Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences and Meteorology Commons^™

Traffic Analysis For The Calibration Of Risk Assessment Methods, Brian R. Calder, Schwehr Kurt

Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping

In order to provide some measure of the uncertainty inherent in the sorts of charting data that are provided to the end-user, we have previously proposed risk models that measure the magnitude of the uncertainty for a ship operating in a particular area. Calibration of these models is essential, but the complexity of the models means that we require detailed information on the sorts of ships, traffic patterns and density within the model area to make a reliable assessment. In theory, the ais system should provide this information for a suitably instrumented area. We consider the problem of converting, filtering …

E-Navigation And Electronic Charting: Implications For Hydrographic Community, Lee Alexander

Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping

e-Navigation is a recent IMO initiative that aims to integrate existing/new shipboard and shore-based navigational tools into an “all embracing” system. Defined as: “... the harmonised collection, integration, exchange, presentation and analysis of maritime information onboard and ashore by electronic means to enhance berth to berth navigation and related services, for safety and security at sea and protection of the marine environment” the goal of e-Navigation is to provide an infrastructure that will enable seamless information transfer onboard ship, between ships, ship-to-shore, and between shore authorities. Core elements include high-integrity electronic positioning, electronic navigational charts (ENCs) and improved system functionality …

Shallow Surveying In Hazardous Waters, Thomas C. Lippmann, Gabriel M. Smith

Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping

Of order one importance to any study of nearshore processes is knowledge of the bathymetry in shallow water. This is true for studies on open coast sandy beaches where surf zone dynamics drive the system, inlet environments where bathymetric evolution can rapidly change navigation channels, and in more benign, lower-energy coastal environments that evolve slowly over 10’s to 100’s of years. Difficulties in obtaining shallow bathymetry where depth-limited wave breaking occurs, submerged hazards are present, or other harsh environments has led to the development of survey systems on highly maneuverable personal watercraft (Beach, et al., 1994; Cote, 1999; Dugan, et …

Uncertainty Wedge Analysis: Quantifying The Impact Of Sparse Sound Speed Profiling Regimes On Sounding Uncertainty, Jonathan Beaudoin, J Hiebert, Brian R. Calder, Gretchen Imahori

Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping

Recent advances in real-time monitoring of uncertainty due to refraction have demonstrated the power of estimating and visualizing uncertainty over the entire potential sounding space. This representation format, referred to as an uncertainty wedge, can be used to help solve difficult survey planning problems regarding the spatio-temporal variability of the watercolumn. Though initially developed to work in-line with underway watercolumn sampling hardware (e.g. moving vessel profilers), uncertainty wedge analysis techniques are extensible to investigate problems associated with low-density watercolumn sampling in which only a few sound speed casts are gathered per day. As uncertainty wedge analysis techniques require no sounding …

Extension Of Gutenberg-Richter Distribution To Mw -1.3, No Lower Limit In Sight, Margaret S. Boettcher, Art Mcgarr, Malcolm J. Johnston

Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping

With twelve years of seismic data from TauTona Gold Mine, South Africa, we show that mining-induced earthquakes follow the Gutenberg-Richter relation with no scale break down to the completeness level of the catalog, at moment magnitude M_W −1.3. Events recorded during relatively quiet hours in 2006 indicate that catalog detection limitations, not earthquake source physics, controlled the previously reported minimum magnitude in this mine. Within the Natural Earthquake Laboratory in South African Mines (NELSAM) experiment's dense seismic array, earthquakes that exhibit shear failure at magnitudes as small as M_W −3.9 are observed, but we find no evidence that …

High-Resolution Seafloor Mapping And An Assessment Of The Effectiveness Of The Western Gulf Of Maine Closure Area (Wgomca), Raymond E. Grizzle, Mashkoor A. Malik, Larry G. Ward

Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping

No abstract provided.

Oceanic Transform Fault Seismicity Earthquakes Of A Different Kind, Margaret S. Boettcher, Jeffrey Mcguire, Thomas Jordan

Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping

No abstract provided.

Using Moored Arrays And Hyperspectral Aerial Imagery To Develop Eelgrass-Based Nutrient Criteria For New Hampshire's Great Bay Estuary, John Ru Morrison, Shachak Pe'eri, Phil Trowbridge, Frederick T. Short

Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping

Increasing nitrogen concentrations and declining eelgrass beds in the Great Bay Estuary, NH are clear indicators of impending problems for the state’s estuaries. A workgroup established in 2005 by the NH Department of Environmental Services and the NH Estuaries Project (NHEP) adopted eelgrass survival as the water quality target for nutrient criteria development for NH’s estuaries. In 2007, the NHEP received grant from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to collect water quality information including that from moored sensors and hyper-spectral imagery data of the Great Bay Estuary. A second grant in 2008 was directed at determining the influence of nuisance …

Environmental Response Management Application (Erma) - Web-Based Gis Data Display And Management System For Oil Spill Planning And Environmental Response, Michele Jacobi, Rob Braswell, Amy A. Merten, Nancy E. Kinner, Kurt Schwehr

Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping

NOAA’s Office of Response and Restoration (ORR) in a partnership with the University of New Hampshire Coastal Response Research Center (CRRC), is leading an effort to develop an Open Source GIS system that is accessible to both the command post and to assets in the field during a response. The ERMA (Environmental Response Management Application) system is an integrated data management platform that uses MapServer and Open Layers software to combine real-time and static regional geospatial data sets. Data available include: weather and forecasts, ESI maps, IOOS buoys, modeled spill trajectories, real-time tracks of vessels, response plans, navigational charts, bathymetry, …

Charts Data Fusion: Multi-Sensor Imagery Co-Registration, Shachak Pe'eri, Yuri Rzhanov

Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping

The compact hydrographic airborne rapid total survey (CHARTS) is a USACE sensor system that includes a SHOALS-3000 (3-kHz bathymetric laser and a 20-kHz topographic laser), CASI-1500 hyperspectral scanner, and a DuncanTech (DT)- 4000 digital RGB camera. The datasets produced from each sensor in CHARTS contributes a specific aspect according to its physical capabilities and limitations. Fusion of data products from a multi-sensor collection has the potential to perform a comprehensive survey and to produce tools for geo-analysis, especially for coastal research. A basic requirement in the data fusion is the co-registration between the datasets. Data from GPS/INS was intentionally ignored …

Coastal Situational Awareness Via Nowcoast’S Web Mapping Services And Map Viewer, John G.W. Kelley, Jason Greenlaw, Micah Wengren, Sree Dadisetty

Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping

NowCOAST is a GIS-based Web mapping portal developed by the National Ocean Service’s (NOS) Coast Survey Development Laboratory that provides users with situational awareness of current and future environmental conditions for U.S. coastal areas. nowCOAST accomplishes this by integrating selected near-real-time data, satellite imagery, warnings, and forecasts of meteorological, oceanographic, and river conditions from NOAA’s Weather, Ocean, and Satellite Services, NOAA’s Research, other federal agencies, and regional ocean observing systems. nowCOAST makes the observations, imagery, warnings, and forecasts available to users via on-map display and geo-referenced hyperlinks. Coastal users can display nowCOAST products via its Web map viewer (http://nowcoast.noaa.gov) or …

Airborne Observations Of Total Rono2: New Constraints On The Yield And Lifetime Of Isoprene Nitrates, A E. Perring, T H. Bertram, Paul J. Wooldridge, A Fried, B J. Heikes, Jack E. Dibb, John D. Crounse, Paul Wennberg, N J. Blake, D R. Blake, William H. Brune, H B. Singh, Robert C. Cohen

Earth Sciences

Formation of isoprene nitrates (INs) is an important free radical chain termination step ending production of ozone and possibly affecting formation of secondary organic aerosol. Isoprene nitrates also represent a potentially large, unmeasured contribution to OH reactivity and are a major pathway for the removal of nitrogen oxides from the atmosphere. Current assessments indicate that formation rates of isoprene nitrates are uncertain to a factor of 2ĝ€"3 and the subsequent fate of isoprene nitrates remains largely unconstrained by laboratory, field or modeling studies. Measurements of total alkyl and multifunctional nitrates (ΣANs), NO2, total peroxy nitrates (ΣPNs), HNO3, CH2O, isoprene and …

Marine Spatial Data Infrastructure (Msdi) Challenges And Opportunities: The Cuban Experience, Hilario Calderon, Lee Alexander

Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping

This paper describes the challenges and opportunities associated with implementing MSDI in Cuba. More specifically, a case example is provided on how Cuba’s National System of Protected Areas (SAMP) could become a component of an overall MSDI.

Inland Navigation Technology '09 - Digital Technology Impact On Safety And Efficiency, Lee Alexander

Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping

This workshop discussed the impact of digital technology on inland navigation safety and efficiency from the combined perspective government agencies and waterway operators. The US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) described inland navigation Research & Development (R&D), related demonstration efforts, and Headquarters initiatives for safer, more reliable waterways and infrastructure. The US Coast Guard (USCG) addressed the latest developments in e-Navigation (e.g., electronic charts, AIS, and aidsto-navigation), and how these developments might affect inland waterways operations. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) discussed PORTS (Physical Oceanographic RealTime System) and other activities. Representatives from the Towing Industry, led by the …

Right Whale Ais Project (Rap): Acoustic Detections In The Boston Approaches, Kurt Schwehr, Lee Alexander

Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping

No abstract provided.

Advances In The Study Of Marine Mammal Predator-Prey Interactions: A Novel Real-Time Visualization Of Independently Collected Echosounder Data Using Geozui4d, Roland J. Arsenault, Ari S. Friedlaender, Elliott L. Hazen, Colin Ware, David N. Wiley

Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping

No abstract provided.

Effects Of A Large Fishing Closure On Benthic Communitites In The Western Gulf Of Maine: Recovery From The Effects Of Gillnets And Otter Trawls, Raymond E. Grizzle, Larry G. Ward, Larry A. Mayer, Mashkoor A. Malik, Andrew B. Cooper, Holly Abeels, Jennifer K. Greene, Melissa Brodeur, Andrew A. Rosenberg

Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping

The recovery of benthic communities inside the western Gulf of Maine fishing closure area was evaluated by comparing invertebrate assemblages at sites inside and outside of the closure four to six years after the closure was established. The major restriction imposed by the closure was a year-round prohibition of bottom gillnets and otter trawls. A total of 163 seafloor sites (~half inside and half outside the closure) within a 515-km2 study area were sampled with some combination of Shipek grab, Wildco box corer, or underwater video. Bottom types ranged from mud (silt and clay) to boulders, and the effects of …

Mid-Ocean Ridge Transform Faults, Margaret S. Boettcher

Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping

No abstract provided.

The Vertical Structure Of Shallow Water Flow In The Surf Zone And Inner Shelf, Thomas C. Lippmann

Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping

No abstract provided.

Macroalgae And Eelgrass Mapping In Great Bay Estuary Using Aisa Hyperspectral Imagery., Shachak Pe'eri, John Ru Morrison, Frederick T. Short, Arthur C. Mathieson, Phil Trowbridge

Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping

Results Increases in nitrogen concentration and declining eelgrass beds in Great Bay Estuary have been observed in the last decades. These two parameters are clear indicators of the impending eutrophication for New Hampshire’s estuaries. The NH Department of Environmental Services (DES) in collaboration with the Piscataqua Region Estuaries Partnership adopted the assumption that eelgrass survival can be used as the target for establishing numeric water quality criteria for nutrients in NH’s estuaries. One of the hypotheses put forward regarding eelgrass decline is that an eutrophication response to nutrient increases in the Great Bay Estuary has been the proliferation of nuisance …

Observations Of Clustering Inside Oceanic Bubble Clouds And The Effect On Short-Range Acoustic Propagation, Thomas C. Weber

Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping

It has recently been shown [Weber, T. C. et al. (Year: 2007). “Acoustic propagation through clustered bubble clouds,” IEEE J. Ocean. Eng.32, 513–523] that gas bubble clustering plays a role in determining the acoustic field characteristics of bubbly fluids. In particular, it has been shown that clustering changes the bubble-induced attenuation as well as the ping-to-ping variability in the acoustic field. The degree to which bubble clustering exists in nature, however, is unknown. This paper describes a method for quantifying bubble clustering using a high frequency (400kHz) multibeam sonar, and reports on observations of near-surface bubbleclustering during a storm ( …

Transpacific Transport Of Ozone Pollution And The Effect Of Recent Asian Emission Increases On Air Quality In North America: An Integrated Analysis Using Satellite, Aircraft, Ozonesonde, And Surface Observations, D Zhang, D J. Jacob, K F. Boersma, D A. Jaffe, J R. Olson, K W. Bowman, J Worden, A M. Thompson, M A. Avery, Ronald C. Cohen, Jack E. Dibb, F Flocke, H Fuelberg, L Gregory Huey, W W. Mcmillan, H B. Singh, Andrew Weinheimer

Earth Sciences

We use an ensemble of aircraft, satellite, sonde, and surface observations for April-May 2006 (NASA/INTEX-B aircraft campaign) to better understand the mechanisms for transpacific ozone pollution and its implications for North American air quality. The observations are interpreted with a global 3-D chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem). OMI NO2 satellite observations constrain Asian anthropogenic NOx emissions and indicate a factor of 2 increase from 2000 to 2006 in China. Satellite observations of CO from AIRS and TES indicate two major events of Asian transpacific pollution during INTEX-B. Correlation between TES CO and ozone observations shows evidence for transpacific ozone pollution. The …

Geocoastpilot: Linking The Coast Pilot With Geo-Referenced Imagery & Chart Information, Kurt Schwehr, Matthew D. Plumlee, Briana M. Sullivan, Colin Ware

Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping

No abstract provided.

Uncertainty Representation In Hydrographic Surveys And Products, Brian R. Calder

Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping

No abstract provided.

Using Moored Arrays And Hyperspectral Aerial Imagery To Develop Nutrient Criteria For New Hampshire's Estuaries, J. Ru Morrison, Thomas K. Gregory, Shachak Pe'eri, William H. Mcdowell, Philip Trowbridge

PREP Reports & Publications

Increasing nitrogen concentrations and declining eelgrass beds in Great Bay, NH are clear indicators of impending problems for the state’s estuaries. A workgroup established in 2005 by the NH Department of Environmental Services and the NH Estuaries Project (NHEP) adopted eelgrass survival as the water quality target for nutrient criteria development for NH’s estuaries. In 2007, the NHEP received a grant from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to collect water quality information including that from moored sensors and hyper-spectral imagery data of the Great Bay Estuary. Data from the Great Bay Coastal Buoy, part of the regional Integrated Ocean Observing …

U.S. Law Of The Sea Cruise To Map The Foot Of The Slope And 2500-M Isobath Of The U.S. Arctic Ocean Margin. Cruise Report For 2008, Larry A. Mayer, Andy Armstrong

Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping

USCGC Icebreaker Healy (WAGB-20)

U.S. Law of the Sea cruise to map the foot of the slope and 2500-m isobath of the US Arctic Ocean margin

CRUISES HE-0805

August 14 to September 5, 2008

Barrow, AK to Barrow, AK

Enhanced Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation Due To Water Uptake By Fine Particles, Stephen R. Hennigan, M Bergin, Jack E. Dibb, Rodney J. Weber

Earth Sciences

This study characterizes the partitioning behavior of a significant fraction of the ambient organic aerosol through simultaneous measurements of gas and particle watersoluble organic carbon (WSOC). During the summer in Atlanta, WSOC gas/particle partitioning showed a strong RH dependence that was attributed to particulate liquid water. At elevated RH levels (>70%) a significant increase in WSOC partitioning to the particle phase was observed and followed the predicted water uptake by fine particles. The enhancement in particle-phase partitioning translated to increased median particle WSOC concentrations ranging from 0.3 –0.9 mgCm3 . The results provide a detailed overview of the WSOC …

Observations Of High Frequency, Long Range Acoustic Propagation In A Harbor Environment, Michelle Weirathmueller, Thomas C. Weber, Larry A. Mayer

Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping

The positioning and navigation of AUV's in harbor environments using underwater acoustics is complicated by shallow waters, long propagation distances, and complex oceanographic features. This paper reports on high frequency (40 kHz) acoustic measurements made in Portsmouth Harbor, NH, USA, which is an estuary containing several riverine inputs and a strong tidal flow (2+ knots). A one-way propagation experiment was conducted at the mouth of the harbor for propagation distances up to 100 water depths. Strong signatures of a variety of phenomenon were observed in the acoustic signal levels, including tidal heights and currents, turbulent mixing, and wind/wave action. The …

Simultaneous Measurements Of Particulate And Gas-Phase Water-Soluble Organic Carbon Concentrations At Remote And Urban-Influenced Locations, C Anderson, Jack E. Dibb, Robert J. Griffin, M Bergin

Earth Sciences

The sources, sinks, and overall importance of watersoluble organic carbon (WSOC) in the atmosphere are not well understood. Although the primary historical focus has been on particulate WSOC (WSOCP), here we also present results obtained using a newly developed technique that additionally measures gas-phase water-soluble organic carbon (WSOCG). These first-of-their-kind measurements show that WSOCG can often be more than ten times larger than WSOCP at both urban and remote locations. The average fraction of WSOC residing in the gas phase (fg = WSOCG/(WSOCG + WSOCP)) at five various field sites ranged from 0.64 to 0.93, implying significant differences in WSOC …

Very Shallow Water Bathymetry Retrieval From Hyperspectral Imagery At The Virginia Coast Reserve (Vcr'07) Multi-Sensor Campaign, Charles M. Bachmann, Marcos J. Montes, Robert A. Fusina, Christopher Parrish, Jon Sellars, Alan Weidemann, Wesley Goode, C Reid Nichols, Patrick Woodward, Kevin Mcilhany, Victoria Hill, Richard Zimmerman, Daniel Korwan, Barry Truitt, A. Schwarzschild

Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping

A number of institutions, including the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL), have developed look up tables for remote retrieval of bathymetry and in-water optical properties from hyperspectral imagery (HSI) [6]. For bathymetry retrieval, the lower limit is the very shallow water case (here defined as < 2m), a depth zone which is not well resolved by many existing bathymetric LIDAR sensors, such as SHOALS [4]. The ability to rapidly model these shallow water depths from HSI directly has potential benefits for combined HSI/LIDAR systems such as the Compact Hydrographic Airborne Rapid Total Survey (CHARTS) [10]. In this study, we focused on the validation of a near infra-red feature, corresponding to a local minimum in absorption (and therefore a local peak in reflectance), which can be correlated directly to bathymetry with a high degree of confidence. Compared to other VNIR wavelengths, this particular near-IR feature corresponds to a peak in the correlation with depth in this very shallow water regime, and this is a spectral range where reflectance depends primarily on water depth (water absorption) and bottom type, with suspended constituents playing a secondary role.