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Articles 3571 - 3600 of 4189

Full-Text Articles in Numerical Analysis and Scientific Computing

Message Passing Algorithm Through Particles On Factor Graph In Cooperative Positioning Network, Xinyue Fan, Wang Guan, Zhou Fei Jan 2019

Message Passing Algorithm Through Particles On Factor Graph In Cooperative Positioning Network, Xinyue Fan, Wang Guan, Zhou Fei

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Combining the sum-product algorithm with the factor graph can achieve cooperative positioning by a distributed manner. The sum-product algorithm is a message passing algorithm. However, the parameter method cannot meet the positioning needs because of the large error in the non-linear non-Gaussian environment. Therefore, this paper presents an algorithm to achieve message passing in the form of particle. The calculation of the message in the factor consists of summation and quadrature processes. The proposed method obtains the sum of messages by importance sampling, obtains the product of messages using Gibbs sampling. Particle-based information passing algorithm can simplify the complex …

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Model Of Target Assignment In Joint Fire Strike Operations, Chen Hui, Yaping Ma Jan 2019

Model Of Target Assignment In Joint Fire Strike Operations, Chen Hui, Yaping Ma

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: The assignment of firepower resources in combination to the target is one of the key problems in planning work of joint fire strike operations. According to the characteristics of joint fire strike target assignment problem, and synthetically considering the factors such as strike sequence, damage grade, threats, cost-effectiveness, damage, a multi-objective optimization model of target assignment problem is established. By combining the MOEA/D and the multi-level co-evolutionary framework, a multi-objective optimization model is proposed to solve the target assignment based on the multi-level cooperative MOEA/D algorithm, and the related genetic evolution mechanism is designed. The simulation …

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Coalescence Characteristics Of Droplets Containing Surfactants On Topographic Substrates, Xuemin Ye, Yuxi Lin, Lifang Lu, Chunxi Li Jan 2019

Coalescence Characteristics Of Droplets Containing Surfactants On Topographic Substrates, Xuemin Ye, Yuxi Lin, Lifang Lu, Chunxi Li

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: The droplet motion evolution model was established based on the lubrication theory for two identical surfactant-containing droplets on the topographic substrate. The coalescing process of the droplets on topographic substrate was simulated, and the effects of spacing, wave number and base height on the characteristics of coalescing were examined. The results show that the two droplets meet and superimpose each other under the capillary force, and finally form a “new” droplet at tf. The dynamics of droplet over time are divided into five stages; while the surfactant concentration experiences the three stages in a short period; …

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Asymmetry Investigation On Radial Tire Contact Pressure Distribution, Haibo Huang, Xudong Yu, Jinpeng Liu, Yao Zhen Jan 2019

Asymmetry Investigation On Radial Tire Contact Pressure Distribution, Haibo Huang, Xudong Yu, Jinpeng Liu, Yao Zhen

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: The asymmetric pressure distribution in tire contact patch has significant impact on the vehicle fuel economy, tire wear and tire dynamics. In this paper, a FEA model for 205/55R16 semi-steel radial tire was built and verified by static pressure experiments. The influences of tire structural parameters and vehicle driving parameters on asymmetry factor for exploring the asymmetry of the pressure distribution in contact patch were investigated in the steady-state rolling condition. The results show that the influence of the parameters ranging from +50% to -50% on the asymmetry factor of the contact pressure distribution is nonlinear. The impact order …

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Image Classification Based On Sparse Autoencoder And Support Vector Machine, Liu Fang, Lixia Lu, Hongjuan Wang, Wang Xin Jan 2019

Image Classification Based On Sparse Autoencoder And Support Vector Machine, Liu Fang, Lixia Lu, Hongjuan Wang, Wang Xin

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: A new algorithm of image classification based on the sparse autoencoder and the support vector machine was proposed in view of the drawbacks that the single layer sparse autoencoder for feature learning is easy to lose the deep abstract feature and the features lack the robustness. The deep sparse autoencoder is constructed to learn each image layer and the feature of each layer is automatically extracted. The each feature weights and the reorganized set of feature are obtained according to the feature weighting method. By combining the strong global search ability of genetic algorithm and the excellent performance of …

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Broadband 2-D Doa Estimation Based On Continuous Sparse Recovery, Chenxi Wu, Zhang Min, Keren Wang Jan 2019

Broadband 2-D Doa Estimation Based On Continuous Sparse Recovery, Chenxi Wu, Zhang Min, Keren Wang

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: For the problem of two dimensional underdetermined direction of arrival (2-D DOA) estimation, three parallel sparse arrays are designed and a novel DOA method based on continuous sparse recovery is proposed. The dimension of received data is reduced and the cross covariance matrix is vectorized to improve freedom degree. According to the objection function of the minimization issue based on total variation norm constraint, the space frequency is achieved by solving corresponding dual problem. The center frequency, azimuth and pitch angles are paired by capon method. Theoretical analysis shows the proposed method has a higher array aperture extension and …

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Multi-Objective Optimization Of The Main Circuit And Control Parameters Of The Buck-Boost Matrix Converter, Xiaoping Zhang, Wenhao Song, Hongping Zhu Jan 2019

Multi-Objective Optimization Of The Main Circuit And Control Parameters Of The Buck-Boost Matrix Converter, Xiaoping Zhang, Wenhao Song, Hongping Zhu

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: The optimization of main circuit parameters and control parameters of the Buck-Boost matrix converter has been investigated. The study takes the main circuit parameters and control parameters as optimization object and takes the harmonic distortion of output voltage, capacitance voltage deviation and inductance current deviation of the converter as optimization target. Firstly, multi-objective optimization satisfaction function is established correspondingly. Meanwhile, the fitness function is built and solved to achieve a set of optimizing parameters based on the fruit fly algorithm, which makes each optimizing target achieve synergistic optimal. Finally, the optimization effect is verified by simulation. The results show …

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Inputting Strategy Simulation Of Multi-Ramp Coordinated Control Signal For Urban Expressway, Mingbao Pang, Zemin Xia, Yanhai Luan Jan 2019

Inputting Strategy Simulation Of Multi-Ramp Coordinated Control Signal For Urban Expressway, Mingbao Pang, Zemin Xia, Yanhai Luan

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Based on the analysis of the driver's reaction when the urban expressway is in traffic jamming state and stated preference survey (SP) investigating, the key parameters' variation trends when the driving behavior adjusts and the possible path changing probability for a driver in each state are determined. A cellular automaton model of coordinated control section on urban expressway is established, where the driving behaviors are described accurately. The characteristics of traffic flow is discussed via the simulation experiments after inputting coordination control signals with different on-ramp numbers upstream of jamming point. The effects of each coordinated control modes on …

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Open Circuit Fault Diagnosis Strategy For Switch Of Three Level Inverter, Yanxia Shen, Beibei Miao Jan 2019

Open Circuit Fault Diagnosis Strategy For Switch Of Three Level Inverter, Yanxia Shen, Beibei Miao

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Fault diagnosis of switch is the premise of reliable operation of three-level-inverter under the fault of the switch. Taking simple open circuit fault of the diode neutral point clamped (NPC) three level inverter as an example, the open circuit fault diagnosis method based on the combination of online and offline diagnoses is proposed. The fault phase is detected by the mean value of the bridge arm phase voltages. In the time domain, the fault switch tube is diagnosed by the maximum and minimum values of the load phase voltages. In the frequency domain, the amplitude of the fault signal …

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Gams-Based Active Power Optimization With Reactive Power Compensation, Weiqing Sun, Ye Lei, Yiyun Tu Jan 2019

Gams-Based Active Power Optimization With Reactive Power Compensation, Weiqing Sun, Ye Lei, Yiyun Tu

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Based on the safe operation of the electric system, aiming at the problems of large power loss and high generation cost, it is unreasonable to schedule electricity through only one index, so a combined model of economic dispatch with reactive power optimization and a linearized model of unit commitment are proposed. The ideal point method changes multi-objective optimization problem which is combined with the generation cost and power loss into a single objective optimization problem and solved by GAMS. The case analysis for IEEE-39 bus system and a regional transmission network, by adjusting the generator active and reactive power …

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Modeling And Analysis For Underwater High-Speed Supercavitaing Torpedo, He Zhen, Aiping Pang, Jinghua Wang, Fanwei Meng, Guangxiong Wang Jan 2019

Modeling And Analysis For Underwater High-Speed Supercavitaing Torpedo, He Zhen, Aiping Pang, Jinghua Wang, Fanwei Meng, Guangxiong Wang

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Supercavitation technology can significantly reduce skin-friction drag of underwater torpedo, and therefore dramatically increase the velocity and attack power of underwater weapons. Because the torpedo is almost entirely enveloped by a supercavity, the hydrodynamic problems of the high-speed supercavitating torpedo (HSST) are complex. The hydrodynamic forces acting on cavitator, fin, and the planing force along the longitude plane of the underwater HSST are analyzed. A benchmark nonlinear dynamics model of supercavitating torpedo is established based on the basic dynamic equations of the longitude plane, and the specific parameters of HSST are calculated. In the longitude plane the motion equation …

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Stability Analysis Of Post-Fault Power Angle Based On Relevance Vector Machine, Haiying Li, Zhuocheng Xue Jan 2019

Stability Analysis Of Post-Fault Power Angle Based On Relevance Vector Machine, Haiying Li, Zhuocheng Xue

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Energy interconnection has become a hot topic in the current research.With the large-scale of new energy into the grid, the safe operation of power system is facing new challenges. On line fast stability analysis is one of the effective ways to solve this problem. Traditional power system transient safety analysis method is difficult to adapt to the on-line analysis, and the further development of large data processing and machine learning provides a new way of thinking. The classification model of relevance vector machine (RVM) based on Bayesian framework is used to design a kind of power angle classification strategy. …

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Trust Model And Simulation Of E-Commerce Based On Social Networks, Yu Zhen, Zhu Jie, Guicheng Shen Jan 2019

Trust Model And Simulation Of E-Commerce Based On Social Networks, Yu Zhen, Zhu Jie, Guicheng Shen

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: In the current e-commerce industry, users need to check for the historical evaluation of the commodity before buying goods mostly, but false recommendations and massive redundancy recommendation problem which widely exists at present seriously affect the effectiveness and accuracy of users’ obtaining recommendations. For getting trust in e-commerce transactions, an e-commerce trust model SNTrust based on social networks is proposed. In SNTrust model, each user maintains a trusted social network set; a topological structure of the user information diffusion in the social network is described in the model, and the recommendation node trust is introduced to measure its credibility, …

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Quadrotor Attitude Control Based On An Improved Adrc, Wang Biao, Chaoying Tang, Daqing Kong Jan 2019

Quadrotor Attitude Control Based On An Improved Adrc, Wang Biao, Chaoying Tang, Daqing Kong

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: An improved attitude control scheme for the quadrotor is proposed based on active disturbance rejection control (ADRC). The attitude dynamics of the quadrotor is modelled and analysed. The influence of actuator characteristics is discussed to establish an extended state observer (ESO). Based on it, the ESO is compensated by the delay unit and its discrete state equations are given. Nonlinear function of previous studies is used to construct nonlinear state error feedback (NLSEF). The simulation results show that the ESO with compensation of the delay unit gets better estimation of disturbance and compensates to disturbance better than the ESO …

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Simulation And Experimental Verification Of Grinding Force Based On Different Directions Of Ultrasonic Vibration, Wang Yan, Qin Chen, Jianguo Liu, Shuiping Peng, Delin Li Jan 2019

Simulation And Experimental Verification Of Grinding Force Based On Different Directions Of Ultrasonic Vibration, Wang Yan, Qin Chen, Jianguo Liu, Shuiping Peng, Delin Li

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: The method based on variable angle of ultrasonic vibration assisted grinding was put forward to identify the relationship between direction of ultrasonic vibration and grinding force. The trajectory of grit in contact zone was analyzed. The stress field of contact zone and the grinding force, which were based on the different directions of ultrasonic vibration, were simulated and analyzed by Deform-3D. A series of grinding experiments of GCr15 were conducted. It demonstrates that with the angle α increasing, the grinding force firstly decreased and then increased. The experiment results showed that the error of normal force is 5.23% and …

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Modeling And Realization Of Acoustic Signal Separation Simulation System Based On Systemvue, Xiaorong Tong Jan 2019

Modeling And Realization Of Acoustic Signal Separation Simulation System Based On Systemvue, Xiaorong Tong

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Aiming at the practical requirements of blind separation process of acoustic signals, a modeling method of acoustic signals separation simulation system based on SystemVue simulation platform is proposed according to specific mode of signal separation and acoustic sensor network layout in the practical work. It provides a novel signal separation algorithm based on signal single source detection which is the improvement of FastICA algorithm. It also can obtain the source acoustic signals without the information of signal source numbers. The SystemVue software is used to model the net of acoustic sensors, and the target simulation information is generated at …

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Air Admission Feature And Discharge Coefficient Of Fixed Conical Valve, Chengbiao Tong, Zhixiong Zhou, Qiuxia Yan Jan 2019

Air Admission Feature And Discharge Coefficient Of Fixed Conical Valve, Chengbiao Tong, Zhixiong Zhou, Qiuxia Yan

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: The complicated flow pattern is existent in fixed conical valve. When the high speed jet flowing near the diversion cone injects the sudden enlargement area, the severe vortex and evident negative pressure are generated. To reduce or eliminate the negative pressure area, the admission pipe should be installed. For clarifying the air admission and flow rule beyond air admission, a calculation mathematical model is built, the basic law of negative pressure generation and air admission is obtained; CFD is adopted to certify that the admission pipe is efficient to restrain the negative pressure; under air admission condition, the two-phase …

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Improved Intelligent Water Drops Algorithm Applied To Power Economic Emission Dispatch, Wenqing Zhao, Zhibu Qin Jan 2019

Improved Intelligent Water Drops Algorithm Applied To Power Economic Emission Dispatch, Wenqing Zhao, Zhibu Qin

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Multi-objective optimization for power economic emission dispatch aimed at minimizing the economic costs of power generation and gas emissions. To solve the problems of low search performance and easy to fall into local optimal solution with intelligent water drops algorithm for continuous optimization process, an improved intelligent water drops algorithm based on simulated annealing method was introduced. The improved algorithm had a better advantage in the number of iterations and the search for solutions. The proposed approach verified by Matlab simulation was applied to IEEE-30 bus test system with 6 generating units to solve the multi-objective optimization problem of …

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Bi-Directional Dc-Dc Converter For Battery Energy Storage, Kun Xia, Xinwei Hong, Yuan Yin, Anghui Chen Jan 2019

Bi-Directional Dc-Dc Converter For Battery Energy Storage, Kun Xia, Xinwei Hong, Yuan Yin, Anghui Chen

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: A topology of non-isolated bi-directional DC-DC converter is proposed. The converter adopts the synchronous rectifier half bridge buck-boost circuit as the foundation using the voltage and current double closed-loop control method to achieve the function of the lithium batteries charging and discharging. The working principles of the DC-DC converter are analyzed under the charging mode, discharging mode and parallel supply mode. The simulation model for the converter circuit is established in Matlab/Simulink circumstance and the system experiment is built. The simulation and experiment verifies the feasibility and the reliability of the converter. The simulation results show that …

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In-Cylinder Process Simulation Of Swashplate Revoloving Cylinder Piston Engine Based On Fluid-Structure Interaction, Li Xin, Chengshi Yang, Peng Bo Jan 2019

In-Cylinder Process Simulation Of Swashplate Revoloving Cylinder Piston Engine Based On Fluid-Structure Interaction, Li Xin, Chengshi Yang, Peng Bo

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Using dynamic mesh technology, In-cylinder working process of the engine is detailedly designed in this article regarding the new swashplate revolving cylinder piston engine. We establish the numeral simulation model of the engine working process based on fluid-structure interaction, the pressure and temperature distribution of the In-cylinder gas in the six thermal process is obtained, and the temperature distribution of the hot end components is presented. The results show that the working process of the engine is reasonably organized. The biggest thermal load appears in the intake flow process. The wall temperature of the gas side is lower …

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Numerical Simulation Of Thermal Properties Of Active Phased Array Antenna, Wang Yong, Ting Lu, Longwen Wu, Changwu Xiong, Weng Xia, Ping'an Du Jan 2019

Numerical Simulation Of Thermal Properties Of Active Phased Array Antenna, Wang Yong, Ting Lu, Longwen Wu, Changwu Xiong, Weng Xia, Ping'an Du

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: The grid priority modeling and multi-level meshing techniques are applied to analyze the thermal properties of the active phased array antenna with the micro/mini channels cooling method for simplifying modeling process, reducing the mesh quantity and saving the cost of computation effectively. The multi-level meshing technique can refine the mesh near the boundary of the complex components significantly without changing the mesh quantity in the model, which improves the mesh’s quality obviously. Through the thermal simulation and experiment measurement of the antenna, the temperature and pressure field are obtained. It is proved that the addressed approach can …

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Abnormal Behavior Detection Via Super-Pixels Time Context Feature, Chen Ying, Dandan He Jan 2019

Abnormal Behavior Detection Via Super-Pixels Time Context Feature, Chen Ying, Dandan He

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: In order to accurately locate the abnormal behavior, an anomaly detection method based on time context features of super-pixels is proposed. For feature representation, the video frames are firstly segmented into super-pixels. The super-pixels of foreground are then selected according to their pixel ratios of foreground. Super-pixels matching adjacent frames are selected based on the gray-level histogram and the information of location to enhance the temporal context of super-pixel features. The statical value of multilayer histogram of optical flow of matched super-pixels are taken as the feature for detection. In the phase of detection, the sparse combination learning algorithm …

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An Anti-Occlusion Adaptive Particle Filtering Algorithm, Li Ju, Mingwei Cao, Yu Ye, Xia Yu, Lifan Zhou Jan 2019

An Anti-Occlusion Adaptive Particle Filtering Algorithm, Li Ju, Mingwei Cao, Yu Ye, Xia Yu, Lifan Zhou

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Considering the influence of local occlusion on particle filter tracking algorithm, an anti occlusion adaptive particle filtering algorithm is proposed. It adopts a rectangle as the tracking window, and uses the K mean clustering algorithm to complete particle clustering in resampling, and then obtains the particle subgroup. It estimates the final state according to particles subgroups, and modifies the tracking window. When the area changes more than 5%, the tracking window maintains the same as the one in last frame. Otherwise, the tracking window will change according to the size of moving object, which is a self-adaptation process. At …

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Scenario Computing For Analysis Of Deep Uncertainty Systems, Liu Yi, Gangqiao Wang, Zhipeng Wu, Zhenqiang Fan, Yongqiang Chen Jan 2019

Scenario Computing For Analysis Of Deep Uncertainty Systems, Liu Yi, Gangqiao Wang, Zhipeng Wu, Zhenqiang Fan, Yongqiang Chen

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: A method of scenario computing is developed for modeling systems with deep uncertainty. The method consists three complementary parts: hybrid modelling, diverse computing, and interactive validation. Hybrid modelling is to dynamically develop models with merging historical knowledges and observed information. Diversity computation is to simulate multiple plausible scenarios about system future. Interactive validation helps scenario computing process being on the right way instead of deviating. Two cases are provided in this paper applying scenario computing, one is earthquake and the other is driving and transportation. The results show good performance of scenario computing method in modeling uncertainty systems.

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Mathematical Modeling And Simulation Of Hydraulic Gauge Control System, Weigang Li, Guilin Tao Jan 2019

Mathematical Modeling And Simulation Of Hydraulic Gauge Control System, Weigang Li, Guilin Tao

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: On the basis of hydraulic valve control cylinder model and combining with the structure and load characteristics of the hydraulic gauge control system (HGC), a “flow linearization” model for HGC was presented and the shortcomings of the model in analyzing the dynamic characteristics of HGC were pointed out. In view of the characteristics of the large load variation range of HGC and according to the principle of “load compensation”, the flow correction coefficient and the related transfer function were analyzed and deduced, and the mathematical model of HGC based on “load compensation” was established. Combined with a practical …

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Simple Chaotic Circuit Based On Memristance Function With Real Exponents Power, Xiaohong Zhang, Yanli Qi Jan 2019

Simple Chaotic Circuit Based On Memristance Function With Real Exponents Power, Xiaohong Zhang, Yanli Qi

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: The simplest chaotic circuit contains only three circuit elements: a linear passive inductor, a linear passive capacitor and a nonlinear active memristor. In the design of memristors, power of memristance function polynomial with integral exponents is commonly used. On this basis, a general memristor is designed, of which the memristance function polynomial uses power with real exponents, a simple chaotic system is constructed based on the designed memristor. The influence of integral exponents, real exponents and linear parameters on dynamic behaviors is investigated, and chaotic behaviors are analyzed qualitatively using Lyapunov exponents. The Matlab and Multisim simulation results show …

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Simulation Research Of Closed Control System For Equipment Operation And Maintenance With Parts Inventory System, Li Bing, Wang Xing, Xuan Hua, Xueyuan Wang Jan 2019

Simulation Research Of Closed Control System For Equipment Operation And Maintenance With Parts Inventory System, Li Bing, Wang Xing, Xuan Hua, Xueyuan Wang

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: The highly reliable equipment operation and maintenance system is very important to enterprise’s safety production. The control system for equipment operation and maintenance with a parts inventory system is generally discussed. The proposed system is composed of a parts inventory subsystem, an equipment operation subsystem and an equipment maintenance subsystem as parallel and series form. And the control system belongs to a multi-level closed loop system. The system is a kind of discrete event dynamic system. So it is difficult to be described with traditional mathematical analysis methods. The multi-class closed control system simulation model is established with Simulink …

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Error Estimation For Material Simulation Data Based On Hybrid Learning Algorithm, Wang Juan, Xiaoyu Yang, Zongguo Wang, Ren Jie, Xushan Zhao Jan 2019

Error Estimation For Material Simulation Data Based On Hybrid Learning Algorithm, Wang Juan, Xiaoyu Yang, Zongguo Wang, Ren Jie, Xushan Zhao

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: In order to obtain high quality material simulation data from Density Functional Theory material calculation software package, a modeling method based on BP neural network was proposed to build model estimating the error of material simulation data. A novel hybrid algorithm combining simple particle swarm optimization algorithm that excludes speed item with BP algorithm, also referred to tsPSO-BP, was proposed to optimize the connection weights of the BP neural network. The hybrid learning algorithm not only makes use of strong global searching ability of the PSO, but also strong local searching ability of the BP algorithm. The BP …

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Research On Fault-Tolerant Flight Control Computer System Based On Dynamic Reconfiguration, Xiaozhe Sun, Zongji Chen, Yongliang Gu Jan 2019

Research On Fault-Tolerant Flight Control Computer System Based On Dynamic Reconfiguration, Xiaozhe Sun, Zongji Chen, Yongliang Gu

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: The fault-tolerant Fly-By-Wire flight control systems of four advanced aircrafts of Boeing and Airbus series (B777, B787, A340 and A380) were analyzed and compared. The disadvantages needed to be improved were explored in terms of software reliability and system reconfiguration of Boeing and Airbus Fly-By-Wire flight control systems. A novel redundant fault-tolerant flight control computer (FCC) system was presented. The proposed FCC scheme was qualitatively and quantitatively compared with redundant FCC of Boeing and Airbus. The three schemes' reliability was modelled and evaluated through the hierarchical hybrid modelling method. The conclusions are obtained as follows: the proposed …

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Multi-Dimension Proportion-Differential Nonlinear Pilot Model And Simulation Application, Weian Jiang Jan 2019

Multi-Dimension Proportion-Differential Nonlinear Pilot Model And Simulation Application, Weian Jiang

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: For better simulated study of pilot’s accident avoidance ability and pilot induced oscillation (PIO) characteristic of a man-aircraft close loop system, a method of “physiology-psychology-physiology” is presented to divide pilot models into three parts of input(signal), processing(decision making) and output(action), and a new multi-dimension proportion-differential nonlinear pilot model (MPDNLPM) is presented also. Simulated study is performed by simulated control of an aircraft pitch control model under backside tracking status for carrier landing. Conclusion: 1) The control performance of the man-aircraft system is slightly better than an ideal proportional control. 2) PIO is possible for well-trained pilot. 3) Proper anticipation, …

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