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Articles 1 - 30 of 137
Full-Text Articles in Atmospheric Sciences
Validation And Proposed Expansion Of The Data-Driven D Region Model, Kevin M. Watson
Validation And Proposed Expansion Of The Data-Driven D Region Model, Kevin M. Watson
Theses and Dissertations
Predicting ionosphere effects on radio wave propagation is critical for communications and over-the-horizon radar systems. The D region is challenging to model for several reasons, one of which is chemical complexity. Ion density changes during sunrise/sunset introduce substantial uncertainty in electron density profiles (EDPs). The Data Driven D Region (D3R) model solves electron densities through an ion chemistry model and assimilates relevant space weather inputs. This study evaluates D3R against the Faraday International Reference Ionosphere (FIRI) and measurements using Very Low Frequency (VLF) propagation paths. Space weather event impacts on D3R EDPs are evaluated during the disturbed period from 8-12 …
From Tree Rings To Streamflow: Reconstructing The Hydroclimatic History Of The Mississippi River Basin Over The Past Millennia, Brandon Mcdaniel
From Tree Rings To Streamflow: Reconstructing The Hydroclimatic History Of The Mississippi River Basin Over The Past Millennia, Brandon Mcdaniel
Theses and Dissertations
The Mississippi River Basin (MRB), the largest watershed in the United States, plays a central role in shaping regional hydroclimate. This study reconstructs streamflow variability in the MRB from the year 1200 to 2005 by applying principal component regression to streamflow data from 51 gauges and the North American Drought Atlas (NADA), a tree-ring-based reconstruction of the summer self-calibrating Palmer Drought Severity Index. Verification statistics indicated strong predictive skill across the domain. These findings provide critical insight into long-term hydroclimatic variability in the MRB and underscore the value of paleoclimate records for improving water resource assessments.
Analyzing Lf/Vlf Lightning Waveforms To Estimate D-Region Electron Density Profiles: Process, Application, And Comparison, William R. Smith
Analyzing Lf/Vlf Lightning Waveforms To Estimate D-Region Electron Density Profiles: Process, Application, And Comparison, William R. Smith
Theses and Dissertations
Lightning waveforms in the low frequency (LF; 30-300 kHz) and the very low frequency (VLF; 3-30 kHz) can be exploited to produce data-driven ionospheric Dregion electron density profile (EDP) estimates with significantly higher spatial and temporal coverage than previously available. The lightning waveforms used in this paper are signals detected in the LF/VLF of negative cloud-to-ground lightning by the Earth Networks Total Lightning Detection Network. Each waveform contains a ground wave and a time-delayed ionospheric reflection. The time delay between the ground wave and ionospheric reflection has previously been used to estimate a single specular reflection altitude, where LF/VLF emissions …
Discrimination The Roles Of Anthropogenic Greenhouse Gases And Aerosols On Tropical Cyclone Frequency From Downscaling Cmip6 Models, George Gyabaah
Discrimination The Roles Of Anthropogenic Greenhouse Gases And Aerosols On Tropical Cyclone Frequency From Downscaling Cmip6 Models, George Gyabaah
Theses and Dissertations
Tropical cyclones (TCs) are devastating disasters, yet predicting their future activity remains highly uncertain. To better understand the impacts of different anthropogenic forcings, specifically greenhouse gases (GHG) and aerosols on the TCs, I downscaled the single forcing experiments of 11 CMIP6 models in the Columbia HAZard Model (CHAZ). This analysis focused on changes in the distribution of the North Atlantic (ATL) and Western North Pacific (WNP) basins and explored the shift in environmental variables that drive them. We then used the formulation of the genesis component of CHAZ as a constraint to quantify the relative contribution of each predictor relative …
Remote Profiling Of Atmospheric Turbulence: Enhanced Resolution With Stacked Rayleigh Beacons In Tardis, Benjamin C. Wilson
Remote Profiling Of Atmospheric Turbulence: Enhanced Resolution With Stacked Rayleigh Beacons In Tardis, Benjamin C. Wilson
Theses and Dissertations
A stacked beacon turbulence profiling methodology has been introduced and applied to have increased profiling on the Turbulence and Aerosol Research and Investigation System (TARDIS). The model was derived and demonstrated the applicability through discussion on data processing and inversion processes. The methodology was applied for two different nighttime experiments, one in Summer and one in Fall. C 2 n profiles were derived into the 1300 m altitude ranges for both nights and the summer experiment was compared to a co-located DELTA Sky measurements and LEEDR generated Climatological profiles. The comparison implied promise in the methodology with additional work needed …
Assessing The Relationship Between The Quasi-Biennial Oscillation And D-Region Electron Density, Natalie R. Wirth
Assessing The Relationship Between The Quasi-Biennial Oscillation And D-Region Electron Density, Natalie R. Wirth
Theses and Dissertations
High frequency (HF) communication is a vital aspect of military communication and is highly reliant upon ionospheric conditions. The variation in electron density within the lowest echelon of the ionosphere, the D-region, can significantly impact HF signals, making communication inconsistent and unreliable for these wavelengths. Despite the D-region’s important, research in this area mainly focuses on understanding the impact of space weather anomalies on the upper ionosphere, particularly its higher layers, with relatively little exploration of the D-region. This region, situated closest to the troposphere and stratosphere, has been definitively linked to solar weather events like solar flares and geomagnetic …
Global Empirical Model Of Sporadic-E Occurrence Rates, Eli V. Parsch
Global Empirical Model Of Sporadic-E Occurrence Rates, Eli V. Parsch
Theses and Dissertations
Encompassing the Earth, the ionosphere presents unique challenges to modern communication, navigation, and surveillance technologies. Intense ionization enhancements known as sporadic-E (Es), can degrade and disrupt signals in unpredictable ways. Much work has been done to understand this phenomenon and more recent efforts have attempted to model its behavior and impacts. However, there have been limited efforts at modeling global Es occurrence rates (OR) at high time resolutions. This study develops a global empirical model of blanketing sporadic-E (fbEs) occurrence rates using a Karhunen-Lo´eve Expansion (KLE) of global fbEs OR climatologies built with Global Positioning System radio occultations (GPS-RO) and …
Investigation Of High-Latitude Gnss Radio Occulation Sporadic-E And Auroral-E Measurements, Kyle D. Roberts
Investigation Of High-Latitude Gnss Radio Occulation Sporadic-E And Auroral-E Measurements, Kyle D. Roberts
Theses and Dissertations
Abnormal sporadic-E (Es) occurrences were found in the high latitude regions during a recent climatology study by (Hodos, 2022), that calculated sporadic-E occurrence rates derived from a data set of GPS radio occultation (GPS-RO) and ionosondes. In this study, sporadic-E GNSS-RO techniques are shown to falsely attribute sporadic-E events to auroral-E (Ea) events. A comparative study is conducted on GPS-RO measurement techniques to find false occurrence rates for various RO techniques using a single ionosonde site in Gakona, Alaska. Phase-based RO techniques were found to be more likely to falsely attribute sporadic-E as auroral-E, while amplitude …
Modeling Lightning Flashes In Dissimilar Non-Homogeneous Clouds, Scott R. Wolff
Modeling Lightning Flashes In Dissimilar Non-Homogeneous Clouds, Scott R. Wolff
Theses and Dissertations
A new methodology for near-infrared lightning radiative transfer through clouds is presented. High-resolution weather modeling is used to generate realistic three-dimensional non-homogeneous clouds, which are then used as environments for a Monte Carlo simulation of photon multiple scattering from approximations of lightning flashes. Resultant emissions from the cloud tops are in line with previous studies and satellite observations.
Analyzing The Effects Of Data Variability & Volume On Predicting Particulate Matter (Pm2.5): Insights From A Machine Learning Approach, Jada A. Macharie
Analyzing The Effects Of Data Variability & Volume On Predicting Particulate Matter (Pm2.5): Insights From A Machine Learning Approach, Jada A. Macharie
Theses and Dissertations
Accurately predicting PM2.5 concentrations are imperative to the future of public health and environmental policies. Machine learning models incorporating spatial and temporal datasets to predict PM2.5 are often limited by data availability constraints and poor resolution satellite imagery.
Atmospheric Propagation Of Qubits: Laboratory Experiments To Field Demonstrations, Keith A. Wyman
Atmospheric Propagation Of Qubits: Laboratory Experiments To Field Demonstrations, Keith A. Wyman
Theses and Dissertations
Free-space quantum networks can enable global-scale quantum communication via satellite-based nodes and quantum ground transceivers. To enable building of robust global quantum networks, it is critical to learn how the state of the qubit is transformed while propagating through the atmosphere. With such an overarching goal, we built a laboratory based atmospheric turbulence simulator (ATS) to characterize the effects of atmospheric turbulence on an entangled pair of photons as a function of statistical quantities such as the Fried parameter or scintillation index for long-distance communication. Specifically, the changes in the statistical properties associated with a quantum source was investigated using …
Quantifying Atmospheric Turbulence Effects On Image Quality Using A Deconvolution Algorithm, Ahmad M. Almalki
Quantifying Atmospheric Turbulence Effects On Image Quality Using A Deconvolution Algorithm, Ahmad M. Almalki
Theses and Dissertations
Imaging through turbulence is affected by several factors including imaging system specifications, imaging system setup and more importantly the atmospheric turbulence as it is uncontrollable. One important parameter which is used to quantify the atmospheric turbulence severity is the atmospheric coherence diameter (��0 ), known as Fried's parameter. This thesis explores ways to characterize the atmospheric turbulence effects on image quality using simulated and laboratory generated turbulence where ��0 is estimated using a maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimator and frequency domain analysis algorithms. Furthermore, image quality metrics such as Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR), Structural Similarity (SSIM) …
An Analysis Of Moisture Environments Associated With Mature North Atlantic Tropial Cyclones, Katherine Berislavich
An Analysis Of Moisture Environments Associated With Mature North Atlantic Tropial Cyclones, Katherine Berislavich
Theses and Dissertations
Tropical cyclone (TC) intensity and structure are affected by their environments, including sea surface temperature, vertical wind shear, and atmospheric moisture. Analyses of TC environments often rely on area-averaged quantities, yet the spatial variability of these fields can affect TC behavior, such as moisture distribution impacting where and how much rain falls. This study identifies spatial patterns of environmental moisture surrounding mature North Atlantic TCs during 2000-2021 in shear of less than 20 knots. Empirical orthogonal function analysis of total column water vapor reveals six dominant patterns. These patterns account for nearly 67% of the variance in the dataset and …
Verification Of The Localized Aviation Mos Program (Lamp) At Major Us Airports For Ifr Conditions, Mackenzie O'Rourke
Verification Of The Localized Aviation Mos Program (Lamp) At Major Us Airports For Ifr Conditions, Mackenzie O'Rourke
Theses and Dissertations
The objective of this research is to quantify the LAMP’s performance when forecasting for IFR conditions at specific major airports for forecast hours one, three, six, and twelve, and further determine how the LAMP performs seasonally at those specific airports and forecast hours. Two by two contingency tables were used to calculate the Probability of Detection (POD), False Alarm Ratio (FAR), Critical Success Index (CSI), Heidke Skill Score (HSS), and Bias score. The results show that the LAMP performs relatively better in the cool season compared to the warm season consistently at each chosen airport, and that the LAMP performs …
Atmospheric Polarization And Solar Position As Kalman Updates To A Navigation Solution, Thomas J. Wheeler
Atmospheric Polarization And Solar Position As Kalman Updates To A Navigation Solution, Thomas J. Wheeler
Theses and Dissertations
Simulation and physical testing of a sensor that measures relative position of the Sun and polarization of light in the atmosphere as a navigational aid in a Kalman filter.
Validation Of Bottom-Up Gnss Radio Occultation Method To Measure D- And E-Region Electron Density, Dylan J. Shaver
Validation Of Bottom-Up Gnss Radio Occultation Method To Measure D- And E-Region Electron Density, Dylan J. Shaver
Theses and Dissertations
An in-depth validation of a new bottom-up approach using GNSS Radio Occultation (GNSS-RO) data to generate electron density profiles in the D- and E-region ionosphere. This comparison was completed using daytime ionosonde profiles when sporadic-E (Es) was not present, and corresponding FIRI profiles. The average GNSS-RO profile is a few kilometers higher in altitude than the ionosonde profiles at the minimum frequency, f min. When the ionosonde profiles are shifted so that the altitudes match at f min, they are in good agreement up to the E-region peak altitude, hmE. Below f min, the …
An Investigation Of Geostationary Satellite Imagery To Compare Developing And Non-Developing African Easterly Waves, Jenna Bartlett
An Investigation Of Geostationary Satellite Imagery To Compare Developing And Non-Developing African Easterly Waves, Jenna Bartlett
Theses and Dissertations
African easterly waves (AEWs) are known precursors to tropical cyclone (TC) formation, although it is not always clear which AEWs will develop and which AEWs will not. To investigate AEW evolution, this study examines novel observations from the geostationary Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI) during July-September 2019. Case studies are conducted for two AEWs: one that became Hurricane Dorian, the strongest and most devastating hurricane of the 2019 Atlantic hurricane season, and a long-lived September AEW that did not become a TC. Lower-level moisture and flow, and the strength and spatial distribution of convective activity, differed between these two waves. By …
Defining Viable Solar Resource Locations In The Southeast United States Using The Satellite-Based Glass Product, Jolie Kavanagh
Defining Viable Solar Resource Locations In The Southeast United States Using The Satellite-Based Glass Product, Jolie Kavanagh
Theses and Dissertations
This research uses satellite data and the moment statistics to determine if solar farms can be placed in the Southeast US. From 2001-2019, the data are analyzed in reference to the Southwest US, where solar farms are located. The clean energy need is becoming more common; therefore, more locations than arid environments must be observed. The Southeast US is the main location of interest due to the warm, moist environment throughout the year. This research uses the Global Land Surface Satellite (GLASS) photosynthetically active radiation product (PAR) to determine viable locations for solar panels. A probability density function (PDF) along …
An Investigation Of Sea-Breeze Driven Convection Along The Northern Gulf Coast, Caitlin Ford
An Investigation Of Sea-Breeze Driven Convection Along The Northern Gulf Coast, Caitlin Ford
Theses and Dissertations
Although sea-breezes frequently initiate convection, it is oftentimes challenging to forecast the precise location of storm development. This research examines temporal and spatial characteristics of sea-breeze driven convection and environmental conditions that support convective or non-convective sea-breeze days along the Northern Gulf Coast. Base reflectivity products were used to identify the initial time of convection (values greater than 30 dBZs) along the sea-breeze front. It was found that convective sea-breezes initiated earlier in the day compared to non-convective sea-breezes. Mapping convective cells in ArcGIS revealed favored locations of thunderstorm development including the southeastern cusp of Mobile County, Alabama and convex …
Impact Of Climate Oscillations/Indices On Hydrological Variables In The Mississippi River Valley Alluvial Aquifer., Meena Raju
Theses and Dissertations
The Mississippi River Valley Alluvial Aquifer (MRVAA) is one of the most productive agricultural regions in the United States. The main objectives of this research are to identify long term trends and change points in hydrological variables (streamflow and rainfall), to assess the relationship between hydrological variables, and to evaluate the influence of global climate indices on hydrological variables. Non-parametric tests, MMK and Pettitt’s tests were used to analyze trend and change points. PCC and Streamflow elasticity analysis were used to analyze the relationship between streamflow and rainfall and the sensitivity of streamflow to rainfall changes. PCC and MLR analysis …
Intercomparison Of Four Microphysics Schemes In Simulating Persistent Arctic Mixed-Phase Stratocumulus Clouds, Zachary A. Cleveland
Intercomparison Of Four Microphysics Schemes In Simulating Persistent Arctic Mixed-Phase Stratocumulus Clouds, Zachary A. Cleveland
Theses and Dissertations
Persistent Arctic mixed-phase stratocumulus clouds (AMPS) are important to the surface radiation budget of the Arctic. Their presence produces warming within the boundary layer and at the surface and inaccurately forecasting AMPS can lead to large, erroneous temperature forecasts. A Large Eddy Simulation of a case study of a persistent AMPS cloud was conducted using the Advanced Research Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF-ARW) model. The case examined occurred near Oliktok Point, AK between 26 and 27 April, 2017. The produced cloud pattern and properties of four different microphysics schemes -- P3, Thompson, Morrison, and WSM6 -- are compared to observations. …
Global Sporadic-E Climatological Analysis Using Gps Radio Occultation And Ionosonde Data, Travis J. Hodos
Global Sporadic-E Climatological Analysis Using Gps Radio Occultation And Ionosonde Data, Travis J. Hodos
Theses and Dissertations
A climatology of sporadic-E (Es) derived from a combined data set of GPS radio occultation (GPS-RO) and ground-based ionosonde soundings is presented for the period from September 2006 to February 2019. The ionosonde soundings were measured using the Lowell Digisonde International (LDI) Global Ionosphere Radio Observatory (GIRO) network consisting of 65 sites and 13,141,060 total soundings. The GPS-RO observations were taken aboard the Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC) satellites and processed using two binary Es detection algorithms, totaling 9,072,922 occultations. The first algorithm is an S4 amplitude threshold calibrated to the occurrence of any blanketing Es …
Feasibility Of Fireball Trail Detection Using Ground-Based Gps Receivers, Ian R. Moffett
Feasibility Of Fireball Trail Detection Using Ground-Based Gps Receivers, Ian R. Moffett
Theses and Dissertations
The feasibility of using GPS data to detect fireballs is analyzed by first modeling the fireball’s trail diffusion and plasma chemistry to get a resulting ion density profile of the trail over time. The signal perturbation caused by the fireball trail is simulated for a ground receiver using an analytic solution for diffraction from a Gaussian lens. Five cases were modeled with varying initial peak ion densities and altitudes taken from fireball and reentry vehicle data. This paper shows that it is feasible to detect a fireball trail using GPS if the fireball has a sufficiently high initial ion density, …
Ionospheric F-Layer Dipole Flute Instability Effects On Electromagnetic Scattering In A Magnetohydrodynamic Plasma, Andrew J. Knisely
Ionospheric F-Layer Dipole Flute Instability Effects On Electromagnetic Scattering In A Magnetohydrodynamic Plasma, Andrew J. Knisely
Theses and Dissertations
The ionosphere has significant impact on radio frequency (RF) applications such as satellites, over-the-horizon radar, and commercial communication systems. The dynamic processes effecting the behavior of the ionic content leads to a variety of instabilities that adversely affect the quality of RF signals. In the F-layer ionosphere, flute instability persists, appearing as two radial regions of high and low density perturbations elongated along the earth's geomagnetic field lines. The sizes of flute structures are comparable to the wavelengths in the high frequency spectrum. The objective is to characterize the high frequency scattering of an incident field by developing a 3D …
Development And Verification Of Extreme Space Weather Phenomena Models, Sophia G. Schwalbe
Development And Verification Of Extreme Space Weather Phenomena Models, Sophia G. Schwalbe
Theses and Dissertations
A range of 14 M-class flares from 1 June 2015 to 27 September 2016 were analyzed to find significant trends in electron frequency profile modeling using the GLobal airglOW (GLOW) model and radar parameters using a ray tracing algorithm developed by the Air Force Research Laboratory. GLOW was run for all the flares using three different solar spectrum schemes and an average of the three: the Hinteregger method, EUV flux model for aeronomic calculations (EUVAC), and a rebinned Flare Irradiance Spectrum Model (FISM) result. Comparing data for the E-layer where GLOW is most accurate, it was determined that GLOW using …
Profiling Atmospheric Turbulence Using A Dynamically Ranged Rayleigh Beacon System, Steven M. Zuraski
Profiling Atmospheric Turbulence Using A Dynamically Ranged Rayleigh Beacon System, Steven M. Zuraski
Theses and Dissertations
The effect of turbulence on a long range imaging system manifest as an image blur effect usually quantified by the phase distortions present in a system. The blurring effect is conceivably understood on the basis of measured strength of atmospheric turbulence profiled within the propagation volume. One method for obtaining a turbulence strength profile is by use of a dynamically ranged Rayleigh beacon system that exploits strategically varied beacon ranges along the propagation path, effectively deducing estimates of specific path segment contributions of the blurring aberrations affecting an optical imaging system. A system utilizing this technique has been designed, and …
Relationship Between Solar Energetic Particle He/H Abundance Ratios And Properties Of Flares And Cmes, Christopher R. Davidson
Relationship Between Solar Energetic Particle He/H Abundance Ratios And Properties Of Flares And Cmes, Christopher R. Davidson
Theses and Dissertations
Previous studies have investigated the He/H elemental abundance ratios of Solar Energetic Particle (SEP) Events of energies above 4 MeV. Also, studies have investigated the correlations between SEPs, Coronal Mass Ejections (CME), and Solar Flares. This work finds the correlations between the >4 MeV He/H abundance ratios and the solar parameters from the SEP, CME, and solar flare associated with the abundance increases. 43 SEP events located at solar west longitude are analyzed to find the correlation coefficients. Highly significant correlation was found between the He/H abundance ratios and the following parameters: solar flare flux, solar flare fluence, CME linear …
Estimation Of The Planetary Boundary Layer Height: Part 1: Global Radar Wind Profiler Network Data; Part 2: A Comparison To Ceilometer Data, Holly Josephs
Theses and Dissertations
Two methods for estimating the planetary boundary layer, an algorithm to identify a maximum in the backscatter and a covariance wavelet transform method, are explored and applied to global radar wind profiler network data and ceilometer data respectively. The objective of the study is to establish that the data sources and algorithms can be used to estimate planetary boundary layer heights so that global studies can make use of these estimates. Data from the global network of wind profilers required significant restructuring and quality control in order to be used for the present study. The maximum backscatter identification algorithm was …
Synthetic Lightning Generation Employing Autoregressive-Moving-Average (Arma) Models, Seth R. Powers
Synthetic Lightning Generation Employing Autoregressive-Moving-Average (Arma) Models, Seth R. Powers
Theses and Dissertations
This work explores the question as to whether lightning data can be generated synthetically using vector autoregressive-moving-average (VARMA) models. Geostationary Lightning Mapper (GLM) data is used as the basis for the study. Lightning climatology is examined and compared to previous research to gain insight into the targeted areas. Individual lightning ashes are analyzed to inspect how well the process works on a smaller scale. Then, entire regions are evaluated to simulate lightning creation in a larger setting. Results suggest that the VARMA process employed is sufficient in generating synthetic lightning observations, largely dependent on the time and location of lightning …
Identifying Four Year Average Cloud Field Regimes From World Wide Merged Cloud Analysis Dataset By Way Of K-Means Clustering, Stewart G. Almeida
Identifying Four Year Average Cloud Field Regimes From World Wide Merged Cloud Analysis Dataset By Way Of K-Means Clustering, Stewart G. Almeida
Theses and Dissertations
Joint histograms of cloud top height (CTH) and optical depth (OD) are created using the World-Wide Merged Cloud Analysis (WWMCA) dataset over a four year period (2014-2017) to identify average cloud field regimes and assess the application of utilizing the WWMCA dataset with the AFIT Sensor and Scene Emulation Tool (ASSET). Two selected regions encompassing the Florida peninsula and a portion of the Pacific Ocean off the west-central coast of South America are examined over the months of January and July. Cloud field regimes are identified by running generated hourly OD-CTH histograms through k-means clustering, with optimal cluster number ( …