Soil Science Commons^™

Grazing Land Contributions To Carbon Sequestration, Ronald F. Follett, G. E. Schuman

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Key points

1. Grazing management can be used to increase soil organic carbon sequestration.

2. Grazing land soils contain large amounts of carbon with depth, and can store it for centuries.

3. Policies to encourage terrestrial carbon sequestration through conservation and good management of grazing lands are critical for many countries and the world.

Tracing The Path Of Technology Diffusion: The Case Of Nturumenti, Narok, Kenya, Paul N. Katiku, R. Kimitei, S. Amboga, G. A. Keya, B. Korir, J. Nginyi

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

An array of technologies; growing improved wheat varieties, bulking and collective marketing of wheat grains, sheep breed improvement, ram sharing, feedlot sheep fattening for market, strategic sheep deworming, pasture establishment and conservation practices; were introduced to members of a community based organization (CBO) in Nturumenti, anti-female genital mutilation and anti-poverty organization (AFAPO) in 2014. The CBO members, composed of youthful 19 men and 7 females, were intensively exposed and involved in the new skills both theoretically and practically in the farmers’ field school model. Even though the 8 farming technology options were suitable for the study environment, their adoption and …

Improving Pasture Productivity And Persistence By Renovating Or Rejuvenating, A. Omokanye, D. Westerlund, G. Hernandez-Ramirez

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Forages make up a large part of the feed requirements of beef cattle, and grazing remains the most economical form of feed delivery. However, several years after pasture establishment, forage productivity and longevity usually decline. Maintaining productive forage stands in the long term becomes a major challenge that beef producers face. A 3-yr on-farm study was conducted to determine the comparative effects of several pasture rejuvenation methods, such as spraying of herbicides to control weeds and brush, Spray herbicide + direct seed in spring (RSS), forage seeding methods, fertilizer application (FERT), and pasture rest as well as aeration/spiking in fall …

The Effect Of Hay Supplementation On Performance Of Grazing Alpaca In The Peruvian Andes, M. Enciso, C. Gómez, C. Osorio

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Productivity of alpaca grazing rangelands in the Andes is often limited by the low availability and quality of those pastures during the dry season of the year. The use as supplements of forages cultivated during the rainy season in appropriate areas in the Andes may be a strategy to improve performance of alpacas. Therefore, the supplementation of oat-vetch pellets or oat hay was evaluated and compared with a control group without supplementation. Sixty three female alpacas (15 months of age, 34 ± 1.0 kg BW), divided in three groups, grazing range pastures (6.1% crude protein and 61.3% NDF) during dry …

Herbage And Livestock Responses For N-Fertilized And Grass-Legume Grazing Systems, D. M. Jaramillo, José C. B. Dubeux Jr., L. M. D. Queiroz, L. Garcia, E. R. S. Santos

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Forage legumes provide an alternative N source in grazing systems. The objective was to evaluate plant and animal responses in N-fertilized or grass-legume-based systems under continuous stocking during winter and summer, from 2016-2019. The three treatments consisted of year-round forage systems including winter and summer forage components. The first system (Grass+N) included N-fertilized (112 kg N ha^-1 yr^-1) ‘Argentine’ bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum) pastures during the summer, overseeded with a mixture (56 kg ha^-1 of each) of ‘FL 401’ cereal rye (Secale cereale) and ‘RAM’ oat (Avena sativa) during winter with …

Seasonality And Grazing Management Effect On Growth And Nutritional Composition Of Herbage On Semi-Natural Grasslands Grazed By Dairy Cows In Southwest Germany, E. Velasco, S. Perdana-Decker, J. Werner, U. Dickhoefer

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Natural and semi-natural grasslands represent an attractive forage source for cows in organic dairy farming. Throughout the grazing season, however, diverse factors such as climatic conditions, botanical composition, as well as grazing and herd management, can influence growth and nutritive value of forage on grasslands. We aimed at investigating the influence of seasonality and grazing management in forage growth and nutritional quality in seven commercial organic dairy cattle farms during the grazing season 2019 in South Germany. Therefore, forty exclusion cages (1 m²) were installed on pastures, which were under three different grazing systems: rotational, short-grass, and continuous …

Deforestation For Pasture Development – Has It Been Worth It?, W. H. Burrows

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Differing scenarios leading to deforestation for pasture development in savanna (woodland) and closed forest communities in the tropics – sub-tropics are compared and contrasted. Australian and Brazilian examples are highlighted. No simple answer is given to the question of whether deforestation for pasture development has been worth it, since both commercial and non-commercial values have equal validity and need to be taken into account. These issues are addressed in the context of land assigned by governments for agricultural purposes. It is concluded that technology and ecological understanding are now available to maintain sustainable production from converted forest systems. However emphasis …

Determining Pasture Biodiversity With Nirs, K. J. Moore, D. J. Barker

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Research was conducted to assess the potential of using near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) to determine botanical composition and measures of species diversity in pasture samples. Samples were collected from six hill country (Ballantrae) and two lowland (Aorangi) pastures in New Zealand. Samples were collected in summer (March) and Autumn (May) and subsamples were dissected to determine botanical composition and species diversity. Measures of diversity included species richness, Shannon’s index, and Simpson’s index. Reflectance data were collected from a second subsample that had been dried and finely ground. Calibrations were developed using modified partial least squares. Acceptable calibration equations were …

Integration Of Cattle And Improved Pastures Under Coconuts In Southern Luzon, Philippines, F. A. Moog, H. E. Diesta, A. G. Deocareza

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Results of two studies involving 1) grazing of Signalgrass (Brachiaria decumbens) pastures at different stocking and 2) cut-and-carry forages in smallholder farms for cattle under coconuts are presented. Grazing at 3 AU/ha and 2 AU/ha gave significantly higher LWG/ha (P 0.05) over 1 AU/ha but highest financial return was obtained from 2 AU/ha. Productivity of cattle on cut-and-carry forages in small farms varies among farmers with better animal performance directly related to quantity and quality of feeds offered and industriousness of individual farmers. Both studies showed the benefits derived from integration of cattle with improved pastures under coconuts.

Feeding Of Conserved Forage - Implications To Grassland Management And Production, C. W. Holmes, P. N. P. Matthews

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

This review will focus on the use of conserved forages in pastoral dairy farm systems; especially on their conservation as an aid to good grazing management during periods of rapid pasture growth, and on their consumption as an aid to good feeding management and grazing management during periods of slow pasture growth. Conservation of pasture, in order to move it from one time to another later time, always involves “costs”, either financial expenditure or physical losses (of dry matter/quality) or both, which must be evaluated in the whole system.

Most of the data is drawn from New Zealand and Australia, …

Supplementation Of Lactating Cows Grazing Stargrass (Cynodon Nlenfuensis Var. Nlenfuensis) With Conjugated Linoleic Acid: Effects On Persistency And Estimated Net Energy Balance, S. R. Medeiros, D. E. Oliveira, L. J. M. Aroeira, M. Mcguire, D. P. D. Lanna

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Thirty crossbread cows grazed stargrass (Cynodon nlenfuensis var. nlenfuensis) receiving 4kg/d of a supplement formulated to provide 115% of metabolizable protein requirements from the 4^th to the 11^th week of lactation. The cows received either 150g/head/day of Megalac (Control) or 150g/head/day of a Ca-protected conjugated linoleic acid (CLA, Church & Dwight). Residual effects of treatment were evaluated in weeks 12^th and 13^th. Milk production increased in CLA treated cows (P< 0.05). CLA decreased milk fat content (P< 0.0001) and yield (P< 0.01). Protected CLA increased protein content (P< 0.01) and yield (P< 0.01). The CLA residual effect on milk fat ends within one week after withdrawal but the benefits on milk yield and total solids production continued, due to the increased persistency. The estimated energy balance and intake were not greatly affected by treatment, as treated cows had higher milk volume and had higher protein productions.

Urine Calcium But Not Plasma Calcium Or Urine Hydroxyproline Is Increased By A Systemic Acidosis In The Dairy Cow, J. R. Roche, Dawn E. Dalley, F. O’Mara, E. S. Kolver

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Eight non-lactating, pregnant Holstein-Friesian cows were allocated to two treatments and individually offered diets differing in dietary cation-anion difference. Decreasing the dietary cation-anion difference reduced the urine pH within hours of anionic salt supplementation. Plasma calcium concentration was unaffected by dietary cation-anion difference but urine calcium concentration was significantly increased within 10 days of including anionic salts in the diet. Faecal calcium concentration was significantly reduced, indicating increased calcium absorption. Dietary calcium concentration or dietary cationanion difference did not significantly affect urinary hydroxyproline.

Dry Matter Intake Of Periparturient Cows On A Fresh Pasture/Pasture-Hay Diet, J. R. Roche, Dawn E. Dalley, F. O’Mara, E. S. Kolver

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Reports of the depression in dry matter intake in the periparturient period have been inconsistent and little dry matter intake data is available for an all-forage diet prior to calving. Data to examine intake depression prior to calving was obtained from two experiments. In experiment 1, sixteen non-lactating, periparturient cows ate 1.3% of pre-calving body weight of grass-hay and freshly cut grass for two weeks pre-calving (restricted). Experiment 2 comprised thiry-six cows that ate 1.6% of pre-calving body weight of grass-hay and freshly cut grass for the final two weeks of pregnancy (ad libitum). Individual dry matter intakes …

"Estimation Of The Primary Net Production Above Ground Through Remote Sensing In A Pastoral System Of The Colombian Altillanura.", R. A. Díaz, M. Álvarez, O. Pérez, J. Bernal, M. Arango

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The primary net production above ground (ANPP) represents the main forage resource that supports the bovine production systems and its valuation is essential to help in the decision making on the management of the pastures. The ANPP has been estimated by periodic biomass courtesy, but with the use of the remote sensor integrated into the efficiency model formulated by Monteih (1972), it has been possible to estimate this biophysical parameter more efficiently at different scales and at low cost. The objective of this study was to estimate the PPNA based on a model of efficiency in the use of light …

Germinable Soil Seed Bank Of Bothriochloa Macra Dominated Pasture In South-Eastern Australia, M. L. Mitchell, J. M. Virgona, A. Durling, F. W. Dempsey

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

In native pastures, soil seed banks play an important role in conserving the genetic material in a plant population, influencing community structure and providing protection against adverse climatic conditions. One important native grass is Bothrichloa macra (Steud.) S.T.Blake (Red grass, Red-leg grass). This grass is a C₄ indigenous perennial grass that is commonly found in native pastures in the high rainfall zone of south-eastern Australia.

At Tarrawingee, NE Victoria, (36°25´S, 146°31´E) and Wymah, southern NSW, (35°58´S, 147°11´E), Australia, two sites that had Bothriochloa macra as the dominant native grass were sampled. Three hundred cores (50 mm diameter and 50 …

Spatial And Time Distribution Of Dairy Cattle Manure In An Intensive Pasture System, S. L. White, S. P. Washburn, L. D. King, R. E. Sheffield, J. T. Green Jr.

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

This study determined distribution of feces and urine from dairy cattle managed in a rotationally grazed pasture. Lactating Holsteins (n=18) and Jerseys (n=18) were grazed on a .74 ha endophyte-free fescue (Festuca arundinacea)/white clover (Trifolium repens) pasture. All cows were constantly observed for 24 h 6 times over 12 mo. Cows had access to about 54% of the paddock during the first grazing period (12 h) and had access to the entire paddock during the second grazing period (8 h). Data included: (1) all feces and urine events from eight cows, observed while in the pasture, …

Contribution Of Dairy Cow Manure To Soil Fertility And Nutrient Redistribution In Pastures, S. R. Aarons, C. R. O'Connor, M. Hall, C. J. P. Gourley

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The effects of dairy cow manure on soil fertility were investigated at the site of the long-term phosphorus rate by stocking rate farmlet experiment at the Dairy Research Institute, Ellinbank, in Victoria. Manure increased extractable soil P (Olsen) in the 0 - 5 cm layer after 60 days to 61 mg/kg compared with values of 32 mg/kg in the control soils. Extractable soil K (Colwell) almost doubled under manure pads to 5 cm depth from 642 mg/kg in control soils to 1226 mg/kg in manure treated soils. The effects of grazing management on nutrient redistribution and pasture growth within strip-grazed …

Apparent Recovery Of Surface Applied Nitrogen Fertilizer By A Coastcross Pasture, A. C. Primavesi, O. Primavesi, L. A. Corrêa, H. Cantarella, A. G. Silva

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Nitrogen recoveries from five levels of urea and ammonium nitrate surface-applied on coastcross pasture, grown on a dark red latosol (Hapludox), in São Carlos, SP, Brazil, under tropical altitude climate, were estimated. Significant differences occurred within periods (P < 0.05), depending on climatic conditions. Under adequate plant growth conditions, mean N recovery from urea was about 67%, sometimes reaching 80%, of that from ammonium nitrate. Recovery of ammonium nitrate varied from 45 to 68% of applied N.

Effect Of Soil Ph On Emergence And Survival Of Austrodanthonia Spp., M. A. Islam, P. M. Dowling, B. C. Jacobs, P. J. Milham, D. L. Garden, M. K. Conyers, R. Van De Ven

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

We evaluated the effects of soil acidity on seedling emergence and seedling persistence of several ecotypes of Austrodanthonia spp. collected from the Central, Southern and Monaro Tablelands of New South Wales (NSW) in southern temperate Australia. A pot experiment was conducted outdoors to identify the most promising material tolerant to soil acidity for domestication. In the experiment, 183 ecotypes and two commercial cultivars of Austrodanthonia were grown in pots at three levels of pH_Ca (3.9, 4.4 and 5.3). The pH treatments were achieved by adding either aluminium sulphate or lime to an acid earthy sandy loam soil collected from …

Soil Nitrate Level Variation Under Intensive Nitrogen Fertilized Coastcross Pasture, O. Primavesi, A. C. Primavesi, L. A. Corrêa, H. Cantarella, A. G. Silva

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Nitrate levels in soil profile after the first N application on coastcross pasture, grown on a dark red latosol (Hapludox), in São Carlos, SP, Brazil, under tropical altitude climate, were measured at 7-day intervals, to monitor possible losses in depth. Soil nitrate rates varied with high rates of N-ammonium nitrate (200 kg ha^-1 per cutting) in surface layers. Danger of environmental impact was low in the studied conditions.

Soil Carbon And Nitrogen Dynamics After Pasture Installation In The Amazon Region, C. C. Cerri, M. Bernoux, C. E. P. Cerri

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The objective of this paper is to present the soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) dynamics in a chronosequence made of a forest and pastures of different ages established in a Oxisol in the Western Brazilian Amazon Basin. The results of soil Carbon and Nitrogen stocks and gases fluxes were discussed. Stable ¹³C isotopic technique was used to calculate for a determinate age of pasture installation, the proportion of soil C remaining from the forest system and the proportion of soil C introduced by the grasses of the pasture system. The C lost from the original pool under the …

Pasture Seed Production Technology In Brazil, Ronaldo Pereira De Andrade

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Efficient and low cost production systems, which rely on the use of cultivated pastures, are the basis of beef and milk production in Brazil. The success of these pasture-based systems would not be possible without the support of an aggressive and dynamic pasture seed production sector to supply the internal demand, which is estimated to be around 90000 tons per year. The market is dominated by grass species and among them, Brachiaria. brizantha cv. Marandu accounts for more than 80% of the total seed volume in the market. Seed production systems in Brazil vary from highly specialized to opportunistic accordingly …

Dry Matter Production Response Of Coastcross (Cynodon Dactylon (L.) Pears) To Sources And Rates Of Nitrogen, L. De A. Corrêa, H. Cantarella, A. C. Primavesi, O. Primavesi, A. R. Freitas, A. G. Da Silva, E. B. Pott

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Dry matter production of a coastcross pasture grown on a dark red latosol (Hapludox), in São Carlos, São Paulo State, Brazil, under tropical altitude climate, was evaluated. The goal was to verify the efficiency of N rates as urea and ammonium nitrate: 0, 25, 50, 100 and 200 kg ha^-1 per cutting, in five periods. Both sources were equally efficient. The mean N rates, which produced 80% of maximum forage yield, were 78 and 58 kg N ha^-1, respectively, for urea and ammonium nitrate, and were related to dry matter yields of 2,769 and 3,347 kg ha …

Ammonia Losses By Volatilization From Coastcross Pasture Fertilized With Two Nitrogen Sources, H. Cantarella, L. De A. Corrêa, A. C. Primavesi, O. Primavesi, A. R. De Freitas, A. G. Da Silva

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Ammonia losses by volatilization from five rates of urea or ammonium nitrate surfaceapplied to coastcross pasture, grown on a dark red latosol (Hapludox) in São Carlos, SP, Brazil, under tropical altitude climate, were measured. Volatilized ammonia was absorbed in traps placed on soil surface. The mean losses from urea applied after five successive cuttings of the grass were 15, 24, 34, and 40% for N rates of 25, 50, 100 and 200 kg N ha-1 per cutting, respectively.

Screening Brachiaria Introductions For Resistance To Spittlebugs (Homoptera: Cercopidae), José R. Valério, Cacilda Borges Do Valle, A. P. De Souza, M. C. M. Oliveira

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Spittlebugs are the most evident and damaging pests of Signal grasses (Brachiaria) in tropical America. Damage caused by these insects can result in the complete loss of available forage, thereby reducing the carrying capacity of infested pastures. Host plant resistance is a low-cost method of controlling insects. High level of spittlebug resistance is found in the cultivar Marandu (B. brizantha), but it requires more fertile soils. Brachiaria germplasm provided by the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) is available at National Beef Cattle Research Center of the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa Beef Cattle) and it …

Panicum Maximum Seeds From Sugarcane Plantations Improves Household Incomes In Uganda, P. Lusembo, C. Ebong

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

No abstract provided.

Companion Crops For Pasture Establishment In The State Of Minas Gerais, Brazil, I. F. Andrade, P. Schmidt

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

No abstract provided.

Simulating Options For Managing Seasonal And Annual Variations In Feed Supply Of Mixed Crop/Livestock Systems In Sub‐Tropical Australia, Lindsay W. Bell

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

No abstract provided.

Effect Of The Pasture On Milk Production From Cinisara Cows Over The Seasons, M. Alabiso, C. Giosuè, M. L. Alicata, V. Ilardi, D. Giambalvo, G. Maniaci

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

No abstract provided.

Effect Of The Pasture, In Different Seasons, And Of The Ripening Time On The Caciocavallo Palermitano Cheese, C. Giosuè, M. Alabiso, M. L. Alicata, V. Ilardi, D. Giambalvo, G. Maniaci

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

No abstract provided.