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Articles 91 - 120 of 249
Full-Text Articles in Chemistry
Implication Of Inorganic Nitrogen And Phosphorous Species As A Cause Of A Harmful Algal Bloom Event In Caesar Creek Lake, Ohio And Its Tributaries, Baxter Jeffrey Foskuhl
Implication Of Inorganic Nitrogen And Phosphorous Species As A Cause Of A Harmful Algal Bloom Event In Caesar Creek Lake, Ohio And Its Tributaries, Baxter Jeffrey Foskuhl
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Agricultural runoff poses a threat to the Wilmington, Ohio municipal water supply and its source waters. A harmful algal bloom (HAB) was documented in June 2019 in Caesar Creek Lake, Waynesville, Ohio. This study seeks to establish baseline nutrient concentrations in Caesar Creek Lake (Warren County, Ohio) and its tributaries, and to identify potential non-point sources of excess nitrogen and phosphorous that contributed to the HAB event. In collaboration with the Wilmington Water Department, dissolved inorganic nitrogen DIN-[N] (sum of NH3-[N], NH4+-[N], NO2--[N], NO3--[N] concentrations), dissolved phosphorous DP-[P], particulate phosphorous PP-[P], total phosphorous TP-[P] (total sum of DP-[P] and PP-[P] …
In Vitro Uptake And Biodistribution Of Silver Nanoparticles In Vero 76 Cells, Miriam A. Crane
In Vitro Uptake And Biodistribution Of Silver Nanoparticles In Vero 76 Cells, Miriam A. Crane
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The number of consumer products containing nanomaterials over the last eight years has increased over two-fold. Silver is one of the most commonly used materials in consumer goods nanoparticle fabrication.1 Thus, the uptake and biodistribution of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) within mammalian cells can provide insight into their possible toxicological effects. In this study, starch-capped AgNPs of an average diameter of 9 ± 5 nm were synthesized via a bottom-up method, and characterized by Raman spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), inductively couple plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES), and absorption spectroscopy. Vero 76 cells were incubated with 0.0, 0.1, 1.0, and 3.0 …
Determination Of Benzotriazole And Analog Compounds By Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry In Surface Runoff Water Samples From Wilmington Air Park, Jessica A. Wiese
Determination Of Benzotriazole And Analog Compounds By Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry In Surface Runoff Water Samples From Wilmington Air Park, Jessica A. Wiese
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Benzotriazole (BTri) and its analog compounds are widely used in aircraft de-icing and anti-icing solutions, however their high solubility in water and resistance to biodegradation results in only their partial removal in wastewater treatment, and therefore makes them potential contaminants in watershed systems. The Wilmington Air Park in Wilmington, Ohio currently has two surface-runoff lagoons to pre-treat water containing these de-icing compounds before releasing it into nearby streams. Because the Wilmington Air Park has recently made an agreement with a major online retailer to lease over two dozen planes and open a package-sorting facility beginning in late 2019, the goal …
Silver Nanoparticles: An Effective Antibacterial Agent Against Gram-Negative Bacteria, Ashley M. Wilcox
Silver Nanoparticles: An Effective Antibacterial Agent Against Gram-Negative Bacteria, Ashley M. Wilcox
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A fourth of the world’s population lack access to safe water, thus the need for a more effective water treatment is imperative. Interest in silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) has grown in the last decade. Unlike chlorine, AgNPs do not form disinfection by products (DBPs), making them a prime candidate for drinking water treatment. The main aim of this study was to compare the antibacterial activity of electrochemical silver nanoparticles (eAgNPs-f) of ~5 nm in diameter against well-established pathogens: Escherichia coli (E. coli), Klebsiella variicola (K. variicola), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) to chlorine and Ag+ for drinking water. This was achieved …
Experimental Studies Of Barite Growth Using Hydrothermal Atomic Force Microscopy In Alkali Metal Salt Solutions At 108 C, Sohan Ahmed
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Barite (BaSO4) growth on the (001) surface was studied under solutions of alkali metal chloride salts (LiCl, NaCl, KCl, RbCl and CsCl) as a function of saturation index and ionic strength of the salts at 108 C. When LiCl was used as the background electrolyte, growth hillocks on the barite surface consisted of both [010] steps and <120> steps at ionic strengths of 0.05 and 0.1 M, but [010] steps were not observed at lower ionic strength. In NaCl solutions, hillocks displayed greater prominence of the [010] steps when compared with LiCl. From the saturation state dependent studies, it was found …
Functionalized Peek Analogues From 2,4- And 3,5- Difluorobenzophenone Derivatives, Hannah Fetters
Functionalized Peek Analogues From 2,4- And 3,5- Difluorobenzophenone Derivatives, Hannah Fetters
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The synthesis of N-heterocycle functionalized benzophenone-type monomers and their incorporation into poly(arylene ether ketone)s were explored. Two benzophenone derivatives, 2,4-difluorobenzophenone and 3,5-difluorobenzophenone, were successfully functionalized with a carbazole group, via a copper-catalyzed C-N coupling reaction. Structural characterization was provided by NMR spectroscopy, GC/MS, and elemental analysis. The monomers were covalently incorporated, at various molar ratios, into poly(arylene ether) systems by copolymerization with 4,4’-difluorodiphenylsulfone (DPS) and 4,4’-dihydroxydiphenyl ether (DPE), as well as 4,4’-difluorotriphenylphosphine oxide (dFTPPO) and DPE, via nucleophilic aromatic substitution (NAS) chemistry. Most polymeric materials synthesized provided sufficient molecular weights to cast durable films, and also possessed good thermal stability …
Production Of Trimethylaluminum (Me3al) With Counterfeit Refrigerant Chloromethane (R-40), Reactivity Of Me3al With Refrigerant Oils And Methods To Deactivate Me3al, Zhichao Chen, Rudy Luck
Production Of Trimethylaluminum (Me3al) With Counterfeit Refrigerant Chloromethane (R-40), Reactivity Of Me3al With Refrigerant Oils And Methods To Deactivate Me3al, Zhichao Chen, Rudy Luck
Michigan Tech Publications, Part 1
Reactions between Al containing materials and counterfeit refrigerant chloromethane (R-40) were investigated under various conditions. The addition of Mg effected a reaction indicating that trimethylaluminum may have been produced in the reaction. A different study involving Al-foil, AlCl3 and chloromethane resulted in cracks detected on the Al-foil which reduced in weight by 19% and methane was detected. Studies conducted either at room temperature or at 80°C with two other genuine refrigerants, R-142b (1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane) and R-133a (2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane) did not form organoaluminum compounds. Several commercially available refrigerant oils were subjected to Me3Al. Only polyester oil resulted in a decrease …
Metabolism-Driven High-Throughput Cancer Identification With Glut5-Specific Molecular Probes, Srinivas Kannan, Vagarshak Begoyan, Joseph Fedie, Shuai Xia, Łukasz J. Weseliński, Marina Tanasova, Smitha Rao
Metabolism-Driven High-Throughput Cancer Identification With Glut5-Specific Molecular Probes, Srinivas Kannan, Vagarshak Begoyan, Joseph Fedie, Shuai Xia, Łukasz J. Weseliński, Marina Tanasova, Smitha Rao
Michigan Tech Publications, Part 1
Point-of-care applications rely on biomedical sensors to enable rapid detection with high sensitivity and selectivity. Despite advances in sensor development, there are challenges in cancer diagnostics. Detection of biomarkers, cell receptors, circulating tumor cells, gene identification, and fluorescent tagging are time-consuming due to the sample preparation and response time involved. Here, we present a novel approach to target the enhanced metabolism in breast cancers for rapid detection using fluorescent imaging. Fluorescent analogs of fructose target the fructose-specific transporter GLUT5 in breast cancers and have limited to no response from normal cells. These analogs demonstrate a marked difference in adenocarcinoma and …
Chemical Applications Of Transition Metal Nanomaterials: Nanoscale Toughening Mechanism Of Molybdenum Disulfide-Epoxy Nanocomposites And Mammalian Toxicity Of Silver Nanoparticles, John David Ryan
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The emerging world of nanotechnology has been of great interest within the last few decades. In this regard, nanomaterials have since been implemented in a number of commercial applications including: aerospace technology, coatings, sensors, and biomedical technology. This work aimed to elucidate upon the applications of transition metal nanomaterials in two separate experimental studies. The first of these studies involved the investigation of two-dimensional molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanoparticles, and their role in the toughening mechanism of epoxy composites. Two separate exfoliation techniques were implanted to target the influence surface chemistry of the nanomaterial and solvent quality had on the bulk …
A Lc-Ms/Ms-Based Method For The Multiplex Detection Of 24 Fentanyl Analogs And Metabolites In Whole Blood At Sub Ng Ml-1 Concentrations, Kraig Edward Strayer
A Lc-Ms/Ms-Based Method For The Multiplex Detection Of 24 Fentanyl Analogs And Metabolites In Whole Blood At Sub Ng Ml-1 Concentrations, Kraig Edward Strayer
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The United States and numerous other countries worldwide are currently experiencing a public health crisis due to the abuse of illicitly manufactured fentanyl (IMF) and its analogues. This manuscript describes the development of a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry-based method for the multiplex detection of N = 24 IMF analogues and metabolites in whole blood at concentrations as low as 0.1-0.5 ng mL-1. These available IMFs were fentanyl, norfentanyl, furanyl norfentanyl, remifentanil acid, butyryl norfentanyl, remifentanil, acetyl fentanyl, alfentanil, AH-7921, U-47700, acetyl fentanyl 4-methylphenethyl, acrylfentanyl, para-methoxyfentanyl, despropionyl fentanyl (4-ANPP), furanyl fentanyl, despropionyl para-fluorofentanyl, carfentanil, (±)-cis-3-methyl fentanyl, butyryl fentanyl, isobutyryl fentanyl, sufentanil, …
Synthesis Of 5-Methyl-3-Phenyl-1,3,4-Oxadiazol-2(3h)-One Derivatives By Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution, Amanda Solis Conde
Synthesis Of 5-Methyl-3-Phenyl-1,3,4-Oxadiazol-2(3h)-One Derivatives By Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution, Amanda Solis Conde
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An important research element in the Turnbull laboratory has been the one-pot synthesis of 5-methyl-3-phenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2(3H)-one from sydnone. The present study reexamined the reaction of 5-methyl-3-phenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2(3H)-one with electrophiles and optimized methods for synthesis of oxadiazolinone derivatives. Further the oxadiazolinone derivatives were reacted with electrophiles to better comprehend the donating ability of the oxadiazolinone ring system in general with the expectation that the oxadiazolinone ring system is a slightly donating system. Additionally, when the structure assignment of the oxadiazolinone derivative was ambiguous, the corresponding oxadiazolinone or it’s isomer was synthesized from the appropriate sydnone to validate or refute the suggested structure. The …
The Fate And One-Dimensional Transport Of Creighton Colloidal Silver Nanoparticles Through Saturated Porous Media, Jessica M. Dagher
The Fate And One-Dimensional Transport Of Creighton Colloidal Silver Nanoparticles Through Saturated Porous Media, Jessica M. Dagher
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With the ubiquitous burst of nanotechnology, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have become indispensable in numerous industrial, medicinal, and research applications. Consequently, AgNPs have been alarmingly disposed into subsurface water increasing the risk of human and environmental exposure. While mechanisms of AgNP cytotoxicity have been reported, research studies on AgNP transport in subsurface water are needed, according to U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The main goal of this study was to investigate the environmental fate and transport of widely-used Creighton colloidal AgNPs in a laboratory transport system simulating a porous, saturated groundwater aquifer. To achieve this, a large volume of AgNPs was …
Redox-Active Silver N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: A Dual Targeting Antibacterial Drug, Kotiba Malek
Redox-Active Silver N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: A Dual Targeting Antibacterial Drug, Kotiba Malek
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Bacterial resistance to current [beta]-lactam antibiotics necessitates new therapeutic approaches. Silver-based drugs offer a promising alternative because of their antibacterial properties and minimal bacterial resistance. However, many silver-based antibacterial drugs rapidly release silver ions, limiting the bioavailability of silver ions for a longer period of time. Recently, N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHC) containing silver complexes have become a popular subject of research due to their versatility and the slow release of silver ions under biological conditions. To further enhance the efficacy of silver-NHC drugs, we fused redox-active substituents such as naphthoquinone and ferrocenes to NHCs. Both naphthoquinone and ferrocenes have been shown …
Structure-Property Relationships Of N-Heterocycle Functionalized Triphenylphosphine Oxide-Based Poly (Arylene Ether)S, Luke Meyer
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The synthesis of N-heterocycle functionalized triphenylphosphine oxide based PAEs, utilizing 3,5 difluorinated diphenyl sulfone systems was achieved. 3’-Iodo 3,5-difluorodiphenylsulfone was subjected to copper and palladium catalyzed coupling reactions with carbazole, phenothiazine, and indole. The syntheses of 3’-(9-carbazole) 3,5-difluorodiphenylsulfone, 3’-(9-phenothiazine) 3,5-difluorodiphenylsulfone, and 3’-(9-indole) 3,5-difluorodiphenylsulfone were successfully carried out. Copolymers with 4,4’ difluorotriphenylphosphine oxide, as well as 4,4’ dihydroxydiphenyl ether (DPE), as the nucleophilic partner, were prepared via standard nucleophilic aromatic substitution (NAS) polycondensataion reactions. Incorporation of the monomers containing N-heterocycle units was determined by NMR spectroscopy. All polymers displayed sufficient molecular weights (Mn) to allow for films to be cast from …
Structure-Property Relationships In Paes Prepared From 2-(2,4-Difluorophenyl)Benzoxazole Derivatives, Amy Slaybaugh
Structure-Property Relationships In Paes Prepared From 2-(2,4-Difluorophenyl)Benzoxazole Derivatives, Amy Slaybaugh
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The synthesis of N-heterocycle functionalized poly(arylene ether)s, derived from 2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)benzoxazole, was explored. The platform monomer, 2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)benzoxazole (3), was prepared in one-step and characterized using NMR spectroscopy and elemental analysis. The “pre” approach involved introducing a carbazole moiety, using a copper catalyzed C-N coupling reaction, while the “post” approach required conversion of monomer 3 to the corresponding poly(arylene ether)s (PAE)s first, then performing the C-N coupling reaction. Both “pre” and “post” approaches utilized bisphenol-A (BPA) and 4,4’-difluorophenylsulfone (DPS) as comonomers as well as 4,4’-dihydroxydiphenyl ether (DPE) and 4,4’difluorotriphenylphosphine oxide (dfTPPO). All of the materials had sufficient molecular weights (Mn) to allow …
The Great Potential Of Redox Active Ligands: Applications In Cancer Research And Redox Active Catalysis, Meredith Miles
The Great Potential Of Redox Active Ligands: Applications In Cancer Research And Redox Active Catalysis, Meredith Miles
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Metal N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complexes have recently gained much popularity due to their tunable, steric, and electronic properties. Applications for such versatile molecules include organocatalysis, olefin metathesis, sundry cyclization reactions, and materials chemistry. Redox active NHCs are of special interest due to their ability to alter the electronic properties of the metal centers they are ligated to. In the first chapter, Au(I)-NHC complexes were synthesized and tested for biological activity in human cancer cell lines. Increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cellular systems has proven to be a successful pathway for treating cancer. The redox active group in this case …
Mechanistic Insights Into The Reaction Of Chlorination Of Tryptophan Catalyzed By Tryptophan 7-Halogenase., Tatyana Karabencheva-Christova, Juan Torras, Adrian J Mulholland, Alessio Lodola, Christo Christov
Mechanistic Insights Into The Reaction Of Chlorination Of Tryptophan Catalyzed By Tryptophan 7-Halogenase., Tatyana Karabencheva-Christova, Juan Torras, Adrian J Mulholland, Alessio Lodola, Christo Christov
Michigan Tech Publications, Part 1
Tryptophan 7-halogenase catalyzes chlorination of free tryptophan to 7-chlorotryptophan, which is the first step in the antibiotic pyrrolnitrin biosynthesis. Many biologically and pharmaceutically active natural products contain chlorine and thus, an understanding of the mechanism of its introduction into organic molecules is important. Whilst enzyme-catalyzed chlorination is accomplished with ease, it remains a difficult task for the chemists. Therefore, utilizing enzymes in the synthesis of chlorinated organic compounds is important, and providing atomistic mechanistic insights about the reaction mechanism of tryptophan 7-halogenase is vital and timely. In this work, we examined a mechanism for the reaction of tryptophan chlorination, performed …
The Synthesis And Characterization Of Double And Triple Tethered Indeno[2.1-C]Fluorendiones, Daniel K. Greene
The Synthesis And Characterization Of Double And Triple Tethered Indeno[2.1-C]Fluorendiones, Daniel K. Greene
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A series of terephthalate esters was synthesized via a Diels-Alder reaction between 2,5-dicarboethoxy-3,4-diphenylcyclopentadienone and various alkynes in order to study reaction conditions necessary to synthesize poly(indeno[2,1-c]fluorene-5,8-dione)s. Diethyl 2,3-diphenyl-5-butylterephthalate, 1,4-bis(3,4-diphenyl-2,5-di(ethoxycarbonyl) phenyl)butane and N,N,N-tris(3,4-diphenyl-2,5-di(ethoxycarbonyl)phenylmethyl)amine were synthesized and characterized by IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, 13C NMR DEPT135 spectroscopies as well as elemental composition. Hydrolysis conditions of the terephthalates using potassium hydroxide were also investigated. It was found that large stoichiometric equivalents of base coupled with reaction times over twenty-four hours afforded only partially hydrolyzed products. The synthesis of 6-butylindeno[2,1-c]fluoren-5,8-dione was successfully carried out by the sulfuric acid catalyzed, intramolecular, Friedel-Crafts cyclization of …
Synthesis And Reactivity Of Sydnone Derived 1,3,4-Oxadiazol-2(3h)-Ones, Jonathan Michael Tumey
Synthesis And Reactivity Of Sydnone Derived 1,3,4-Oxadiazol-2(3h)-Ones, Jonathan Michael Tumey
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5-(Bromomethyl)- and 5-(trichloromethyl)-3-phenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2(3H)-ones were synthesized from bromocarbonyl hydrazine intermediate salts and acid halides to provide further evidence for our proposed mechanism for the formation of oxadiazolone ring systems from sydnones. 5-(Bromomethyl)-3-phenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2(3H)-one was a compound of interest due to its SN2 possibilities and three potential sites of diversification. The procedure to synthesize 5-(bromomethyl)-3-phenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2(3H)-one was developed originally by Madaram in the Turnbull lab, but was further optimized in the present work by altering the time, temperature and stoichiometric equivalents of the acid halide to provide high purity and excellent yields of the product. While this compound of interest had been isolated and …
Incorporation Of Indeno[2,1-C]Fluorenes Into Polymers Via Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution, Nathaniel Brackett
Incorporation Of Indeno[2,1-C]Fluorenes Into Polymers Via Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution, Nathaniel Brackett
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A difluoro indeno[2,1-c]fluorene monomer was synthesized by a four-step process. The first compound synthesized by a two-step process was 2,5- bis(ethoxycarbonyl)-3,4-di(4-fluorophenyl)cyclopentadienone. The next two compounds synthesized were diethyl 2,3-bis(fluorophenyl)-5-hexylterephthalate and 2,3- bis(fluorophenyl)-5-hexylterephthalic acid. The final step involved an intramolecular Friedel-Crafts acylation of the terephthalic acid derivative to form 3,10-difluoro-5,8- dioxo-5,8-dihydro-6-hexylindeno[2,1-c]fluorene. The difluoro monomer was reacted in a series of nucleophilic aromatic substitution (NAS) polymerization reactions with bisphenol-A in N-methyl-pyrrolidone (NMP) in an attempt to form novel poly(ether ether ketone ketone)s containing the indeno[2,1-c]fluorene structure. Analysis of the product by NMR and TLC showed the reaction was unsuccessful and the difluoro …
Chemical Applications In Techniques Of Emerging Significance: Nanoparticle Transformation In Mitochondria And Relative Tautomer Populations In Cellular Automata, Gregory Arland Bowers
Chemical Applications In Techniques Of Emerging Significance: Nanoparticle Transformation In Mitochondria And Relative Tautomer Populations In Cellular Automata, Gregory Arland Bowers
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Two techniques of emerging importance were used to study different biochemical phenomena: the fate of silver nanoparticles in Vero 76 African green monkey kidney cell mitochondria, and the effect of pH on tautomer ratios using cellular automata. In the first area of research Vero 76 Africa green monkey kidney cells were incubated with silver nanoparticles (AgNP) and ionic silver (Ag+). After 24 hours the cell mitochondria were harvested, then processed with CPE-TFF and ICP-OES. The initial AgNP incubation formed 52.9% ± 15.5% AgNP and 29.9% ± 4.0% Ag+, while the ionic silver incubation formed 9.5% ± 0.9% AgNP and 60.6% …
Computational And Experimental Investigations Concerning Rare Gas And Dpal Lasers And A Relaxation Kinetics Investigation Of The Br2 + 2no = 2brno Equilibrium, Joel R. Schmitz
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This research contains four different research projects, the first an educational project introducing hydrogen bromide and deuterium bromide (HBr/DBr) and carbon monoxide (CO) as viable options for infrared vibration-rotation spectroscopy at 0.125 cm-1 or 0.5 cm-1 resolution in the teaching laboratory. The second project involved determining the spectral shifts of lanthanide fibers for diode-pumped alkali laser (DPAL) applications. Spectral shifts of lanthanides were determined using UV-VIS-NIR absorbance spectroscopy and laser-induced fluorescence (LIF). The third project entailed computing Ar* atomic energy levels and the potential energy curves of Ar*+He laser systems arising from 3p54s1 and 3p …
Synthesis Of 4-Iodo-3-(2-Iodoaryl) And 4-Bromo-3-(2-Bromoaryl) Sydnones And Their Reactions With Sodium Sulfite, Sodium Borohydride, And Iodine Monochloride, Kyle Jacob Liddy
Synthesis Of 4-Iodo-3-(2-Iodoaryl) And 4-Bromo-3-(2-Bromoaryl) Sydnones And Their Reactions With Sodium Sulfite, Sodium Borohydride, And Iodine Monochloride, Kyle Jacob Liddy
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One goal of the Turnbull research group has been the synthesis of dihalogenated arylsydnones; i.e. sydnones with halogen substitution on the sydnone ring itself, as well as at the position on the aryl ring ortho to the sydnone. Further, it has been of interest to explore the reactivity of these compounds, once obtained. The present study examined the synthesis of 4-iodo-3-(2-iodoaryl)-, or "diiodo", and 4-bromo-3-(2-bromoaryl)-, or "dibromo", sydnones and the reactions of these compounds with Na2SO3 (sodium sulfite) and NaBH4 (sodium borohydride) to create a better understanding of the reactivity of diiodo and dibromo arylsydnones in general. Additionally, the reactivity …
Synthesis Of 4-Iodo-3-(2-Iodoaryl) And 4-Bromo-3-(2-Bromoaryl) Sydnones And Their Reactions With Sodium Sulfite, Sodium Borohydride, And Iodine Monochloride, Kyle Jacob Liddy
Synthesis Of 4-Iodo-3-(2-Iodoaryl) And 4-Bromo-3-(2-Bromoaryl) Sydnones And Their Reactions With Sodium Sulfite, Sodium Borohydride, And Iodine Monochloride, Kyle Jacob Liddy
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One goal of the Turnbull research group has been the synthesis of dihalogenated arylsydnones; i.e. sydnones with halogen substitution on the sydnone ring itself, as well as at the position on the aryl ring ortho to the sydnone. Further, it has been of interest to explore the reactivity of these compounds, once obtained. The present study examined the synthesis of 4-iodo-3-(2-iodoaryl)-, or “diiodo”, and 4-bromo-3-(2-bromoaryl)-, or “dibromo”, sydnones and the reactions of these compounds with Na2SO3 (sodium sulfite) and NaBH4 (sodium borohydride) to create a better understanding of the reactivity of diiodo and dibromo arylsydnones in general. Additionally, the reactivity …
Hydrothermal Atomic Force Microscopy Investigation Of Barite Growth: The Role Of Spectator Ions In Elementary Step Edge Growth Kinetics And Hillock Morphology, Sarah A. Jindra
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To better understand the role of spectator ions in barite growth, the kinetics of step edge growth on barite (001) surfaces were studied under various salt solutions. Hydrothermal Atomic Force Microscopy (HAFM) was used to investigate the effect of background electrolytes (NaCl, NaBr and NaNO3) as a function of saturation index and ionic strength (I) on barite growth sourced at dislocations at 108 oC. Results show that hillock morphology is affected by I, as well as type of anion, where the prevalence of steps aligned on the [010] direction is highest under Cl- There is a modest increase in kinetic …
Hydrothermal Atomic Force Microscopy Investigation Of Barite Growth: The Role Of Spectator Ions In Elementary Step Edge Growth Kinetics And Hillock Morphology, Sarah A. Jindra
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To better understand the role of spectator ions in barite growth, the kinetics of step edge growth on barite (001) surfaces were studied under various salt solutions. Hydrothermal Atomic Force Microscopy (HAFM) was used to investigate the effect of background electrolytes (NaCl, NaBr and NaNO3) as a function of saturation index and ionic strength (I) on barite growth sourced at dislocations at 108 oC. Results show that hillock morphology is affected by I, as well as type of anion, where the prevalence of steps aligned on the [010] direction is highest under Cl- …
The Synthesis Of 3,5-Difluorobenzophenone Derivatives And Their Corresponding Peek Copolymers, Rachael Stuck
The Synthesis Of 3,5-Difluorobenzophenone Derivatives And Their Corresponding Peek Copolymers, Rachael Stuck
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Poly(aryl ether ketone)s (PAEK) are high performance thermoplastics, which are chemically robust, semi-crystalline, and stable at high temperatures. Of the family of PAEKs, poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK) is a well-known semi-crystalline thermoplastic widely used for electronics, energy, industrial, and medical applications due to its resistance to solvents, radiation, heat, and other environmental factors. The traditional PEEK is prepared from 4,4’-difluorobenzophenone (2) and disodium hydroquinone. However, a challenge is processability, since due to its highly crystalline nature, PEEK possesses very limited solubility. An approach to solve these issues is to pre-functionalize PEEK polymers synthesized by nucleophilic aromatic substitution from 3,5-difluorobenzophenone (1) …
Toward The Synthesis Of Functionalized Poly (Ether Ether Ketone): Monitoring The Meta-Fluorine Displacement In 3,5,4’-Trifluorobenzophenone, Giovanni Covarrubias
Toward The Synthesis Of Functionalized Poly (Ether Ether Ketone): Monitoring The Meta-Fluorine Displacement In 3,5,4’-Trifluorobenzophenone, Giovanni Covarrubias
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The synthesis of functionalized, linear poly (ether ether ketone), tailored to be semi-crystalline and soluble in a variety of organic-solvents was explored. Nucleophilic aromatic substitution was a chemical reaction method used to condense 3,5,4’-trifluorobenzophenone (TFK) with four different phenols at its para-positioned carbon-fluorine site: 4-methoxyphenol, 3-aminophenol, 4-bromophenol, and m-cresol. Further poly-condensation of functionalized TFK occurred at the meta-positioned carbon-fluorine sites with 4,4’-Bis[4-hydroxyphenoxy] benzophenone (Big A2) and 4,4’-difluorobenzophenone at molar equivalents of 1 to 0.5, respectively. The reaction afforded products that became insoluble in solvents needed for nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic (e.g. DMSO-d6) analysis. The lack of desirable compounds compelled the …
Synthesis Of Alkyl Substituted Phenylated Poly(Ether Ether Ketone Ketone)S, Matthew Cerone
Synthesis Of Alkyl Substituted Phenylated Poly(Ether Ether Ketone Ketone)S, Matthew Cerone
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A phenylated bis(fluorobenzoyl) monomer, 5-hexyl-2,3-diphenyl-1,4-bis(fluorobenzoyl)benzene, was synthesized via a four-step process. The first three compounds synthesized were diethyl 5-hexyl-2,3-diphenyl-1,4-benzenedicarboxylate, 5-hexyl-1,4-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2,3-diphenylbenzene and 5-hexyl-2,3-diphenyl-1,4-benzenedicarboxaldehyde. The final step involved the reaction of the Grignard formed from p-bromofluorobenzene with the dialdehyde to yield a diol intermediate which was oxidized to the bis(fluorobenzoyl) monomer by use of a Jones oxidation. The monomer was polymerized by nucleophilic aromatic substitution (NAS) with bisphenol-A, resorcinol, and hydroquinone in N-methyl-pyrrolidone (NMP) to yield novel, phenylated PEEKKs. The number-average molecular weights (Mn) for the polymers were found to be 35,700 g/mol, 34,800 g/mol and 28,000 g/mol, respectively and the weight-average …
Investigating Potential Pollutant Sources Causing Lack Of Biodiversity In Lytle Creek And Indian Run, Amira Moayad Alsenbel
Investigating Potential Pollutant Sources Causing Lack Of Biodiversity In Lytle Creek And Indian Run, Amira Moayad Alsenbel
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Limited macroinvertebrate biodiversity in Lytle Creek that runs through downtown Wilmington, Ohio has been documented over decades with the lowest in Lytle Creek at Sugar Grove Cemetery. Lytle Creek, a tributary of the Little Miami River, is a conduit for storm water and wastewater from an airport, downtown storm water with input from local businesses, and a wastewater treatment plant. This study was conducted to see if heavy metal pollution in the sediment, water quality, and Escherichia coli (E. coli) could be contributing factors in reduced macroinvertebrate populations. Eight sites were chosen for sediment sampling to measure trace metals. Mercury …