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Articles 31 - 60 of 77
Full-Text Articles in Physical Chemistry
Coadsorption Of Para-Toluene Sulfamide And 1.4-Butynediol At Mercury Electrode, Shukun Huang, Naixian Xie, De Gao, Qiang Liu
Coadsorption Of Para-Toluene Sulfamide And 1.4-Butynediol At Mercury Electrode, Shukun Huang, Naixian Xie, De Gao, Qiang Liu
Journal of Electrochemistry
The coadsorption characteristics of para-toluene sulfamide and 1,4-butynediol atmercury electrode have been studied by means of electrocapillary curve, differential capacity curve, Stuart model and the SCFMO method (CNDO/2). The coadsorption is a physical adsorption occuringnaturally. Lateral and flat orientations in the two adsorbates close to their maximum adsorptionpotential were considered respectively. Unlike attractive interactions of their own, there was arepulsive interaction at their coadsorption layer. A preferred adsorption of 1,4-butynediol occurred when they were at the same volume concentration.
A Relativistic Density-Functional Investigation Of Vibrational Frequencies Of Cn- On Cu And Ag Electrodes, Mengsheng Liao, Xin Lv, Qianer Zhang
A Relativistic Density-Functional Investigation Of Vibrational Frequencies Of Cn- On Cu And Ag Electrodes, Mengsheng Liao, Xin Lv, Qianer Zhang
Journal of Electrochemistry
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Development Of High Active Aluminum Alloy Sacrificail Anode, Zhaobo Wei, Jianhua Wu, Guangzhang Chen, Songrao Jiang, Zenya Li
Development Of High Active Aluminum Alloy Sacrificail Anode, Zhaobo Wei, Jianhua Wu, Guangzhang Chen, Songrao Jiang, Zenya Li
Journal of Electrochemistry
A high active aluminum alloy sacrificial anode with the operating potential-1.40 v (SCE), and the the current capacity more than 2175 A·h/kg and dissolution fair issuccessfully developed by adding zinc, indium, gallium, bismuth and heat treatment. The aluminumalloy sacrificial anode with super electrochemical properties can throughly replace the magnesium alloyanode when applied to seawater and freshening seawater, which is obviously advantageous to thetechnology and economy.
Studies On The Structure Of Licoo2 Synthesized With Tartaric Acid And The Behaviorof Its Rechargeable Lithium Battery, Fuping Zhang
Studies On The Structure Of Licoo2 Synthesized With Tartaric Acid And The Behaviorof Its Rechargeable Lithium Battery, Fuping Zhang
Journal of Electrochemistry
The structure of LiCoO2 synthesized with tartaric acid and the behavior of itsrechargeable Lithium battery have been studied by XRD, XPS, CV, CT. It has been shown that LiCoO2 has a space group R3m with hexagonal parameters a=0.2810 nm, c=1.4088 nm. Low-spin state Co3+ configuration in LiCoO2 has been suggested. Also, Li2O, was identified onits surface. Furthermore, the capacity and the middle working voltage of its Lithium battery are about 120 mA·h·g-1 and 3.8 V, respectively. The EMF of the cell changes with the Lithium composition of itscathode following E=4.318-0.450 X2/3 in …
Effect Of Symmetric Alternating Current On Cathode Surface Before Iron Deposition, Xintan Hu
Effect Of Symmetric Alternating Current On Cathode Surface Before Iron Deposition, Xintan Hu
Journal of Electrochemistry
The composition and thickness of active film formed on the surface of cathode made of low carbon steel after treated by symmetric alternating current (SAC) in ferris chloride bathis studied,and the interfacial morphology of the iron deposit and the substrate is also examined. The results show that the active film, which a thickness of 20~25nm can be obtained under SAC densityof about 7 A·dm-2 ,so that the adherent iron deposit can be achieved on the active film. The effect of SAC on cathode surface is discussed in detail.
Photoelectric Property For Zinc Phthalocyanine Of Doping C60 On Inp Electrode, Mengxiong Zhan, Rongqing Yu, Biaolian Zhen, Dadian Cheng, Lansun Zheng
Photoelectric Property For Zinc Phthalocyanine Of Doping C60 On Inp Electrode, Mengxiong Zhan, Rongqing Yu, Biaolian Zhen, Dadian Cheng, Lansun Zheng
Journal of Electrochemistry
The curves of spectral and photovoltaic responses to zinc phthalocyanine of doping C60 were determinted. The photovoltaic property for zinc phthalocyanine of doping C60 wereinvestigated on the InP single crystal in the photoelectrochemical cell.The results have shown that: 1)The photovoltaic effect and the in tensities of the spectral response and of the photovoltaic responsefor ZnPc of doping C60 were greater than those of ZnPc; 2)had better redox couple in the cells.
Studies On The Bright Zinc-Nickel Alloy Palting In Alkaline Baths, Jiale Cai, Shaomin Zhou
Studies On The Bright Zinc-Nickel Alloy Palting In Alkaline Baths, Jiale Cai, Shaomin Zhou
Journal of Electrochemistry
The electrochemical properties of the Zn-Ni plating baths and the structure andperformance of the obtained deposits were investigated. The results show that the nickel content of theobtained deposits is incereased with decreasing of Zn2+/Ni2+ ratio in the baths and with increasing of cathodic current density; The cathode current efficiency is increased with increasing of Zn[Ⅱ] content in the bath and with decreasing of cathodic current density. The ZN-11 additive used is thereaction product of heterocyclic compound and polyamines with epichlorohydrin, it has a higheradsorptivity on Hg-electrode at potential between -0.16~-1.68 V (vs. Hg/HgO, 1 mol·L-1 KOH). …
Study On The Surface States Of Zinc Sulfide Thin Film Doped With Erbium And Their Effect On The Relaxation Luminance, Yujiang Wang, Zhaohong Liu, Zhenxiang Chen
Study On The Surface States Of Zinc Sulfide Thin Film Doped With Erbium And Their Effect On The Relaxation Luminance, Yujiang Wang, Zhaohong Liu, Zhenxiang Chen
Journal of Electrochemistry
X-ray photoelectron spectrum and characteristics of the capacity, versus thevoltage of the thin film devices are measured to study the surface states of the zinc sulfide thin film.The transient electroluminescence excited by pulses shows the relaxation luminance peaks during anon-exponential decay process of the characteristic transitions activated by Er3+ in the ZnS directcurrent thin film electroluminescence (DCTFEL) devices.The surface structures of ZnS:Cu, Cl, Erfilm with the absorption of oxygen, and the effect of the surface states on the relaxation luminance ofthe devices are discussed.
Angle-Resolved Photoelectron Spectroscopy Of C60, T. Liebsch, O. Plotzke, Franz Heiser, U. Hergenhahn, Oliver Hemmers, R. Wehlitz, J. Viefhaus, B. Langer, S. B. Whitfield, U. Becker
Angle-Resolved Photoelectron Spectroscopy Of C60, T. Liebsch, O. Plotzke, Franz Heiser, U. Hergenhahn, Oliver Hemmers, R. Wehlitz, J. Viefhaus, B. Langer, S. B. Whitfield, U. Becker
Environmental Studies Faculty Publications
Angle-resolved photoelectron spectra of gaseous C60 were recorded in the photon energy regions from 21 to 108 eV and from 295 to 320 eV. Partial cross sections σ and the angular distribution anisotropy parameter β vary significantly with photon energy, particularly in the near-threshold region of the valence and the core ionization regimes. Some of these effects may be attributed to scattering of the outgoing photoelectron by the atoms of the ionized C60 molecule. Our results indicate that the observed satellites of the C(1s) main line are most likely of shake-up character. Low-energy electrons emitted below the shake-off …
Vibrational-State-Dependent Decay Of The Co C(1s) Excitation, N. Saito, Franz Heiser, Oliver Hemmers, A. Hempelmann, K. Wieliczek, J. Viefhaus, U. Becker
Vibrational-State-Dependent Decay Of The Co C(1s) Excitation, N. Saito, Franz Heiser, Oliver Hemmers, A. Hempelmann, K. Wieliczek, J. Viefhaus, U. Becker
Environmental Studies Faculty Publications
Molecular ionization and ionic fragmentation of core excited CO valence and Rydberg states are studied by partial-ion-yield spectroscopy at vibrational resolution. The vibrational intensities of the Rydberg excitations differ significantly depending on the ionization and/or fragmentation channel. The observed intensity variations are explained by nondissociative excited final ionic states of the subsequent molecular Auger decay. The vibrational levels of these final states become selectively depopulated due to interaction with dissociative decay channels leading to ionic fragmentation.
Electrochcmical Reaction Of Redox Proteins Speeded Up By The Dye Modified Electrodes, Ting Chen, Shaojun Dong, Yuanwu Xie
Electrochcmical Reaction Of Redox Proteins Speeded Up By The Dye Modified Electrodes, Ting Chen, Shaojun Dong, Yuanwu Xie
Journal of Electrochemistry
The electron transfer reaction of redox proteins faciliated by dye medifiedelectrode was reviewed in this paper. The medification metheds and the properties of dye modifiedelectrode were discussed. Several different studying metheds,such as voltammetry, flow analysis and spectroelectrochemical method, were reviewed. Areversible electrocatalytic reaction mechanism was proposed and verified by comparing the digital calculation results with the experimental results.
Laser Scanning In-Situ Photoelectrochemical Microscopictechnique And Its Applications, Zugeng Lin, Jinkua You, Xiangdong Zhuo, Chun Zhang, Yong Yang
Laser Scanning In-Situ Photoelectrochemical Microscopictechnique And Its Applications, Zugeng Lin, Jinkua You, Xiangdong Zhuo, Chun Zhang, Yong Yang
Journal of Electrochemistry
The main factors of the laser scanning in-situ photoelectrochemical microscopic measurement system which is set up in our lab have been discusaed in this paper. Some applications of this technique for in-situ study of modification and processing of semiconductor electrodes, monitoring of electro deposition process of semiconducting material and redox reaction occurring at metal oxide electrodes have also been presented. The results have shown that the technique is very powerful that for studing local photoelectrochemical properties of semiconductors and metal oxide electrodes. These provide important information on the micro structural and electronic properties in the solid/electrolyte interface.
Studies Of The Black Molybdate Conversion Film On Stainless Steel, Jingli Fang, Liuqin Liuqin, Keping Han, Yaohui Chen
Studies Of The Black Molybdate Conversion Film On Stainless Steel, Jingli Fang, Liuqin Liuqin, Keping Han, Yaohui Chen
Journal of Electrochemistry
A black conversion film was formed on stainless steel with cathodic electrode position method from a molybdate-phosphate solution. This film displayed good themcotability. The results of XPS and AES analysis showed that the thickness of the film was 820 nm and that Mo existed as Mo(Ⅵ) in the surface of the film, while existed as Mo(Ⅵ) and Mo(Ⅳ) in the internal layer of the film. The relative atomic percent content (A.C.% of the film obtained from the elemental composition constant region of the depth profile curves by AES was O 50.9%, Mo 29.4%, P 12.6% and Fe 7.1% respectively. The …
Studies On Low Temperature Performance Of Rechargeable Mh-Ni Batteries, Wenkuan Zhang, Jingxian Shi, Yuwan Lou, Qiusheng Duan
Studies On Low Temperature Performance Of Rechargeable Mh-Ni Batteries, Wenkuan Zhang, Jingxian Shi, Yuwan Lou, Qiusheng Duan
Journal of Electrochemistry
The Dependence of low temperature performance on the alloy composition and electrolyte component for rechargeable MH-Ni batteries is studied, the suitable composition of alloy and electrofyte are founds.
An Indirect Electrochemical Oxidation Of Toluene──Anodic Oxidation Of Mn(Ⅱ) On The Lead Electrode, Zhonghua Wang, Qingmin Hua, Guacai Chen, Zhongquan Wang, Yunan Qiu, Xingguo Yan
An Indirect Electrochemical Oxidation Of Toluene──Anodic Oxidation Of Mn(Ⅱ) On The Lead Electrode, Zhonghua Wang, Qingmin Hua, Guacai Chen, Zhongquan Wang, Yunan Qiu, Xingguo Yan
Journal of Electrochemistry
The electrochemical oxidation of Mn(Ⅱ) to Mn(Ⅱ) in concentrated H2SO4 (2 ~ 8 mol⋅L-1) at lead electrode has been studied. It is found that the electrode surface is oxidized to PbO2 in a direct electrochemical reaction, then PbO2 formed reacts with Mn(Ⅱ) in a chemical reaction. Some effects involves current density, concentration of H2SO4, temperature and conversionwere evaluated. The rule of electrogenerated Mn(Ⅲ) in flow electrolysis cell were determined at several conditions. The current efficiency at greater than 90% is obtained in general.
Electrochemically Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode And Determination Of Copper By Anodic Stripping Voltammetry, Jinrui Xu, Yie Liu, Xiurun Zhuang, Tomoo Miwa, Toyohide Takeuchi
Electrochemically Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode And Determination Of Copper By Anodic Stripping Voltammetry, Jinrui Xu, Yie Liu, Xiurun Zhuang, Tomoo Miwa, Toyohide Takeuchi
Journal of Electrochemistry
This paper reported the glassy carbon electrode modified by cyclic voltammetrybetween -0.1 and +1.5 V (vs. SCE) in an aqueous solution containing catechol, for maldehyde and talium hydroxide. The modified electrode can be applied to the determination of copper(Ⅱ) in water, and its sensitivity is about 35 times higher than that of unmedified glassy carbon electrode, The quantitative limit with this modified electrode is 0.1 ng/ml.
The Formation And Voltammetric Behavior Of Manganese Chlorophyⅱ, Qingdong Qiao
The Formation And Voltammetric Behavior Of Manganese Chlorophyⅱ, Qingdong Qiao
Journal of Electrochemistry
The formation and voltam metric behavior of manganese chlorophyll werestudied. The electrochemical red uction mechanism of Mn chlorophyll a (MnChla) in aqueous solution was investigated and discussed. During the electrored uction of MnChla, the porphyrin ring was singlyreduced with 2 electrons and the Mn2+ ion remained its original state. The reduction rate constant km=0.36/s was gained.
The Electrochemical Reduction Of 2-Ethylanthraquinone (2eaq), Yaobin Zhu
The Electrochemical Reduction Of 2-Ethylanthraquinone (2eaq), Yaobin Zhu
Journal of Electrochemistry
The process of electrochemical reduction of 2EAQ in DMSO is studied using CVand ESR methods in this work, Pt, Pd and some implanted materials are used as electrodes. The quasi-rever-sible property of two electron transfer steps and their following homogeneous chemical reactions are illustrated. The mechanism of the electrochemical red uction of 2EAQ and the kinetic parameters of the related steps are obtained. Having measured the influence of water content in the system, the effect of the proton donor is discussed. After comparising the experimental results with each other these experiments gives us the idea that the replacement of metal …
Study On The Electron Transfer Process Of Cytochrome C With Different Charge Transfer Promoters, Guoxin Tang, Xiaqin Wu
Study On The Electron Transfer Process Of Cytochrome C With Different Charge Transfer Promoters, Guoxin Tang, Xiaqin Wu
Journal of Electrochemistry
The diffusion coefficient D. standard rate constant and transfer coefficient α for electron transfer process of cytochrome C at OTTLE in the presence of 4,4'-Dithiedipyridine (PySSPy), Adenine and L-Cysteine were determined by the chronoadsorptometric technique with Au-OTTLE. A computer fitting method was used to calculated these kinetic parameters .The mechanisms of PysSPy, Adenine and L-Cysteine were used as the promoters, and were also discussed.
Study Of The Electrochemistry Of Systems Of Practical Importance, Chuansin Cha, Juntao Lu
Study Of The Electrochemistry Of Systems Of Practical Importance, Chuansin Cha, Juntao Lu
Journal of Electrochemistry
Research projects mainly of the following two categories have been carrying on in this laboratory: 1. Development of experimental electrochemical methedes, including traditional electrochemicaland spectro-electrochemical techniques suitable for the study of practical electrochemical systems, such as porous electrodes, powdery materials, hazardous (toxic,explosive) systems, etc. 2. Study of electrochemical systems possessing practical importance, including mechanistic and electrocatalytic studies. The studied electrochemical systems are mostly related to electrochemical power sources, electrochemical sensors and electrochemical synthesis.
Photoelectrochemical And Spectroelectrochemical Studies Oniron Oxide Ultrafine Particles, Maizhi Yang, Yongjun Ji, Wen Zhang, Shengmin Cai, Xiaojiang Lu, Zhongqun Tian, Jin Luo
Photoelectrochemical And Spectroelectrochemical Studies Oniron Oxide Ultrafine Particles, Maizhi Yang, Yongjun Ji, Wen Zhang, Shengmin Cai, Xiaojiang Lu, Zhongqun Tian, Jin Luo
Journal of Electrochemistry
In this paper, Raman spectra, photocurrent and the UV-VIS reflectance aremeasured for studying the α-Fe2O3 ultrafine particles adsorbed on Pt electrode. The blue shifts of Raman peaks demonstrate the size quantization effect for the particles of 50 nm in diameter ascompared with the bulk material. With the changing of the potential, the photocurrent decrcases as the UV-VIS reflectance increases, and vice-versa. Therefore, the potential not only affects the hargetransfer direcdtion in the interface of electrode/redox couple, but also influences the light absortion onthe surface of particles. According to the results of photoelectrochemistry, we suggest that the cathodic …
A Sutface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopic Study On The Inhibition Mechanism Of Bmat On Stainless Steel In Hydrochloric Acid Solutions, Yinghua Zha, Baoming Wei, Zhongqun Tian, Changjian Lin
A Sutface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopic Study On The Inhibition Mechanism Of Bmat On Stainless Steel In Hydrochloric Acid Solutions, Yinghua Zha, Baoming Wei, Zhongqun Tian, Changjian Lin
Journal of Electrochemistry
The absorbtion of some nitrogen and sulfur compounds such as BMAT on 18-8stainless steel (SS) in 0.5% HCl were investigated by surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy. The SERS spectra of BMAT adsorbed on SS were measured using a SS electro deposited with discontinuous silvet micro-islands. The results show that the inhibitor, BMAT, is chemisorbed on the SS surface through the N atom. Under the influence of π-electron interaction, BMAT can be adsorbed on SS surface at an angle. The allyls in BMAT molecules play the role of steric hindrance in the inhibition effect.
The Effects Of Magnetic Field Onthe Electropolymerization Of Aniline, Lintao Cai, Shibing Yao, Shaomin Zhou
The Effects Of Magnetic Field Onthe Electropolymerization Of Aniline, Lintao Cai, Shibing Yao, Shaomin Zhou
Journal of Electrochemistry
The aniline electropolyinerization under the magnetic field was studied by cyclic voltammetry and potentiostatic step techniques. The maximum peak current was obtained at 0.58 T when the magnetic flux was perpendicular to the surface of the working electrode in H2SO4 solution. These were speculated in terins of magnetic dircctional effect. But when the magneic flux directed inparallcl with the surface of elctrode, the peak current obviously increased as the magnetic flux densityrised. The results were explained as the enhancement of mass transfer by magnetohydredynamic (MHD) mechanism. The PAN film growth via a two-dimentional (2-D) instantaneous nucleation under …
Horseradish Peroxidase/Poly-O-Phen Ylenediamine Mem Brane Electrode: Preparation And Properties, Dong Wei, Huihuang Wu
Horseradish Peroxidase/Poly-O-Phen Ylenediamine Mem Brane Electrode: Preparation And Properties, Dong Wei, Huihuang Wu
Journal of Electrochemistry
A horseradish peroxidase (HRP)/poly-o-phenylenediamine (PPD) membrane electrode was prepared by electropolymerization of o-phenylenediamine on glassy carbon in pH 7.0 phosphate buffer, the process of the enzyme immobilization was studied. The enzyme electrode obtained exhibits the activity to catalyze the electroreduction of hydrogen peroxide in the absence of any electron transfer mediator. The red uction reaction occurs in the potential range of PPD redoxprocess, it was believed that the polymer participates in electron transfer of the enzyme. The enzyme reaction kinetics at rotating HRP/PPD electrode was analysed, and the factors influencing kinetic parameters were discussed.
The Reduction Of Oxygen To Hydrogen Peroxide At The Poly(O-Phenylenediamine)-Filmed Electrode, Zhaoe Lu, Tiangeng Zhong, Guanyong Zhang
The Reduction Of Oxygen To Hydrogen Peroxide At The Poly(O-Phenylenediamine)-Filmed Electrode, Zhaoe Lu, Tiangeng Zhong, Guanyong Zhang
Journal of Electrochemistry
The poly(o-phenylenediamine) (PPD) filmed graphite electrode was formed by electro-polymerization of o-phenylenediamine in acidified (pH=1) 0.2 mol·L-1 Na2SO4 solution using the cyclic voltammetric methed. The catalytic effect of the electrcareduction of oxygen in acid olution was demonstrated by the voltammogram of the electrode in the oxygen saturated acid solutionof Na2SO4. The current efficiency of the reduction of oxygen to hydrogen peroxide was determined by the electrolysis in a divided cell under the condition of constant current. The various effectsinfluencing the accmulation of H2O2 in the catholyte were discussed.
Studies On Coordination Behavior Of Dimethyl Sulfoxide In Complex Of Rare Earth With Cryptand, Shichang Liu, Tianpei Zhu
Studies On Coordination Behavior Of Dimethyl Sulfoxide In Complex Of Rare Earth With Cryptand, Shichang Liu, Tianpei Zhu
Journal of Electrochemistry
Electrochemical reduction reaction in the course of the titration of Eu(2.2.2) and Eu(2.2) using strong bonding solvent, DMSO, in C2H4Cl2 has been investigated by cyclic voltammetry. The greater the concentration of strong bonding solvent, the more negative the half-wave potentials for the reduction reaction are. The coordination number of Eu(2.2.2) and Eu(2.2) which are 2 and 3 respectively, with DMSO can be calculated, according to the relations between half-wave potentials and the variety of concentration of DMSO.
Studies Of Elecctrochcmical Oscillation Of Au/Hcl In Presence Of ″Positive Feedback″Of Substrate Electrodes, Bin Ren, Bingwei Mao, Xiongwei Cai, Tao Jiang, Jiqian Mu
Studies Of Elecctrochcmical Oscillation Of Au/Hcl In Presence Of ″Positive Feedback″Of Substrate Electrodes, Bin Ren, Bingwei Mao, Xiongwei Cai, Tao Jiang, Jiqian Mu
Journal of Electrochemistry
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A Photoelectrochemical Investigation Of Zirconium Oxide Film, Maizhi Yang, Ping Wei, Di Quarto F., Piazza S., Sunseri C.
A Photoelectrochemical Investigation Of Zirconium Oxide Film, Maizhi Yang, Ping Wei, Di Quarto F., Piazza S., Sunseri C.
Journal of Electrochemistry
A photoelectrochemical investigation has been carried out on zirconium initialoxide film and its oxide film grownanodically at constant rate up to different thickness. Both anodicand cathedic photocurrents on the photocurrent spectrum depended on the potential, but had littlerelation with the forming anedic films or measuring solutions. Photocurrent spectrum and photocurrenttransients suggested that the oxide films on zirconium were duplex layers structure. The internal layerwas ZrO2 and the external layer ZrO2·(H2O)n. The photocurrent included photogenerated carrier ininternal and external oxide films, as well as internal photoinjection process for electrons from thesubstrate metal into the …
Application Of Inhibitor To Improve The Anticorrosion Performance Of Electrophoretic Coating, Changshou Cai, Fangteng Su, Bihuan Liu, Guomou Wen, Jingdong Guo, Renxin Liu, Weidong Tian
Application Of Inhibitor To Improve The Anticorrosion Performance Of Electrophoretic Coating, Changshou Cai, Fangteng Su, Bihuan Liu, Guomou Wen, Jingdong Guo, Renxin Liu, Weidong Tian
Journal of Electrochemistry
To improve the anti-corrosion performance of electrocoating, organic andinorganic inhibitors are applied in an anodic electrophoretic-coating. The results show that the deposition of polymer with zinc phospate exhibits a high inbihition efficiency. The inhibition mechanism of the inhibitor in electrocoating has been studied.
The Device Of Wy-Ⅱ Type Cyanide Monitor And Its Applications, Xianmin Wang
The Device Of Wy-Ⅱ Type Cyanide Monitor And Its Applications, Xianmin Wang
Journal of Electrochemistry
A device of WY-Ⅱtype micro-computerized cyanide monitor is presented, in which the cyanide analvsis is carried out by means of microcoulomb-iodimetric with automatic following system. This instrument can be successifully employed to analyze the cyanides in industrial waste-waterfor vavious departments of chemical industry. A serious of experimental tests showed that the analytical sensitivity went up to 0.01 mg/L and the accuracy of determination was excellently coincided with that of national standard method and other methods.