Earth Sciences Commons^™

Mapping Groundwater Recharge Potential In High Latitude Landscapes Using Public Data, Remote Sensing, And Analytic Hierarchy Process, Edgar J. Guerrón-Orejuela, Kai C. Rains, Tyelyn M. Brigino, William J. Kleindl, Shawn M. Landry, Patricia Spellman, Coowe M. Walker, Mark C. Rains

School of Geosciences Faculty and Staff Publications

Understanding where groundwater recharge occurs is essential for managing groundwater resources, especially source-water protection. This can be especially difficult in remote mountainous landscapes where access and data availability are limited. We developed a groundwater recharge potential (GWRP) map across such a landscape based on six readily available datasets selected through the literature review: precipitation, geology, soil texture, slope, drainage density, and land cover. We used field observations, community knowledge, and the Analytical Hierarchy Process to rank and weight the spatial datasets within the GWRP model. We found that GWRP is the highest where precipitation is relatively high, geologic deposits are …

Reorganizing The Waterscape: Asymmetric Loss Of Wetlands And Gain Of Artificial Water Features In A Mixed-Use Watershed, Mark Rains, Kurt Schmidt, Shawn Landry, William Kleindl, Kai Rains

School of Geosciences Faculty and Staff Publications

Between the 1780 and 1980s, more than half of the wetlands in the conterminous US were lost. As wetlands have been lost, numerous artificial water features (AWFs), such as stormwater retention ponds, golf course water features, and reservoirs, have been constructed. We contrasted the loss of wetland area and perimeter to the gain of AWF area and perimeter and further explored how this transformation has altered the spatial characteristics of the waterscape. We conducted this analysis in the Tampa Bay Watershed, a large coastal watershed that lost 33% of its wetland area between the 1950s-2007. Trends have been towards fewer, …

Using The 3-30-300 Rule To Assess Urban Forest Access And Preferences In Florida (United States), Andrew Koeser, Richard Hauer, Michael Andreu, Robert Northrop, Mysha Clarke, John Diaz, Deborah Hilbert, Cecil Konijnendijk, Shawn Landry, Grant Thompson, Rebecca K. Zarger

School of Geosciences Faculty and Staff Publications

Background: Public engagement is needed to make sure urban forestry management efforts align with the values of the public being served. Noting this, we determined current and desired urban forest access of Florida (United States) residents using the criteria from the 3-30-300 rule (i.e., 3 trees visible from home, 30% canopy in neighborhood, and a green space within 300 meters of home). Methods: A survey of 1,716 Florida residents was conducted to assess canopy coverage and green space access. Respondents were then asked if this level of urban forest access was sufficient for their needs. We also asked their perceptions …

The Influence Of Pre-Existing Structures On Fracture Systems In The Jurassic Surat Basin, Queensland, Australia, Sirirat Khamsaeng

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

Pre-existing structures can influence the spatial distribution and geometry of subsequent fractures in sedimentary basins. In Queensland, Australia, contractional structures in the Permian-Triassic Bowen Basin control fracture development in the overlying Jurassic Surat Basin, where the Precipice sandstone is targeted for geological storage of carbon dioxide (CO2). Understanding the influence of pre-existing structures in the Bowen Basin on fracture systems in the Surat Basin is vital for the site selection process of CO2 geological storage projects in Queensland. This study focuses on the NW-SE trending Miles Thrust Fault (MTF) and its associated fault-propagation folds in the Bowen Basin, aiming to …

การวิเคราะห์เนื้อหาข่าวอุทกภัยภาคใต้ของประเทศไทยในช่วงฤดูมรสุมบนยูทูบ, ชวพล สัมฤทธิ์ดี

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

การวิจัยนี้มีวัตถุประสงค์เพื่อศึกษารูปแบบข่าวที่ส่งผลต่อการมีส่วนร่วมของผู้ชมบนยูทูบใช้วิธีการวิเคราะห์เนื้อหาของวิดีโอข่าวบนยูทูบจำนวน 64 คลิป จากสำนักข่าวสื่อกระเเสหลัก สำนักข่าวออนไลน์และสำนักข่าวสื่อสาธารณะ รวม 7 สำนักข่าว ใช้แบบลงรหัส (coding sheet) และคู่มือการลงรหัส (coding manual) ใช้ผู้ลงรหัสจำนวน 3 คน มีการทดสอบความเที่ยงระหว่างผู้ลงรหัสโดยใช้ค่าสัมประสิทธิ์อัลฟ่าของ Krippendorff ค่าความเที่ยงอยู่ระหว่าง 0.80-1 นำเสนอข้อมูลโดยการเปรียบเทียบค่ามัธยฐานและเปอร์เซ็นต์ไทล์รวมถึงการวิเคราะห์ความแปรปรวนของข้อมูล ผลการวิจัยพบว่า รูปแบบการมีส่วนร่วมของผู้ชมต่อข่าวอุทกภัยมี 3 รูปแบบ ได้แก่ 1) การมีส่วนร่วมระดับสูง 2) การมีส่วนร่วมระดับปานกลาง 3) การมีส่วนร่วมระดับต่ำและต่ำมาก ในแต่ละรูปแบบมีองค์ประกอบที่แตกต่างกัน และหากแบ่งตามเนื้อหาสามารถแบ่งได้ 9 รูปแบบ ได้แก่ 1) ข่าวที่มีผลกระทบอย่างรุนแรง 2) การแสดงความเสียใขของผู้ประกาศข่าว 3) ภาพที่สะท้อนถึงความเดือดร้อนของประชาชน 4) ข่าวเกี่ยวกับภัยพิบัติโดยตรง 5) ข่าวเกี่ยวกับการจราจรและการแนะนำในสถานการณ์ฉุกเฉิน 6) การวิจารณ์รัฐบาลและการสัมภาษณ์ฝ่ายค้าน 7) การใช้คำขยายและการสร้างอารมณ์ 8) การนำเสนอภาพลักษณ์เชิงบวกของดาราและบุคคลมีชื่อเสียง 9) การนำเสนอคลิปจากประชาชนและการมีส่วนร่วมของประชาชน โดยแต่ละรูปแบบสร้างการมีส่วนร่วมได้ในลักษณะที่แตกต่างกันไป งานวิจัยนี้ทำให้เห็นถึงความสำคัญของการเลือกองค์ประกอบที่เหมาะสมเพื่อการมีส่วนร่วมของผู้ชม สามารถนำไปใช้เป็นแนวทางในการผลิตเนื้อหาข่าวบนแพลตฟอร์มดิจิทัล

Developing The Housing Attribute And Spatial Index (Hasi) Tool To Identify Characteristic Neighborhoods Using Variable Importance Factors Calculated Utilizing Random Forest Regression Modeling In Arcgis Pro, William A. Wallace

Master's Theses or Doctor of Nursing Practice

The purpose of this research is to examine the functionality in utilizing Random Forest Regression (RFR) Variable Importance (VI) values in characterizing neighborhoods based on the attributes of existing housing units by creating an automated GIS tool. An important concept that has been implemented in the past in real-estate valuation is the concept of Hedonic Price Modeling (HPM), which uses regression techniques to identify the impacts that individual attributes have on the cost of a good in a heterogenous market outside of mere utility. The benefit of this research is to produce a tool that automates the RFR process such …

Timing Of Diversification, Dispersal, And Biogeography Of Parrots In The Genus Amazona (Psittaciformes: Psittacidae) Throughout The Caribbean, Visualized In Gis, Christopher Kingwill

Master's Theses or Doctor of Nursing Practice

Avian fossil records from across the Caribbean (Greater and Lesser Antilles) demonstrate higher avian diversity prior to extinction events due to climate change at the end of the Pleistocene and human impact across the Caribbean throughout the Holocene. Amazon parrots (Amazona) are a diverse genus of New World parrots found throughout Central and South America, as well as the Caribbean. Their phylogeny and evolutionary history, specifically for Caribbean species, has been debated in terms of source areas in Central and South America and the timing of and number of colonization events to different islands that preceded diversification into …

The Relationship Between Climate Social Vulnerability And Asthma, Diane Nunez

Master's Theses or Doctor of Nursing Practice

Asthma is a chronic respiratory disease that affects millions of people worldwide, the incidence and severity of asthma is influenced influenced by various factors, including air masses, and weather conditions. Asthma can also disproportionately affect different sociodemographics groups, leading to inequalities and injustices. This study used statistical analysis and GIS to analyze the spatial distribution of asthma calls and their relationship to sociodemographic traits in Wichita, KS, Tulsa, OK, and Oklahoma City, OK, and the seasonal distribution of asthma calls and their relationship to air masses. Results show that the relationship between asthma prevalence is higher among certain sociodemographic groups, …

Epiphytic Diatom Production On The Seagrass Thalassia Testudinum In Northern Gulf Of Mexico, Jonathan L. Venable, Shayna A. Sura, Jeffrey W. Krause

Gulf and Caribbean Research

No abstract provided.

A User-Centered Mapping Design For Geomorphological Hazard Thematic Map, Su-Min Shen, Yin-Hsuen Chen, Chia-Ming Lo, Mu-Ti Yu, Si-Chin Lin, Sendo Wang, Chih-Hsin Chang, Sheng-Chi Lin

University Administration Publications

Numerous studies have concentrated on developing user-centered designs for hazard zone maps but rarely for hazard-oriented geomorphological maps, named as Geomorphological Hazard Thematic Maps (GHTMs) in this study, which provide more detailed information about natural hazards. This study developed a user-centered mapping design for GHTMs for nonexperts in geomorphology. We invited civil engineers and high school educators to evaluate a sample GHTM's design in group and focus group panel interviews. The civil engineers preferred maps with more geomorphological features, whereas the educators preferred simple designs. Both groups indicated that the inclusion of essential facilities and road networks is essential. The …

An Integrative Salt Marsh Conceptual Framework For Global Comparisons, Erik S. Yando, Scott F. Jones, W. Ryan James, Denise D. Colombano, Diana I. Montemayor, Stefanie Nolte, Jacqueline L. Raw, Shelby L. Ziegler, Luzhen Chen, Daniele Daffonchio, Marco Fusi, Kerrylee Rogers, Liudmila Sergienko

Biological Sciences Faculty Publications

Salt marshes occur globally across climatic and coastal settings, providing key linkages between terrestrial and marine ecosystems. However, salt marsh science lacks a unifying conceptual framework; consequently, historically well-studied locations have been used as normative benchmarks. To allow for more effective comparisons across the diversity of salt marshes, we developed an integrative salt marsh conceptual framework. We review ecosystem-relevant drivers from global to local spatial scales, integrate these multi-scale settings into a framework, and provide guidance on applying the framework using specific variables on 11 global examples. Overall, this framework allows for appropriate comparison of study sites by accounting for …

Comparison Of Groundwater Chemistry And Associated Biodiversity Of Sulfidic Karst Habitats In Southcentral Kentucky, Kendall Wheeler

Mahurin Honors College Capstone Experience/Thesis Projects

In most ecosystems, primary production is conducted by plants or photosynthetic microbes; however, extremophilic sulfur-oxidizing bacteria can use hydrogen sulfide gas (H2S) as an electron donor to produce metabolic energy in a type of metabolism called chemoautotrophy. These ecosystems are a prominent feature of some karst landscapes, and two have been observed in the Mammoth Cave system, Sulphur River in Parker Cave and Marianne’s Pass in Mammoth Cave National Park respectively.

Sulfidic water is ubiquitous in southcentral Kentucky and is strongly associated with hydrocarbon deposits. This oil boom of the 1880s in this region predates most environmental regulation and records …

Hypogene Speleogenesis In The Grand Canyon; Observational, Mineralogical, And Geochemical Investigations From The Bopper Cave System, Sierra Heimel

Theses and Dissertations--Earth and Environmental Sciences

One of the most prominent features of the Grand Canyon is the iron-stained Redwall Limestone, which has been documented to contain extensive cave systems with significant storage potential in the karstic Redwall-Muav (R-M) aquifer. The hydrogeologic relationships between the R-M aquifer and cave formation in the Grand Canyon via descending (epigenic) surface waters have been well documented. However; the potentially large role of deeply sourced (hypogenic) waters rising from depth in relation to cave formation is poorly understood. The Bopper Cave System (BCS) is a relict feature of the ancient abandoned hydrologic system at Grand Canyon and displays unique network …

Field Tests Of A Uav-Compatible Spectrometer To Evaluate Its Suitability For Detailed Soil Radon Potential Mapping, Alexandria Briahnne Thomas

Theses and Dissertations--Earth and Environmental Sciences

As part of ongoing research on radionuclide mapping and radon hazard characterization, field tests were performed to evaluate the suitability and limitations of a UAV-compatible gamma spectrometer. To date, this data set includes completed stationary data collection, mobile ground collection, multi-level UAV flights over a known material transition, as well as redundant ground and multi-level UAV data collection over a relatively uniform area. Total counts were used as a measure of soil radionuclide levels for our data collected above background. Although our test sites were in regions underlain by bedrock with high indoor radon levels, uranium counts were barely above …

Closing The Modern Seismic Gap Along The Teton Fault Via Seismic Mapping Of Mass Transport Deposits In Jackson Lake, Wy, Callia Jacqueline Cortese

Theses and Dissertations--Earth and Environmental Sciences

Terrestrial paleoseismological records along the Teton fault have historically indicated two-to-three major post-Pinedale (~14 ka) earthquake events, leaving an unresolved 6-9 m offset along the modern scarp. Recent studies of Jenny Lake have augmented this record, but the triggering mechanism is still equivocal until new paleo-earthquake records are developed. The earthquake record of the Teton fault is complicated by quiescence from ~5 ka to present, demonstrating the need for additional paleoseismic investigations. Compressed, high-intensity radar pulse (CHIRP) reflection data from Jackson Lake indicates multiple potentially seismically-induced mass transport deposits (MTDs). At least six MTD Groups representing chronostratigraphic intervals were interpreted …

The Appalachian System Of Basins And Platforms As A Tectonostratigraphic Analogue To The Barents Sea Shelf: Where Arctic Meets The Appalachians, Gustavo De Aguiar Martins

Theses and Dissertations--Earth and Environmental Sciences

Divided between Norway and Russia, the Barents Sea shelf (BSS) is an ~1.4 million km² Arctic province, containing significant hydrocarbon accumulations. However, much of the area is frontier, and geologic data are often restricted or unavailable. One strategy to mitigate lack of geologic data is the use of analogues from well-known, mature basins. Even though there have been attempts to use analogues to study the geology of the BSS, such use is limited. Moreover, no analogue, to my knowledge, has been capable of addressing the regional tectonostratigraphic development of the shelf as a whole.

In this research, the Appalachian …

Discovery Of The Middle Mantle Transition Zone (Mmtz) And Its Geodynamic Significance, Yuping Wang

Theses and Dissertations--Earth and Environmental Sciences

Global mantle discontinuities and mantle transition zones are crucial to the earth’s evolution. By employing K-Means clustering, which belongs to cluster analysis in machine learning (ML), on shear velocity variation data, we generate heterogeneity percentage profiles for three different global tomographic models (Models S362WMANI+M, SEMUCB-WM1, and S40RTS). Key cluster percentage shifts, which are observed at around 400 km, 650 km, 1050 km, 1500 km, and 2700 km, suggest global mantle discontinuities at corresponding depths. All profiles also indicate a global discontinuity in the lower mantle between 2200 km and 2600 km. The middle mantle transition zone (MMTZ), bounded between 1050 …

Applications Of Digital Terrain Modeling To Address Problems In Geomorphology And Engineering Geology, Sarah Johnson

Theses and Dissertations--Earth and Environmental Sciences

This dissertation uses digital terrain modeling and computational methods to yield insight into three topics: 1) evaluating the influence of glacial topography on fluvial sediment transport in the Teton Range, WY, 2) integrating regional airborne lidar, UAV lidar, and structure from motion photogrammetry to characterize decadal-scale movement of slow-moving landslides in northern Kentucky, and 3) applying machine learning methods to surficial geologic mapping.

The role of topography as a boundary condition that controls the efficiency of fluvial erosion in the Teton Range, Wyoming, was investigated by using existing lidar data to delineate surficial geologic units, geometrically reconstruct the depth to …

Precipitation Recorded In The Turkana Basin From 2005 To 2022., Acacia Leakey, Greg Henkes, Mae Saslaw, Dino Martins

Geosciences Research Data

This is a dataset of precipitation recorded at three sites in northern Kenya near Lake Turkana using standard rain gauges. The data was recorded at the Koobi Fora Research Station (3.947736, 36.186166) from March 2003 until 2006, at the Turkana Basin Institute’s Ileret facility (4.28510, 36.262158) from 2006 to 2022 and at the Turkana Basin Institute’s Turkwel facility (3.140825, 35.864599) from 2012 to 2022. The data was collected manually by TBI staff observing gradation lines on the collectors following rainfall events and recorded as a single total for each 24 hour period.

Alexander Von Humboldt: Explorer, Naturalist, And Environmental Pioneer (2019) By Danica Novgorodoff, Peter Shea

Picture Books

As a young boy, Alexander Von Humboldt came up with divergent questions about the birds and mountains and animals he saw, and brought all those questions together under two big questions that stayed important for him over a long life: “How are these things different?” and “How are they nevertheless connected?” As the reader watches Humboldt looking at a hawk and a mouse, volcanoes and farmland, palm trees and pine trees, Europe and Ecuador, Europeans and Indigenous people, one comes to expect what he will say: “They are different, and yet they are connected.” This idea is much bigger than …

New Species Of Birds Reported In Arkansas Since 2009, R. Tumlison, R. Kannan

Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science

We update our state of knowledge regarding the 20 new species of birds (and 1 new species name based on a change in taxonomy) discovered in Arkansas since the last update in 2009. These are based on records of the Arkansas Audubon Society and those posted on eBird. New species include 3 from Order Anseriformes, 1 Pelicaniformes, 1 Falconiformes, 1 Gruiformes, 4 Charadriiformes, 1 Apodiformes, and 10 Passeriformes. Historic distributions of the new species include Atlantic, Pacific, and Gulf Coasts, as well as interior origins. The current count of extant species of birds observed in Arkansas now stands at 425.

Rare Birds In Arkansas: Historical Observations And New Records, R. Tumlison, R. Kannan

Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science

Diligent members of birding communities are quick to report rare sightings of birds, which often lead to multiple observations and photographic documentation. Verified reports and images of birds in Arkansas are curated by the Arkansas Audubon Society (AAS), which has led to an appreciation of which species are common versus rare. We gathered historic (literature) and more recent unpublished records of rare birds (those with fewer than 10 reports, per AAS) to document the historic and current state of knowledge of those species. Currently, there are a total of 425 species of birds reported in Arkansas, of which 54 are …

Least Flycatchers Under-Reported In Fall Migration In Arkansas —A Citizen Science Conundrum, L. Barnes, R. Kannan

Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science

The Least Flycatcher Empidonax minimus is a small passerine migrant bird that passes through Arkansas in fall and spring migration. The birds are vocal during spring passage but relatively quiet and unobtrusive during fall migration, leading to many fewer reports by birdwatchers in fall than spring. We use eBird maps and data to present evidence to support this discrepancy between fall and spring observations. We also show that the species is under-reported in Arkansas during the fall compared to neighboring regions. This may be in part due to the reluctance of some birders to provide the minimal evidence required to …

Citizen Science: Role Of Inaturalist In Biodiversity Documentation And Education In Arkansas, K. Baker, L. Barnes, S. Rana, J. Jackson, R. Kannan

Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science

iNaturalist is a global online digital platform for documenting and fostering interest in biodiversity, with Research Grade (RG) entries being vetted and scientifically valid observations. Here we present a review of the role of approximately 16,000 Arkansans using the iNaturalist tool for recording 445,000 verifiable observations comprising 10,800 species, with 40 percent RG, and one third of observations still pending confirmation. Overall, plants lead in RG observations followed by invertebrates and birds. Within these groups, reptiles lead in proportion of RG observations, followed by birds and amphibians. Less charismatic or infrequently encountered organisms are less represented. Arkansas ranks about average …

Energy Content Of Grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae) In The Diet Of Scaled Quail (Callipepla Squamata) In Southeastern New Mexico, J.L. Hunt, M.E. Grilliot, T.L. Best, C.M. Wilkerson, A.F. Huitt

Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science

Grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae) are common insects that are important food items for many kinds of wildlife, including many species of upland game birds such as scaled quail (Callipepla squamata). We analyzed the energy content of grasshoppers obtained from the crops of scaled quail collected from plainsmesa sand-scrub in Lea and Eddy counties, New Mexico. Grasshoppers were removed from crops and dried for 48 hours at 60°C to remove moisture and standardize masses. Grasshoppers were then pulverized and analyzed for gross caloric value (i.e., energy content) in an oxygen bomb calorimeter. Energy content of grasshoppers from New Mexico averaged 19.2 J/kg …

The Anatomy And Phylogeny Of A New Large Plioplatecarpine Mosasaur From The Campanian Bearpaw Shale Of Montana (Usa), Richard A. Carr

Master's Theses or Doctor of Nursing Practice

In 2018, a large and associated plioplatecarpine mosasaur skull, pectoral girdle, and rib cage, whose total body length may have exceeded five meters, was uncovered in the Late Campanian Bearpaw Shale of Northeast Montana (USA). Phylogenetic analysis of this specimen, MOR 10855, recovers this individual as a basal member of the genus Plioplatecarpus. This specimen, is unique in that it is estimated to be nearly twice the size of any of the other species of Plioplatecarpus found in the Western Interior Seaway during this part of the Cretaceous. While the included phylogenetic study suggests MOR 10855 represents a new …

Calcareous Nannofossils, Planktonic Foraminifera, And Revised Stratigraphy Of The Eocene Çayraz Formation; The Final Stage Of Marine Sedimentation In Central Anatolia, Turkey, Ali̇ Osman Yücel, Ercan Özcan, Rita Catanzariti, Aynur Hakyemez, Aral Okay, Tahsi̇n Atti̇la Çi̇ner, Ali̇ Akin

Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences

New field observations and discovery of calcareous nannofossils and planktonic foraminifera from the 'shallow-marine' Çayraz Formation (Haymana Basin, Central Anatolia), a contributing Eocene section to the shallow benthic zonation (SBZ) in the Tethys, allow us to revise its stratigraphy and establish an integrated biostratigraphic scheme for the first time. The hemipelagic marls in the uppermost part of the Eskipolatlı Formation that underlies the Çayraz Formation yielded nannofossil assemblages of Zone CNE3, pinning down the initiation of the Çayraz shelf system into the 'middle' Ypresian. The prominent marly part (Member B) between the carbonate-clastic packages of the Çayraz Formation with prolific …

Fired Shards From Selected Ancient Anatolian Ceramics: A Brief Review Of Their Mineralogical Nature And Pedological?Microstructural Evolution, Seli̇m Kapur, Selahatti̇n Kadi̇r, Gilbert Kelling, Erhan Akça, Mustafa Topaksu, Necdet Sakarya, Zehra Yeği̇ngi̇l, Muhsi̇n Eren, Ewart Adsil Fitzpatrick

Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences

This review is concerned with some key features observed within grouped samples of ancient ceramics that provide important evidence concerning the selection of appropriate raw materials and the evolution of the firing technologies employed in their production. It also demonstrates the importance of distinguishing and accounting for the mineralogical and microstructural attributes and identifying the processes responsible for the microstructural evolution of these ancient ceramics. The mineralogy largely reflects both the nature of the raw materials used and the maximum temperatures achieved during firing, deduced from the presence of specific high temperature minerals (HTMs). The microstructural evolution processes, deduced by …

Structural Analysis And Interpretation Of Deformation Along The Keweenaw Fault System From Lake Linden To Mohawk, Michigan, Nolan G. Gamet

Dissertations, Master's Theses and Master's Reports

The Keweenaw fault is likely the most significant and most studied fault associated with the Midcontinent Rift System. The fault roughly bisects the Keweenaw Peninsula and places Portage Lake Volcanics (~1.1 Ga) over much younger Jacobsville Sandstone (~1.0 Ga). Published bedrock geology maps with cross sections from the 1950s show the fault as a single continuous trace that is locally associated with smaller cross faults and splays. The accompanying cross-sections show hanging-wall volcanic strata having a well-defined, listric geometry with dip decreasing away from the fault to the northwest.

This M.S. thesis presents a structural analysis and interpretation of the …

Age And Chemistry Of Bell Creek Batholith, Elana G. Barth

Dissertations, Master's Theses and Master's Reports

The Southern Complex, located near Marquette, Michigan is in the southernmost portion of the Superior Province. This complex consists of granitoids and granitic gneiss that vary in composition. In twentieth century research, Hoffman (1987) and Tinkham (1997) concluded that the Southern Complex contained two units in which the granitoid was emplaced in the granitic gneiss. Recent research conducted by Petryk (2019) determined that the Southern Complex has a U-Pb zircon age of 2600 Ma. Dalle Fratte (2020) concluded that the granitic gneiss migmatite texture was the result of a felsic magma mixing with several generations of mafic intrusions that were …