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Articles 121 - 150 of 192
Full-Text Articles in Atmospheric Sciences
Linkages Between Tropopause Polar Vortices And The Development Of Cold Air Outbreaks Over Central And Eastern North America, Kevin Biernat
Linkages Between Tropopause Polar Vortices And The Development Of Cold Air Outbreaks Over Central And Eastern North America, Kevin Biernat
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
Coherent vortices in the vicinity of the tropopause, referred to as tropopause polar vortices (TPVs), may be extracted from high latitudes in conjunction with high-latitude upper-level ridge amplification. Once extracted, TPVs may interact with and strengthen midlatitude jet streams, as well as act as precursor disturbances for the development of intense midlatitude cyclones. Cold pools that may accompany TPVs as they are transported to middle latitudes may lead to widespread cold air outbreaks (CAOs), which may result in significant socioeconomic impacts. The purpose of this study is to investigate 1) the equatorward transport of TPVs and cold pools to middle …
Evaluation Of Lightning Jumps As A Predictor Of Severe Weather In The Northeastern United States, Pamela Eck
Evaluation Of Lightning Jumps As A Predictor Of Severe Weather In The Northeastern United States, Pamela Eck
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
Severe weather events in the northeastern United States can be challenging to forecast, given how the evolution of deep convection can be influenced by complex terrain and the lack of quality observations in complex terrain. To supplement existing observations, this study explores using lightning to forecast severe convection in areas of complex terrain in the northeastern United States. A sudden increase in lightning flash rate by two standard deviations (2σ), also known as a lightning jump, may be indicative of a strengthening updraft and an increased probability of severe weather.
Determination And Analysis Of Dscovr-Eipc Satellite-Retrieved Radiance From Cloud Geometric And Optical Properties, Emily Christine Morgan
Determination And Analysis Of Dscovr-Eipc Satellite-Retrieved Radiance From Cloud Geometric And Optical Properties, Emily Christine Morgan
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
Using simulations and numerical fitting, this work sought to describe the satellite-retrieved radiance of clouds as a function of their thermodynamic and optical properties. Subsequently, this understanding can then be used in a look-up-table to determine the properties of clouds imaged by the EPIC sensor in the NASA DSCOVR satellite. In this study, background oxygen absorption was modeled in a radiative transfer model and convolved with EPIC filter functions for two absorption-reference pairs for Oxygen A- and B-band. This absorption profile was established as the primary vertical coordinate in this study, leveraging the similarity principle to allow for intercomparison of …
Variations In Potential Vorticity Streamer Activity : Development Pathways, Environmental Impacts, And Links To Tropical Cyclone Activity In The North Atlantic Basin, Philippe Pierre Papin
Variations In Potential Vorticity Streamer Activity : Development Pathways, Environmental Impacts, And Links To Tropical Cyclone Activity In The North Atlantic Basin, Philippe Pierre Papin
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
This dissertation examines the climatological occurrence of potential vorticity streamers (PVSs) during the tropical cyclone (TC) season that occur in the upper troposphere in the North Atlantic (NATL) basin, assessing how their variations in frequency, area, and intensity impact the synoptic environment, how they are induced by different synoptic-dynamic patterns, and how they modify TC activity and genesis pathways.
The Impact Snow Albedo Feedback Over Mountain Regions As Examined Through High-Resolution Regional Climate Change Experiments Over The Rocky Mountains, Theodore Letcher
The Impact Snow Albedo Feedback Over Mountain Regions As Examined Through High-Resolution Regional Climate Change Experiments Over The Rocky Mountains, Theodore Letcher
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
As the climate warms, the snow albedo feedback (SAF) will play a substantial role in shaping the climate response of mid-latitude mountain regions with transient snow cover. One such region is the Rocky Mountains of the western United States where large snow packs accumulate during the winter and persist throughout the spring. In this dissertation, the Weather Research and Forecast model (WRF) configured as a regional climate model is used to investigate the role of the SAF in determining the regional climate response to forced anthropogenic climate change. The regional effects of climate change are investigated by using the pseudo …
Impacts Of Internal Variability On Climate Trends In Large Ensemble Simulations By Two Climate Models, Christine Bloecker
Impacts Of Internal Variability On Climate Trends In Large Ensemble Simulations By Two Climate Models, Christine Bloecker
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
Internal climate variability (ICV) can influence trends in observations and model simulations over periods spanning decades, making it difficult to quantify the response of the climate system to external forcing. We analyze two large ensembles of climate simulations from 1950-2100 by two fully coupled climate models, namely the CanESM2 and CESM1, to quantify the effects of ICV on apparent trends in annual surface air temperature (T) and precipitation (P) over different time periods and regions. In comparison with observations, the CanESM2 overestimates the global T and P trends during 1979-2014 while they fall within the ICV-induced range of the CESM1. …
Sensitivity Of Meiyu Front To Aerosol Spatial Distribution Over Yangtze-Huai River Valley, Chu-Chun Huang
Sensitivity Of Meiyu Front To Aerosol Spatial Distribution Over Yangtze-Huai River Valley, Chu-Chun Huang
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
The observed contrasts in both aerosol number and size associated with frequent north-polluted-south-clean (NPSC) conditions over Yangtze-Huai River Valley (YHRV) during the Meiyu season may induce different aerosol-cloud-radiation interactions within the region causing different evolution of the Meiyu system. This aspect was studied by conducting WRF sensitivity simulations with different configurations of north-south aerosol number and size contrasts. Results show that when the Meiyu system develops at YHRV, more aerosols in the north (than the south) cause more but smaller cloud droplets to form, resulting in stronger radiative cooling at north part of the Meiyu system. Subsequently, the differential cooling …
Understanding Predictive Skill Of Arctic Sea Ice And Its Linkage With Mid-Latitude Weather And Climate In The Ncep Climate Forecast System, Colleen Mchugh
Understanding Predictive Skill Of Arctic Sea Ice And Its Linkage With Mid-Latitude Weather And Climate In The Ncep Climate Forecast System, Colleen Mchugh
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
Arctic climate is undergoing significant change, particularly rapid decline of sea ice. Arctic sea ice plays an important role in local, regional, and global climate through a variety of physical processes as seen in observational analysis as well as modeling studies. Recent research suggested that decreasing autumn and winter Arctic sea ice extent (SIE) has been shown to have an effect on mid-latitude weather patterns during the winter months. Therefore, accurate forecasts of Arctic sea ice extent and the associated teleconnections with the mid-latitudes are important for accurate seasonal climate prediction. The NCEP Climate Forecast System version 2 (CFSv2) is …
Agricultural Drought Transition Periods In The United States Corn Belt Region, Nicholas Joseph Schiraldi
Agricultural Drought Transition Periods In The United States Corn Belt Region, Nicholas Joseph Schiraldi
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
Agricultural drought in the U.S. Corn Belt region (CBR) has tremendous global socioeconomic implications. Unfortunately, the weather and climate factors that contribute to transition events toward or away from such droughts, and how well those factors are predicted, are poorly understood. This dissertation focuses on the atmospheric circulation signals associated with agricultural drought transitions periods in the CBR that evolve over 20 and 60 days, and how well those circulation signals are predicted on seasonal to sub-seasonal time scales.
Examining Variability In Model Skill During The 7 January 2013 Sudden Stratospheric Warming Event, Jonathan Lee Blufer
Examining Variability In Model Skill During The 7 January 2013 Sudden Stratospheric Warming Event, Jonathan Lee Blufer
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
Recent analyses of numerical weather prediction models have shown that stratospheric regime changes (e.g. strong and weak vortex events) are not skillfully predicted at medium-range lead times. Motivated by these recent analyses, this thesis investigates the sources of variability in stratospheric forecast skill amongst several operational models initiated at different lead times prior to the 7 January 2013 sudden stratospheric warming (SSW). This study extends upon a previous analysis by the Stratospheric Network for the Assessment of Predictability (SNAP), which concluded that a change in forecast lead-time from 15 to 10 days increased model skill in predicting the 2013 SSW …
Investigating The Effects Of Ice-Forming Saharan Dust Aerosols On Tropical Deep Convection Using Spectral Bin Microphysics, Matthew Scott Gibbons
Investigating The Effects Of Ice-Forming Saharan Dust Aerosols On Tropical Deep Convection Using Spectral Bin Microphysics, Matthew Scott Gibbons
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
Aerosol effects on cloud and precipitation formation remain a significant source of uncertainty in the study of weather and climate. Aerosols can impact cloud and precipitation formation by functioning as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), giant cloud condensation nuclei (GCCN) and/or ice nuclei (IN) affecting subsequent cloud microphysical processes. Aerosol effects on clouds are tightly interconnected with cloud dynamic and thermodynamic variables, some of which are currently impossible or infeasible to observe with existing sensors. Numerical models can be used to untangle aerosols effects from cloud dynamics and thermodynamics, but model results can be affected by the complexity of the parameterizations …
Tropical Cyclone Intensification Under Moderate Vertical Wind Shear, Rosimar Rios-Berrios
Tropical Cyclone Intensification Under Moderate Vertical Wind Shear, Rosimar Rios-Berrios
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
Deep-layer (200–850 hPa) vertical wind shear is generally an inhibiting factor for tropical cyclone intensification. Multiple studies—ranging from case studies to climatological analyses—have consistently shown that the chances of tropical cyclone intensification decrease with increasing vertical wind shear magnitude. However, tropical cyclones can intensify under moderate shear—the range of shear magnitudes that are neither too weak to have negligible influence on intensity nor too strong to completely halt intensification. Intensity, track, and precipitation forecasts of tropical cyclones under moderate shear can be highly uncertain; therefore, explaining how tropical cyclones evolve under seemingly unfavorable conditions is an important step towards improved …
The Tropical Cyclone Diurnal Cycle, Jason Paul Dunion
The Tropical Cyclone Diurnal Cycle, Jason Paul Dunion
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
The research presented in this thesis explores a phenomenon referred to as the tropical cyclone (TC) diurnal cycle (TCDC) and presents satellite, numerical modeling, and observational perspectives pertaining to how it can be monitored, its evolution in time and space, its relevance to TC structure and intensity, and how it manifests in numerical simulations of TCs. Infrared satellite imagery was developed and used to investigate diurnal oscillations in TCs and finds a diurnal pulsing pattern that occurs with notable regularity through a relatively deep layer from the inner core to the surrounding environment. A combination of satellite, numerical model simulations, …
Understanding The Dependence Of Radiative Feedbacks And Clouds On The Spatial Structure Of Ocean Heat Uptake, Lance Rayborn
Understanding The Dependence Of Radiative Feedbacks And Clouds On The Spatial Structure Of Ocean Heat Uptake, Lance Rayborn
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
Ocean heat uptake and radiative forcing are important for understanding transient climate change. Differences in efficacy of ocean heat uptake (suppression of surface warming per unit energy flux into the deep oceans relative to CO2 forcing) account for a substantial fraction of the spread in transient warming between models. Rose et al. (2014) studied the dependence of efficacy on the spatial pattern of ocean heat uptake in an ensemble of aquaplanet simulations with prescribed ocean heat uptake, and found large differences in model responses to high versus low latitude uptake. This study accurately quantifies these model responses through the use …
Examination Of Water Vapor Characteristics During The 2013 Colorado Flood, Hannah Kristine Huelsing
Examination Of Water Vapor Characteristics During The 2013 Colorado Flood, Hannah Kristine Huelsing
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
During September 9-16, 2013, the Front Range region of Colorado experienced heavy rainfall which resulted in severe flooding. Precipitation totals during the event exceeded 450mm in Boulder, Colorado, 9 lives were lost, and damages to public and private properties were estimated to be over $2 billion. This study analyzes the characteristics of water vapor surrounding the event, including the abnormality of total column water vapor, the sources of moisture, and the relationship between water vapor and precipitation characteristics. It was found that the atmosphere was very near saturation during the duration of the event and monthly-averaged precipitable water (PW) was …
Air-Sea Carbon Dioxide Exchange In The Southern Ocean And Antarctic Sea Ice Zone, Brian Butterworth
Air-Sea Carbon Dioxide Exchange In The Southern Ocean And Antarctic Sea Ice Zone, Brian Butterworth
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
The Southern Ocean is an important part of the global carbon cycle, responsible for roughly half of the carbon dioxide (CO2) absorbed by the global ocean. The air-sea CO2 flux (Fc) can be expressed as the product of the water-air CO2 partial pressure difference (ΔpCO2) and the gas transfer velocity (k), an exchange coefficient which represents the efficiency of gas exchange. Generally, Fc is negative (a sink) throughout the Southern Ocean and Antarctic sea ice zone (SIZ), but uncertainty in k has made it difficult to develop an accurate regional carbon budget. Constraining the functional dependence of k on wind …
Chilean Coastal Orographic Precipitation Experiment : A Tale Of Two Rain Regimes, Adam Massmann
Chilean Coastal Orographic Precipitation Experiment : A Tale Of Two Rain Regimes, Adam Massmann
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
The Chilean Coastal Orographic Precipitation Experiment Pilot Project (CCOPE-2015) was an exploratory field campaign to better understand the mechanisms of orographic precipitation enhancement in the Nahuelbuta Mountains of Southern Chile (38 deg. S.). Observations collected include: (1) surface rainfall from a network of 10 data logging rain gauges, (2) vertical precipitation profiles from a pair of K-band Micro Rain Radars, (3) rain drop size distributions from an optical disdrometer, (4) upstream wind and thermodynamic profiles from radiosonde launches, and (5) aerosol number concentration and size distribution measurements from a condensation particle counter and an ultra-high sensitivity aerosol spectrometer.
Hydroclimate Changes In The South-Central Great Plains Of The United States : A Synoptic Approach, Pawel Slaski
Hydroclimate Changes In The South-Central Great Plains Of The United States : A Synoptic Approach, Pawel Slaski
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
Hydroclimate changes over the Southern Central Great Plains (SCGP) of the United States have been occurring throughout the last century. These changes have had a major impact on the local ecosystems, agriculture, and human society in the region by, e.g., producing a higher frequency of drought over the last century. Climate models project further increases of drought in the 21st century over this region under increasing greenhouse gases. This study analyzes climate model simulations to examine changes in synoptic conditions associated with the projected drought increases over the SCGP. Synoptically, mesoscale convective complexes (MCCs) produce a large portion of the …
The Network Average Gust Factor, Its Measurement And Environmental Controls, And Role In Gust Forecasting, Alexander Austin Gallagher
The Network Average Gust Factor, Its Measurement And Environmental Controls, And Role In Gust Forecasting, Alexander Austin Gallagher
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
There exists a strong, well documented linear relationship between network averaged sustained (or mean) wind and gust speeds within the San Diego Gas and Electric (SDGE) mesonet that is characterized by the slope of the linear regression between the two known as the network average gust factor (GF). The network average GF potentially contains information on the average obstruction of the stations within the network and when paired with numerical model output, may be used for gust prediction. Using the network average GF for gust prediction can also result in the correction of biases due to poorly resolved terrain or …
Diagnosis Of The Source Of Medium-Range Forecast Errors For An Extratropical Cyclone, William Lamberson
Diagnosis Of The Source Of Medium-Range Forecast Errors For An Extratropical Cyclone, William Lamberson
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
Medium-range forecasts of an extratropical cyclone set to impact Western Europe on 16 Dec 2011 consistently predicted that the cyclone would be intense, with a minimum pressure as low as 930-hPa and an expansive area of high winds. In actuality, the cyclone never deepened below 965-hPa and its impact on Western Europe was minimal.
Modulation Of East African Precipitation By The Indian Ocean Dipole (Iod) And Enso, Ahmed Shaaban
Modulation Of East African Precipitation By The Indian Ocean Dipole (Iod) And Enso, Ahmed Shaaban
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
Tropical East Africa is influenced by two main rainy seasons, during autumn and spring. During autumn, tropical East African precipitation is clearly influenced by Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) and/or ENSO. During spring, there is no clear SST pattern in the Indian Ocean. The association between El Niño and positive IOD phases is much stronger than the association between La Niña and negative IOD during October and November. During October, the association between El Niño and wet condition over tropical eastern Africa is stronger than association between La Niña and dry conditions. During November, the association between positive IOD and eastern …
An Analysis Of High-Impact, Low-Predictive Skill Severe Weather Events In The Northeast U.S, Matthew Thomas Vaughan
An Analysis Of High-Impact, Low-Predictive Skill Severe Weather Events In The Northeast U.S, Matthew Thomas Vaughan
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
An objective evaluation of Storm Prediction Center slight risk convective outlooks, as well as a method to identify high-impact severe weather events with poor-predictive skill are presented in this study. The objectives are to assess severe weather forecast skill over the northeast U.S. relative to the continental U.S., build a climatology of high-impact, low-predictive skill events between 1980–2013, and investigate the dynamic and thermodynamic differences between severe weather events with low-predictive skill and high-predictive skill over the northeast U.S. Severe storm reports of hail, wind, and tornadoes are used to calculate skill scores including probability of detection (POD), false alarm …
Extreme Hydrometeorological Events In The Peruvian Central Andes During Austral Summer And Their Relationship With The Large-Scale Circulation, Juan Carlos Sulca
Extreme Hydrometeorological Events In The Peruvian Central Andes During Austral Summer And Their Relationship With The Large-Scale Circulation, Juan Carlos Sulca
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
In this Master's dissertation, atmospheric circulation patterns associated with extreme hydrometeorological events in the Mantaro Basin, Peruvian Central Andes, and their teleconnections during the austral summer (December-January-February-March) are addressed. Extreme rainfall events in the Mantaro basin are related to variations of the large-scale circulation as indicated by the changing strength of the Bolivian High-Nordeste Low (BH-NL) system. Dry (wet) spells are associated with a weakening (strengthening) of the BH-NL system and reduced (enhanced) influx of moist air from the lowlands to the east due to strengthened westerly (easterly) wind anomalies at mid- and upper-tropospheric levels. At the same time extreme …
The Variability Of Madden-Julian Oscillation Convection And The Role Of The Western Hemisphere Circulation, Naoko Sakaeda
The Variability Of Madden-Julian Oscillation Convection And The Role Of The Western Hemisphere Circulation, Naoko Sakaeda
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
The convective initiation of the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) over the Indian basin is often associated with eastward-propagating intraseasonal circulation approaching from the Western Hemisphere (WH), which is suggested to influence the onset of MJO convection. This dissertation first documents the event-to-event variability in the characteristics of MJO convection, which shows a geographical discrepancy in the relative roles of moist and dry dynamics on MJO convection. This dissertation then examines the structural evolution and dynamics of the intraseasonal upper-tropospheric circumnavigating circulation over the WH and its subsequent impact on MJO convection over the Indian basin, where MJO convective characteristics are highly …
The Intensification Of Sheared Tropical Cyclones, Leon Nguyen
The Intensification Of Sheared Tropical Cyclones, Leon Nguyen
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
Environmental vertical wind shear has been shown to have a generally detrimental impact on tropical cyclone (TC) intensity change. However, many cases of rapidly intensifying (RI) sheared TCs have been observed, and TCs in moderate (5-10 m s-1) shear often have the largest intensity forecast errors. Thus, advancing the understanding of TC-shear interactions is vital to improving TC intensity forecasts, which have not seen much improvement over the past few decades. This dissertation employs both observational and high-resolution numerical modeling approaches to investigate how some TCs are able to resist shear and intensify.
Evaluating Preferred Direction Tropical Cyclone Track Variability In An Operational Global Ensemble Prediction System, Travis Elless
Evaluating Preferred Direction Tropical Cyclone Track Variability In An Operational Global Ensemble Prediction System, Travis Elless
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
Ensemble forecasts of Tropical Storm Debby and Hurricane Sandy (2012) highlight instances where variability in tropical cyclone (TC) position forecasts are stretched along a preferred direction. The goal of this thesis is to analyze this stretching of variability in a global ensemble prediction system, particularly the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), to determine how often and under what conditions does variability stretching occur, and ultimately what feature(s) are responsible for generating this variability.
The Impacts Of Varability In Temperature And Humidity On Electricity Consumption In New York State, Eric Adamchick
The Impacts Of Varability In Temperature And Humidity On Electricity Consumption In New York State, Eric Adamchick
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
A seasonal harmonic linear regression approach is presented to model the seasonal and diurnal relationships between surface weather observations and electricity load data in New York State. The relationships between dry-bulb, dew point, and wet-bulb temperatures with electricity load were evaluated using the correlation coefficient to test the strength of the relationships, while the regression slope coefficient provided an interpretable scale for those relationships. We found that the strongest seasonal and diurnal relationships occur during boreal summer from the afternoon through the overnight hours, while similar but negative relationships are observed during the winter. Using the same seasonal harmonic linear …
Global View Of The Role Of The Itcz/Monsoon Trough In Tropical Cyclogenesis, Steven Fuhrman
Global View Of The Role Of The Itcz/Monsoon Trough In Tropical Cyclogenesis, Steven Fuhrman
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
ABSTRACT
Northeast Cool-Season Cyclones Associated With Significant Upper-Level Easterly Wind Anomalies, Adrian Mitchell
Northeast Cool-Season Cyclones Associated With Significant Upper-Level Easterly Wind Anomalies, Adrian Mitchell
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
A subset of Northeast U.S. cool-season cyclones is associated with upper-level easterly flow and, occasionally, well-defined easterly jet streaks. These events occur approximately once per year and may be associated with retrograding surface cyclones and precipitation caused by northerly warm-air advection, leading to forecast challenges. The deepest extratropical cyclone that affected the Northeast U.S. during the 2009-2010 cool-season was associated with an upper-level easterly jet streak, and produced a record snowfall total of 85 cm in Burlington, Vermont. Orographic precipitation enhancement in this case resulted from an interaction of the low-level flow with the complex topography of northern Vermont. This …
Associations Between The Madden-Julian Oscillation, Equatorial Rossby Waves, And Extratropical Northern Hemisphere Predictability, Lawrence Gloeckler
Associations Between The Madden-Julian Oscillation, Equatorial Rossby Waves, And Extratropical Northern Hemisphere Predictability, Lawrence Gloeckler
Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)
The Madden-Julian oscillation (MJO), the leading mode of tropical convective and circulation variability on intraseasonal time scales, has become increasingly leveraged to improve empirical prediction of the global atmospheric circulation. Significant progress has been made in recent years to advance subseasonal (10-30-day) prediction of atmospheric circulation anomalies, and much of this progress can be attributed to the inclusion of information about the phase and amplitude of the MJO in various forecast processes. Despite this progress, however, forecasts based only on the state of the MJO omit information about other important tropical convective and circulation anomalies, and coherent MJO signals are …