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Articles 181 - 210 of 227
Full-Text Articles in Physical Chemistry
The Synthesis Of Some Triazole Derivatives, John M. Collier
The Synthesis Of Some Triazole Derivatives, John M. Collier
Chemistry and Chemical Biology ETDs
The triazoles have been known since the late 1800's when von Pechmann discovered the ring system during the course of his work with osazones. He first assigned the name "osotriazone" to the parent ring; this was later changed to "osotriazole", a name which is still retained for certain derivatives obtained from the sugar osazones.
The Synthesis Of Some Fluorine Derivatives As Potential Scintillation Solutes, Martin Dennis Barnett
The Synthesis Of Some Fluorine Derivatives As Potential Scintillation Solutes, Martin Dennis Barnett
Chemistry and Chemical Biology ETDs
In connection with work being carried out, in part, by the Biomedical Research Group, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, on the evaluation of organic compounds as solutes in liquid scintillation detector systems, it seemed of interest to investigate the liquid scintillation properties of fluorine analogues of p-terphenyl and p-quaterphenyl. These compounds have been shown to possess remarkable scintillation properties; however, the use of p-quaterphenyl has been severely curtailed by its low solubility in toluene. Accordingly, the synthesis of a number of 2- and 2,7-substituted fluorines was carried out in an effort to obtain a more soluble, completely conjugated aromatic system and …
Thermodynamic Properties Of The System Pucl3-Kcl, Robert Benz
Thermodynamic Properties Of The System Pucl3-Kcl, Robert Benz
Chemistry and Chemical Biology ETDs
It is a general experimental result that as the temperature of a chemical system is increased the thermodynamic parameters of state become more important while the diffusion controlled and other activation type parameters become less important in controlling the net chemical reaction. The growing intereats in chemical processing of plutonium materials at elevated temperatures has emphasied the importance of an accurate knowledge of the thermodynamic data tor plutonium compounds as an aid to the prediction and the study of possible economically feasible processes.
Synthesis Of 4, 7-Disubstituted Derivatives Of Imidazo-[4, 5-D]-Pyridazine And Related Compounds, William Seese
Synthesis Of 4, 7-Disubstituted Derivatives Of Imidazo-[4, 5-D]-Pyridazine And Related Compounds, William Seese
Chemistry and Chemical Biology ETDs
The antitumor activity of 8-azaguanine (5-amino-7-hydroxy-v-triasolo([d] pyrimidine) (A) prompted the preparation of the imidazo-[4, 5-d] pyridazine ring system (B). In this ring the two nitrogen atoms are adjacent in the six-membered ring with the five-membered imidazole ring remaining the same as in the parent purine ring (C).
Some Aspects Of The Non-Aqueous Chemistry Of The Uranium Chlorides, Richard E. Panzer
Some Aspects Of The Non-Aqueous Chemistry Of The Uranium Chlorides, Richard E. Panzer
Chemistry and Chemical Biology ETDs
Uranium, discovered by Klaproth in 1789, has been the object of greatly intensified chemical and physical studies since the establishment of the Manhattan Project. An event such as the discovery of the hexachloride of uranium in 1943 points up the relatively unknown status of the chemistry of this element at a fairly recent date. It is not, therefore, surprising that the chemistry of many compounds of greater complexity than the hexachloride had not been investigated. However, with the search intensified for methods of separation of the naturally occurring isotopes for subsequent use in nuclear weapons and reactors, the years since …
The Magnesium-Hydrogen System, J. Frederick Stampfer Jr.
The Magnesium-Hydrogen System, J. Frederick Stampfer Jr.
Chemistry and Chemical Biology ETDs
The motivating factor for this investigation of the magnesium-hydrogen system was the recent interest in the hydride of beryllium. Although beryllium hydride has been prepared by the pyrolysis of di-t-butylberyllium, no evidence for the direct union of beryllium and hydrogen has been reported. It was thought that an examination of the reaction between magnesium and hydrogen and determination of the thermodynamic relations involved might have a bearing on this phenomenon. Also, the properties of magnesium hydride are interesting from an over-all periodic table viewpoint. The hydrides of beryllium and magnesium are usually considered to be intermediary between the saline, or …
The Extraction Of Scandium, Yttrium, And Lanthanum Using Various Monoalkyl Orthophosphoric Acids, Clarence Gerald Warren
The Extraction Of Scandium, Yttrium, And Lanthanum Using Various Monoalkyl Orthophosphoric Acids, Clarence Gerald Warren
Chemistry and Chemical Biology ETDs
The separation of lanthanum, yttrium, and the rare earth elements from their ores has been a challenge to the chemist for many years. The similarity in chemical properties has made their separation a problem of extraordinary difficulty. Fractional crystallization has been the classical method utilized in the past, although individual elements have been isolated by oxidation or reduction to other than the tripositive oxidation state (1). Recently ion exchange and solvent extraction methods have become more important as a means of separation of these elements. Both of these techniques depend upon fractional differences in the distribution of compounds or ions …
Absorption Of Antimony(Iii) And Indium From Anhydrous Acetic Acid By Ion Exchange Resins, Robert Tor Lofberg
Absorption Of Antimony(Iii) And Indium From Anhydrous Acetic Acid By Ion Exchange Resins, Robert Tor Lofberg
Chemistry and Chemical Biology ETDs
Organic ion exchange resins are a comparatively recent development. In 1935 Adams and Holmes prepared the first ion exchange resin by polymerizing polyhydric phenols with formaldehyde. The condensation product exhibited definite reversible cation exchange properties. The success of this experiment led them to the development of the first anion exchange resin which was prepared by the polymerization of phenylenediamine with formaldehyde. The publication of these experiments inspired many similar investigations leading directly to the manufacture of the numerous ion exchange resins now commercially available.
The Synthesis Of Some Methyl Substituted 3,4-Benzpyrenes, Jules L. Adelfang
The Synthesis Of Some Methyl Substituted 3,4-Benzpyrenes, Jules L. Adelfang
Chemistry and Chemical Biology ETDs
3,4-Benzpyrene (I), a highly carcinogenic hydrocarbon was first isolated from coal tar in 1933 by Cook, Hewett, and Hieger. Interest in the relationship of structure to carcinogenic activity and correlation of physical properties with carcinogenic potency led to the synthesis of several monomethyl 3,4-benzpyrenes during the decade following the isolation of the parent hydrocarbon. Detailed reviews concerned with the various phases of this research have been prepared. Recently the synthesis of the 1-^2, 7-^3, 8-^(2,5), and 10-^4 methyl-3,4-benzpyrenes completed the series of reported monomethyl derivaives.
The Chemical Behavior Of Iodine At Tracer Concentrations, Henry Morris Eiland
The Chemical Behavior Of Iodine At Tracer Concentrations, Henry Morris Eiland
Chemistry and Chemical Biology ETDs
Radiochemistry was introduced as a separate branch of chemistry by Pierre and Marie Curie in 1898. The first radiochemical process consisted of the separation and identification of the new element Polonium from the uranium ores pitchblende and chalcalite. It is significant that this process involved an amount of material so small that it could be detected only by its intense radioactivity. In the last half-century radiochemistry has developed into a field of ever increasing diversification.
Studies Of The Chemistry Of Systems Involving Water, Hydrogen Peroxide And Plutonium (Iv) Nitrate In Tri-N-Butyl Phosphate, Lawrence J. Mullins Jr.
Studies Of The Chemistry Of Systems Involving Water, Hydrogen Peroxide And Plutonium (Iv) Nitrate In Tri-N-Butyl Phosphate, Lawrence J. Mullins Jr.
Chemistry and Chemical Biology ETDs
The reaction of tri-n-butyl phosphate (TBP), with water and hydrogen peroxide is studied by means of distribution experiments. The solubility of water in TBP-hexane, at low TBP concentrations, is consistent with the premise that H2O•TBP is the principal solvate species formed at low hydrogen peroxide concentrations. The distribution data at high hydrogen peroxide concentrations indicate that another species such as H2O2•TBP is also present. The reaction of hydrogen peroxide with plutonium(IV) nitrate in TBP is studied by a spectrophotometric method. A complex is formed which contains one plutonium atom and two peroxy-oxygen atoms. The …
A Study Of The Density And Molecular Species Of Polonium And Tellurium Vapor, Angelo L. Giorgi
A Study Of The Density And Molecular Species Of Polonium And Tellurium Vapor, Angelo L. Giorgi
Chemistry and Chemical Biology ETDs
The purpose of this investigation was to determine the nature of the species of polonium and tellurium in equilibrium in the vapor phase at temperatures ranging from 422 degrees to 1013 degrees C. for polonium and from 512 degrees to 880 degrees C. for tellurium. Such information was based on measurements of the variation of vapor pressure and vapor density with temperature. The results of this investigation suggest that both polonium and tellurium exist as diatomic molecules in the vapor phase over the aforementioned temperature ranges.
A Radiochemical Investigation Of Short-Lived Selenium And Bromine Fission Products, James Edward Sattizahn Jr.
A Radiochemical Investigation Of Short-Lived Selenium And Bromine Fission Products, James Edward Sattizahn Jr.
Chemistry and Chemical Biology ETDs
From a sample of uranium bombarded with neutrons, Hahn and Strassmann, in 1939, separated four radioactive products which followed alkaline earth chemistry and were therefore tentatively attributed to isotope of radium. Each of these products decayed to a daughter activity which could be precipitated along with lanthanum; the daughter activities were then assumed to be isotopes of actinium. Subsequently, by accepted methods of fractional crystallization and precipitation, the "radium" and "actinium" isotopes were identified unequivocally as isotopes of barium and lanthanum, respectively. Within a relatively short time there were found more such radioactive products, which were identified as isotopes of …
Behavior Of Indium At Tracer Concentrations, Katheryn L. Lawson
Behavior Of Indium At Tracer Concentrations, Katheryn L. Lawson
Chemistry and Chemical Biology ETDs
The increase in number and availability of radioisotopes that can be produced in the carrier-free state has offered practical means of investigating the chemical behavior of substances at extremely low concentrations. The working region of concentrations, which may extend to less than 10-14 molar, is generally fixed only by the half-life of the radio-element and the nature of the radiation.
The Exchange Of Chlorine Between Hydrogen Chloride And Acetyl Chloride In The Vapor Phase, Warren J. Niell
The Exchange Of Chlorine Between Hydrogen Chloride And Acetyl Chloride In The Vapor Phase, Warren J. Niell
Chemistry and Chemical Biology ETDs
The aim of chemical kinetics is to predict the rates of chemical reactions, to determine the factors influencing the reaction rate, and to postulate a suitable reaction mechanism.
The Chemical Effects Of Gamma Radiation On Halogenated Methanes, Clifford G. Shultz
The Chemical Effects Of Gamma Radiation On Halogenated Methanes, Clifford G. Shultz
Chemistry and Chemical Biology ETDs
The fundamental processes of radiation chemistry and photochemistry are quite parallel, and any consideration of one must include the theory of the other as well. Probably the first work done in photochemistry was that of Stephen Hales on photosynthesis, between 1677 and 1721. This was followed by descriptions of the action of light on silver salts by Schultz, Beccarius, and Scheele. The latter also demonstrated that the action of light on silver chloride varied with the waveleneth of the light. Grotthus, in 1817, stated the first law of photochemistry: Only that light which is absorbed can give rise to a …
The Synthesis Of 7-Methyl-3,4-Benzpyrene, 6,7-Dimethyl-3,4-Benzpyrene, 10-Methyl-3,4-Benzpyrene And 7,10-Dimethyl-3,4-Benzpyrene, Joseph Leonard Comp Jr.
The Synthesis Of 7-Methyl-3,4-Benzpyrene, 6,7-Dimethyl-3,4-Benzpyrene, 10-Methyl-3,4-Benzpyrene And 7,10-Dimethyl-3,4-Benzpyrene, Joseph Leonard Comp Jr.
Chemistry and Chemical Biology ETDs
Interest in carcinogenic compounds began to develop when a form of cancer was found occurring in chimney sweeps in 1775. Skin cancer was found among workers in tar industries in 1875, and in 1887 workers in cotton spinning industries were known to have cancer which was attributed to contact with lubricating oils. Girls who painted the luminous dials of watches contracted cancer from exposure to the radioactive paint, and men who worked with B-naphthylamine developed bladder cancer. Many other cases of occupational cancer were reported before a systematic study of carcinogenic substances was begun. Early attempts to produce cancer in …
A Study Of Isotopic Exchange Between Potassium Iodide And Benzyl Iodide. Solvent Effects, Joseph A. Leary
A Study Of Isotopic Exchange Between Potassium Iodide And Benzyl Iodide. Solvent Effects, Joseph A. Leary
Chemistry and Chemical Biology ETDs
The kinetics of nucleophilic aliphatic substitution reactions has been studied by numerous investigators during the past fifteen years. Included in this type of reaction are well-known general reactions such us (1) the Finkelstein reaction, (2) the Menschutkin reaction, (3) the alcoholysis of alkyl halides, and (4) various isotopic exchange reactions.
Coprecipitation Of The Transuranium Elements With The Rare Earths Coprecipitation Of Americium With Lanthanum Oxalate, John A. Hermann
Coprecipitation Of The Transuranium Elements With The Rare Earths Coprecipitation Of Americium With Lanthanum Oxalate, John A. Hermann
Chemistry and Chemical Biology ETDs
Coprecipitation is a process whereby a substance soluble by itself is "carried" with an insoluble crystalline precipitate. As used here, coprecipitation applies to the "carrying" of a tracer by a precipitate formed in the presence of the tracer. The phenomenon is important in analytical chemistry1, in the problem of impurities in precipitates; in radiochemistry2,3, in the separation of radioactive tracers originally present in very low concentrations; and in general, whenever a solid is separated from its mother liquid by precipitation.
The Synthesis Of 1-Methyl-3,4-Benzpyrene, 8-Methyl-3,4-Benzpyrene And 1,8-Dimethyl-3,4-Benzpyrene, William Carter Doyle
The Synthesis Of 1-Methyl-3,4-Benzpyrene, 8-Methyl-3,4-Benzpyrene And 1,8-Dimethyl-3,4-Benzpyrene, William Carter Doyle
Chemistry and Chemical Biology ETDs
The search for the carcinogenic factor present in crude oil tar fractions was begun around 1915. With the observation that the high-boiling, most carcinogenic fractions exhibited fluorescence spectra similar to those of many polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, several synthetic hydrocarbons were tested (1) on mice by skin painting techniques. Tumors were produced by 1,2,5,6-dibenzanthracene (I), 3'-methyl-1,2,5,6-dibenzanthracene (II) and 6-isopropyl-1,2-benzanthracene (III). One of the most widely used synthetic hydrocarbon carcinogens at the present is 1,2,5,6-dibenzanthracene.
The Decomposition Of Solid Barium Nitrate By Gamma Rays, Lawrence E. Lamar
The Decomposition Of Solid Barium Nitrate By Gamma Rays, Lawrence E. Lamar
Chemistry and Chemical Biology ETDs
Very little work has been done on the chemical effects produced during the irradiation of solid materials. Although some research has been reported concerning the action of ultraviolet light on solid nitrates, most of the information in the literature is based upon the use of nuclear radiations.
The Synthesis Of 2-Methyl-3, 4-Benzpyrene And 2, 8-Dimethyl-3, 4-Benzpyrene, James W. Patton
The Synthesis Of 2-Methyl-3, 4-Benzpyrene And 2, 8-Dimethyl-3, 4-Benzpyrene, James W. Patton
Chemistry and Chemical Biology ETDs
In 1933 Cook, Hewett and Hieger (1) isolated a carcinogenic hydrocarbon from coal tar thought to be 3,4-benzpyrene (I).
The Exchange Of Antimony Between Antimony Trichloride And Antimony Pentachloride In Carbon Tetrachloride Solution, Franklin Brett Barker
The Exchange Of Antimony Between Antimony Trichloride And Antimony Pentachloride In Carbon Tetrachloride Solution, Franklin Brett Barker
Chemistry and Chemical Biology ETDs
In the investigation of any chemical reaction, the main points of interest are the conditions of equilibrium, the rate at which equilibrium is approached, and the mechanisms by which the reaction occurs. The first of these is determined by the standard free energy change, a thermodynamic quantity which depends only upon the initial and final states of the system. However, two reactions having the same value of the standard free energy change may approach equilibrium at radically different rates, one being practically instantaneous and the other almost infinitely slow. The field of chemical kinetics is concerned with the study of …
Exchange Reactions Of The Transuranium Elements Section 1. Am(Iii)-Am(V)-Am(Vi), Am(Iii)-Am(V), And Am(V)-Am(Vi), Thomas K. Keenan
Exchange Reactions Of The Transuranium Elements Section 1. Am(Iii)-Am(V)-Am(Vi), Am(Iii)-Am(V), And Am(V)-Am(Vi), Thomas K. Keenan
Chemistry and Chemical Biology ETDs
No exchange work prior to this dissertation has been reported on the americium system. Neptunium exchange is presently being studied by J. C. Hindman and co-workers at the Argonne National Laboratory, but has not been completely reported. Study of uranium exchange, which is still in an unsatisfactory state, has been limited to the U(IV)-(VI) exchange.
The Synthesis Of 10-Methyl-3, 4-Benzpyrene And 8,10-Dimethyl-3, 4-Benzpyrene, Jules Adelfang
The Synthesis Of 10-Methyl-3, 4-Benzpyrene And 8,10-Dimethyl-3, 4-Benzpyrene, Jules Adelfang
Chemistry and Chemical Biology ETDs
In 1953 Cook, Hewett, and Rieger found a highly carcinogenic hydrocarbon in coal tar. By a variety of solvent extraction methods, fractional distillation, and crystallization several pure hydrocarbons were isolated from the crude pitch. Two new pentacyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were isolated and since only small quantities of them were available it was decided to ascertain their structures by synthesis instead of degradetive experiments. The hydrocarbon samples were obtained with great difficulty from two tons of crude pitch. The problem was simplified since ten of the possible fifteen pentacyclic hydrocarbons were known. From certain similarities of these hydrocarbons to perylene its …
An Investigation Of Some Changes In The Chemical Composition Of Arterial Tissue Which Correlate With The Development Of Arteriosclerosis, Richard Dee Strickland
An Investigation Of Some Changes In The Chemical Composition Of Arterial Tissue Which Correlate With The Development Of Arteriosclerosis, Richard Dee Strickland
Chemistry and Chemical Biology ETDs
Arteriosclerosis is one of the major health problems confronting people of middle and advanced age. The disorder, commonly called "hardening of the arteries", is a contributing factor in more deaths than any other ailment.
Studies In The Cinnoline Series, David B. Cox
Studies In The Cinnoline Series, David B. Cox
Chemistry and Chemical Biology ETDs
Recent work by Castle and Kruse (16) has partially elucidated the range of reactivity of the chlorine atom in the compounds 4-chlorocinnoline and 4-chloro-6,7-dimethoxycinnoline. Condensations between the chlorinated cinnolines and certain phenylacetonitriles were found to proceed readily; however, condensations with compounds of the malonic ester type were unsuccessful. It was found that hydrolysis of the condensation product obtained from 4-chlorocinnoline and phenylacetontrile by hot 60% sulfuric acid caused decarboxylation of the intermediate acid, the final product being 4-benzylcinnoline. This compound has a formal resemblance to the basic ring structure of papaverine.
Chelation Of The Rare Earth Elements As A Function Of Ph Using Thenoyltrifluoroacetone, Hugh James Bronaugh
Chelation Of The Rare Earth Elements As A Function Of Ph Using Thenoyltrifluoroacetone, Hugh James Bronaugh
Chemistry and Chemical Biology ETDs
The rare Earth elements, or lanthanides, having atomic numbers 57 through 71 occupy only one space in the periodic chart of the elements. These fifteen elements, which have extraordinarily similar chemical and physical properties, are placed in group three of the periodic table, between barium of group two and hafnium of group four. This series of elements has been the subject of extensive study in the past. The development of atomic energy has significantly increased the interest in the rare earths in the past ten years.
A Study Of The Kinetics And The Free Radicals Involved In The Low-Pressure, Vapor-Phase Pyrolysis Of Toluene, Robert E. Williams
A Study Of The Kinetics And The Free Radicals Involved In The Low-Pressure, Vapor-Phase Pyrolysis Of Toluene, Robert E. Williams
Chemistry and Chemical Biology ETDs
The separation of lanthanum, yttrium, and the rare earth elements from their ores has been a challenge to the chemist for many years. The similarities in chemical properties has made their separation a problem of extraordinary difficulty. Fractional crystallization has been the classical method utilized in the past, although individual elements have been isolated by oxidization or reduction to other than the tripositive oxidation state (1). Recently ion exchange and solvent extraction methods have become more important as a means of separation of these elements. Both of these techniques depend upon fractional differences in the distribution of compounds or ions …
The Separation Of Antimony 125 From Solutions Of Neutron Irradiated Tin Salts, Joseph D. Robinson
The Separation Of Antimony 125 From Solutions Of Neutron Irradiated Tin Salts, Joseph D. Robinson
Chemistry and Chemical Biology ETDs
Because of the importance of high specific activities of radioactive species considerable experimental work has been done on the preparation of "carrier-free" tracers. In surveying the literature on the preparation of carrier-free antimony only one method was found. The method reported involves the deuteron bombardment of tin; solution of the target in agua regia; addition of cadmium carrier; precipitation of the cadmium as the sulfide which carries antimony, using oxalate ion to complex the tin; solution to the sulfides of cadmium and antimony in concentrated hydrochloric acid; distillation of tin from cadmium and antimony contained in in perchloric acid with …