Standardized Precipitation Index, Michael J. Hayes, Mark D. Svoboda, Donald A. Wilhite, Olga V. Vanyarkho Jan 1999

Monitoring The 1996 Drought Using The Standardized Precipitation Index, Michael J. Hayes, Mark D. Svoboda, Donald A. Wilhite, Olga V. Vanyarkho

National Drought Mitigation Center: Faculty Publications

Droughts are difficult to detect and monitor. Drought indices, most commonly the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI), have been used with limited success as operational drought monitoring tools and triggers for policy responses. Recently, a new index, the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), was developed to improve drought detection and monitoring capabilities. The SPI has several characteristics that are an improvement over previous indices, including its simplicity and temporal flexibility, that allow its application for water resources on all timescales. In this article, the 1996 drought in the southern plains and southwestern United States is examined using the SPI. A series …

Go to article

Announcements: October 1998 Oct 1998

Announcements: October 1998

Drought Network News (1994–2001)

Contents:

IUGG–99 XXII General Assembly - Inter-Association Symposium on Geophysical Hazards: Risk Assessment, Mitigation and Warning Systems

1999 National Disaster Medical System Conference

International Conference on Integrated Drought Management—Lessons for Sub-Saharan Africa

4th International Congress on Energy, Environment and Technological Innovation

Go to article

Comparative Hydrometeorology Of Temperate And Semiarid Environments In India, Badrul Hasan Oct 1998

Comparative Hydrometeorology Of Temperate And Semiarid Environments In India, Badrul Hasan

Drought Network News (1994–2001)

Out of a total cropped area of 178 m ha, India has 59 m ha of irrigated cropland. The remaining 119 m ha is rainfed. Crop production under rainfed conditions either occurs during the rainy season or depends on conserved or residual soil moisture. In temperate countries, the economy largely depends on production of goods and services that are less affected by the variabilities of weather. Although India receives adequate amounts of rainfall annually through the four different types of weather phenomena—southwest monsoon (74%), northeast monsoon (3%), pre-monsoon (13%), and post-monsoon (10%)—the distribution in time and space is erratic, resulting …

Go to article

Persian Gulf Sea Surface Temperature As A Drought Diagnostic For Southern Iran, M. Jafar Nasemosadat Oct 1998

Persian Gulf Sea Surface Temperature As A Drought Diagnostic For Southern Iran, M. Jafar Nasemosadat

Drought Network News (1994–2001)

The Persian Gulf and Oman Sea, situated over the northwestern extremity of the tropical Indian Ocean, make up the southern border of Iran (Figure 1). During hot seasons, the sea surface temperatures (SSTs) of these water bodies are high, and a huge thermal trough system is usually dominant over the region (Bitan and Sa’aroni, 1992). The summer SSTs of the Persian Gulf are reported to be the highest in the world (Gabler, 1977).

About 30% of the total rain-bearing air masses coming to the country originate in north Africa, the Red Sea, and western Saudi Arabia (Khalili, 1992). These air …

Go to article

Droughts In Tamil Nadu: A Qualitative And Quantitative Appraisal, K. K. Nathan Oct 1998

Droughts In Tamil Nadu: A Qualitative And Quantitative Appraisal, K. K. Nathan

Drought Network News (1994–2001)

Tamil Nadu experiences recurrent droughts. Tamil literature also indicates that famine-like conditions prevailed during the Pandiyan Kingdom for nearly 12 years. The state normally benefits from northeast monsoon rainfall from October to December, unlike other regions of India, which are dominated by southwest monsoon rainfall.

In general, four major parameters determine the nature and extent of drought conditions in Tamil Nadu: (1) rainfall, (2) ground water, (3) reservoir levels, and (4) crop conditions. It is estimated that nearly 50% of the districts in the state are drought-prone. The state receives nearly 80% of its annual rainfall during the northeast monsoon, …

Go to article

From The Director: October 1998, Donald A. Wilhite Oct 1998

From The Director: October 1998, Donald A. Wilhite

Drought Network News (1994–2001)

On July 16, 1998, President Clinton signed the National Drought Policy Act into law. This law creates the National Drought Policy Commission (NDPC), which will examine current laws and programs and make recommendations to the president and Congress on the needs for a national drought policy. The Farm Service Agency of the U.S. Department of Agriculture will serve as the chair for the Commission, which will comprise 16 members. In addition to the Secretary of Agriculture, other members of the Commission will include the Secretary of the Interior, Secretary of the Army, Secretary of Commerce, Director of the Federal Emergency …

Go to article

Announcements: June 1998 Jun 1998

Announcements: June 1998

Drought Network News (1994–2001)

Contents:

Western Drought Coordination Council Products Available

Go to article

Implications Of Climate Change For Soil Moisture Availability In Turkey’S Southeastern Anatolia Project Region, Ali Umran Komuscu Jun 1998

Implications Of Climate Change For Soil Moisture Availability In Turkey’S Southeastern Anatolia Project Region, Ali Umran Komuscu

Drought Network News (1994–2001)

The Southeast Anatolia Development Project (known as GAP) is a multifaceted development project for agriculture and water resources within the Turkish portions of the Euphrates and Tigris river basins. Through this project, the vulnerability of the region to drought has been investigated in both temporal and spatial terms. On completion of the project, 28% of the total water potential of Turkey will be brought under control through facilities on the Euphrates and Tigris rivers, which have a joint flow of more than 50 billion m3 (GAP Regional Development Administration, 1997). The GAP project aims to irrigate 8.5 million hectares …

Go to article

No Droughts Over India Following Very Strong El Niño Episodes, R. H. Kripalani, Ashwini Kulkarni Jun 1998

No Droughts Over India Following Very Strong El Niño Episodes, R. H. Kripalani, Ashwini Kulkarni

Drought Network News (1994–2001)

One of the external factors responsible for the interannual variability of Indian summer monsoon rainfall (ISMR—June through September) is the El Niño phenomenon. About half of the droughts over India have been related to this phenomenon. Other external factors, such as the Eurasian snow, also affect the year-to-year variability of the ISMR. It is believed that in such cases, the ISMR becomes locked into its own internal dynamics.

Go to article

Improving Drought Management And Planning Through Better Monitoring In Africa, Tsegaye Tadesse Jun 1998

Improving Drought Management And Planning Through Better Monitoring In Africa, Tsegaye Tadesse

Drought Network News (1994–2001)

Drought is part of the environment. It occurs in every part of the globe and adversely affects the lives of a large number of people, causing considerable damage to economies, the environment, and property. It also affects countries differently, having a greater impact on countries with poor economic conditions.

Recurrent drought in Africa in the last 30 years has had a disastrous effect on an economic and social situation that already had serious problems. Today, in the aftermath of these devastating droughts, planning and preparedness have become more important. Most disasters, including droughts, are no accident. They are made by …

Go to article

Australia’S National Drought Policy Continues To Evolve, David H. White Jun 1998

Australia’S National Drought Policy Continues To Evolve, David H. White

Drought Network News (1994–2001)

Australia is an arid continent with a high variability in its annual rainfall. Given the frequency and severity of droughts and the consequent high financial and social costs to the nation and to individuals, and the associated potential for further degradation of the land, a national policy on drought was clearly needed.

Australia’s National Drought Policy (NDP) was ratified by the state and Commonwealth (federal) governments in 1992 (White, 1993; White et al., 1993; White and O’Meagher, 1995). Its aims are to:

• encourage primary producers and other sections of rural Australia to adopt self-reliant approaches to managing for climatic …

Go to article

From The Director: June 1998, Donald A. Wilhite Jun 1998

From The Director: June 1998, Donald A. Wilhite

Drought Network News (1994–2001)

The 1997–98 El Niño event has certainly raised the public’s level of awareness of the impact of climate on society. Although the concern in the United States has focused more on mitigating the potential effects of floods, not all regions of the country are dealing with water surplus situations. An emerging drought in Montana and parts of some surrounding states has caught the attention of scientists and policy makers in recent months. Worldwide, droughts in Central America, Mexico, Brazil, Hawaii, some Pacific island nations, Indonesia, Australia, southern Africa, and elsewhere have attracted the attention of scientists, policy makers, and the …

Go to article

How To Reduce Drought Risk, Cody Knutson, Mike Hayes, Tom Phillips Mar 1998

How To Reduce Drought Risk, Cody Knutson, Mike Hayes, Tom Phillips

National Drought Mitigation Center: Faculty Publications

This guide describes a practical step-by-step process for identifying actions that can be taken to reduce potential drought-related impacts before a drought occurs. Step 1 begins with making sure that the right people are brought together and supplied with adequate data to make informed and equitable decisions during the process. Steps 2 and 3 narrow the focus of the study by identifying high priority drought-related impacts that are relevant to the user’s location or activity. Step 4 demonstrates that in order to reduce the potential for the identified impacts to occur in the future, it is necessary to understand the …

Go to article

Spring Crops In Bulgaria Damaged By 1996 Summer Drought, Nikola Slavov, Vesselin Alexandrov Feb 1998

Spring Crops In Bulgaria Damaged By 1996 Summer Drought, Nikola Slavov, Vesselin Alexandrov

Drought Network News (1994–2001)

Studies suggest there is a decreasing trend in precipitation in both north and south Bulgaria because of precipitation deficiencies in the 1940s and since the 1970s. Bulgaria has experienced several summer drought episodes during the last century, most notably in the 1940s and 1980s. There has been a decreasing trend in precipitation during the potential crop-growing season since the end of the 1970s, and the number of 10-day dry spells during this season has increased since the beginning of the 1970s. In the course of the last 3 decades, there was a decreasing trend in precipitation during the non-growing season …

Go to article

Announcements: February 1998 Feb 1998

Announcements: February 1998

Drought Network News (1994–2001)

Contents:

Hazards and Sustainability: Contemporary Issues in Risk Management

Hazards–98: Seventh International Symposium on Natural and Man-made Hazards

Water: A Looming Crisis? International Conference on World Water Resources at the Beginning of the 21st Century

Disaster Forum ’98

National Conference on Lifesaving Intervention

New Book: Reaching the Unreached: Challenges for the 21st Century

Go to article

Droughts In Poland, 1951-90, R. Farat, M. Kepinska - Kasprzak, P. Kowalczak, P. Mager Feb 1998

Droughts In Poland, 1951-90, R. Farat, M. Kepinska - Kasprzak, P. Kowalczak, P. Mager

Drought Network News (1994–2001)

One of the negative features of Poland’s climate is the periodic occurrence of atmospheric droughts. The most frequent source of this phenomenon is the occurrence of long-term (sometimes lasting several weeks) rainless periods. The occurrence of these periods is connected with the persistence of a stationary east European high that joins with the Azores anticyclone via central Europe. In such situations, with the accompanying lack or insufficiency of atmospheric precipitation, a drought begins to develop gradually. First, a soil drought appears, followed by hydrologic drought. During a hydrologic drought, a decrease in the ground water flow into surface waters is …

Go to article

India, Indonesia Experiencing Opposite Effects From 1997 El Niño, R. H. Kripalani, Ashwini Kulkarni Feb 1998

India, Indonesia Experiencing Opposite Effects From 1997 El Niño, R. H. Kripalani, Ashwini Kulkarni

Drought Network News (1994–2001)

It is now well recognized that the El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon is the single most important cause of year-to-year climatic variability. Several studies have documented that a majority of the warm extremes (El Niño events) cause below-normal rainfall over Indonesia, while cold extremes (La Niña events) cause above-normal rainfall over India.

During the current ongoing El Niño episode, temperature anomalies in the Niño 1+2, Niño 3, and Niño 3.4 regions have been the largest values observed in the last 50 years. The pattern of anomalous tropical convection with enhanced activity across the central and eastern equatorial Pacific and suppressed …

Go to article

Planning For The Next Drought: A National Drought Mitigation Center Workshop Sponsored By The U.S. Bureau Of Reclamation And The National Governors’ Association Feb 1998

Planning For The Next Drought: A National Drought Mitigation Center Workshop Sponsored By The U.S. Bureau Of Reclamation And The National Governors’ Association

Drought Network News (1994–2001)

The drought that gripped the Southwest and southern Great Plains states in 1996 was the most recent reminder of the nation’s continuing and apparently increasing vulnerability to drought. Although drought is a common feature in the West, it is a normal part of the climate of each region of the United States: drought struck the Southeast in 1986; most of the country, especially the Midwest and Plains states, in 1988–89; the West from 1987 to 1992; and the Northeast in 1995. Experiences from each of these droughts reinforce the need for advance planning. Even though drought is a slow-onset disaster, …

Go to article

Quarterly Report Provides Assessment Of Western Water Supply Indicators Feb 1998

Quarterly Report Provides Assessment Of Western Water Supply Indicators

Drought Network News (1994–2001)

A new quarterly report, Western Climate and Water Status, provides decision makers in the western United States with a comprehensive assessment of water supply indicators that can give early warning of emerging droughts. A product of the Western Drought Coordination Council, the report is an important new connection between scientists and policy makers.

Go to article

From The Director: February 1998, Donald A. Wilhite Feb 1998

From The Director: February 1998, Donald A. Wilhite

Drought Network News (1994–2001)

If it seems like considerable time has elapsed since you received the last issue of Drought Network News, it is not just your imagination. After much discussion, we decided not to publish the newsletter in October 1997. First, we had a limited number of submissions to include. Second, the task of editing the manuscript for a new drought book was an overwhelming task that was involving much of my time and that of my publications specialist, Deborah Wood. She is also responsible for Drought Network News. With more submissions and the near completion of the drought book, I …

Go to article

China’S Drought Climate Monitoring System, Zhu Changhan, Zhang Qiang, Wu Hong Feb 1998

China’S Drought Climate Monitoring System, Zhu Changhan, Zhang Qiang, Wu Hong

Drought Network News (1994–2001)

In China, about 50% of the country is in arid and semiarid regions. Drought is the most severe climate disaster to affect China, and it causes significant reductions in grain yields. The area affected annually by drought has been estimated at about 20 million ha, which accounts for 59% of the total area affected by disasters. When severe droughts occur, they can affect as much as 33 million ha.

To monitor the occurrence and development of droughts efficiently and provide information on the strength and range of droughts and floods, the China Drought–Flood Climate Monitoring System was developed by the …

Go to article

Chapter 2 Climate, Donald A. Wilhite, Kenneth G. Hubbard Jan 1998

Chapter 2 Climate, Donald A. Wilhite, Kenneth G. Hubbard

National Drought Mitigation Center: Faculty Publications

The broad climatic patterns of the Sand Hills region are also characteristic of the central Great Plains environment. The spatial and temporal patterns of these climatic variables have a significant effect on the natural resources of the region.

Go to article

First Prev Next Last