Chemistry Commons^™

Studying Carbon Dioxide Solvent Properties By Microwave Spectroscopic Investigations Of Vinyl Fluoride/Carbon Dioxide Clusters And Developing New Approaches To Decode Rotational Spectra, Prashansa Kannangara

Masters Theses

Supercritical carbon dioxide (sc-C0₂) is an excellent green solvent, but its properties are not thoroughly understood. For example, fluorinated compounds have higher than expected solubility in sc-C0₂. Microwave spectroscopy is one way to learn more about sc-C0₂ because it can be used to determine detailed structures of small clusters of molecules. The purpose of this investigation was to study weak hydrogen bonding interactions in complexes of fluorinated ethylene (solute) with carbon dioxide (C0₂, solvent). Investigations on dimers with one C0₂ molecule and fluorinated ethylene were carried out previously and found two different …

Applications Of Chemically Modified Nitrogen Doped Carbon, Zirconium Phosphate, Metal Organic Frameworks, And Functionalized Graphene Oxide Nanostructured Adsorbents In Water Treatment, Ayyob Mohammed A Bakry

Theses and Dissertations

Water contaminations by many pollutants, especially heavy metals such as Pb(II), Hg(II), Cu(II), Cd(II), and Cr(VI) pose many public health and environmental concerns as reported in the list of hazardous substances compiled by the US Environmental Protection Agency due to their high toxicity, refractory degradation, and ease of entering food chain. Adsorption by chelating resins is proven to be the most effective method for the extraction of metal ions from polluted and wastewater. However, traditional absorbents such as activated carbon, activated alumina, clay, zeolite, etc., show limited adsorption abilities for these heavy metal ions. The major goal of this thesis …

Stepwise Solvation Of Organic Radical Cations By Ionic Hydrogen And Halogen Bonding In The Gas Phase, Kyle Mason

Theses and Dissertations

The ability to characterize the interactions between ions and solvent molecules plays a critical role in understanding fundamental aspects of thermodynamics in solution chemistry. These interactions are often difficult if not impossible to observe in solution due to the number of solvent molecules far exceeding that of the ions. However, this challenge can be circumvented in the gas phase which enables the isolation and study of reactions between a single ion and single solvent molecule.

Within the field of ion-molecule chemistry are two sub-categories of interactions known as ionic hydrogen bonds (IHBs) and ionic halogen bonds (IXBs). In these interactions, …

Engineering High Reaction Economy Or, An Intensification/Scoring Program For The Preparation Of Simple And Complex Molecules, Caleb J. Kong

Theses and Dissertations

Success of newly discovered chemistry in academia is often scored in terms of its novelty and level of scholarship. In industrial settings, cost, safety and quality are often times the ruler by which new processes are measured. Our group has identified that there is a gap between these two measures of success and has sought to develop principles in order formalize an approach to synthetic strategy and developing ready-to-implement manufacturing processes for molecules, simple and complex.

Some of these principles include (1) the development and application of new chemical methods and reactor technologies (2) recognition of globally amenable chemical environments …

An Enzymology And Inhibition Study Of A Camp-Dependent Protein Kinase Linked To Acth-Independent Cushing's Syndrome, Nicole Luzi

Theses and Dissertations

Cyclic-AMP dependent protein kinase (PKA) is a key intracellular signal transduction kinase that is modulated by G_s- and G_i-coupled GPCRs. Under normal physiological conditions, PKA exists as an inactive holoenzyme made up of two catalytic subunits and two regulatory subunits. Upon cAMP binding to the regulatory subunits, the catalytic subunits (PKACa) are released to perform various downstream phosphorylation events. However, aberrant PKA activation can cause various diseases including Cushing’s Syndrome, which is an endocrine disorder caused by the overproduction of cortisol by the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal hormone system. This disorder can be caused by pituitary adenomas that release …

Expansion Of The Genetic Code To Include Acylated Lysine Derivatives And Photocaged Histidine, William D. Kinney

Theses and Dissertations

The genetic code of all known organisms is comprised of the 20 proteinogenic amino acids that serve as building blocks on a peptide chain to form a vast array of proteins. Proteins are responsible for virtually every biological process in all organisms; however, the 20 amino acids contain a limited number of functional groups that often leaves much to be desired. The lack of diversity addresses the need to increase the genetic repertoire of living cells to include a variety of amino acids with novel structural, chemical, and physical properties not found in the common 20 amino acids. In order …

Biometal-Induced Structural Consequences Of Α-Synuclein – The Parkinson’S Disease Protein, Dinendra L. Abeyawardhane

Theses and Dissertations

The pre-synaptic protein α-Synuclein (αS) is often linked to the pathology of Parkinson’s disease (PD), an age-related neurodegenerative disorder. Lewy bodies, the cytopathological hallmarks of PD, are found to be rich in aggregates of misfolded αS protein. Metal dyshomeostasis has also been linked to PD due to the accumulation of iron in the substantia nigra pars compacta, and diminished copper levels reported in this same region. Metal dyshomeostasis in the brain coupled with oxidative stress can enhance the aggregation of αS. Recently, it was confirmed that mammalian αS is universally acetylated at the N-terminus, a common post-translational modification in …

The Development Of Intrinsically Cell-Permeable Peptide Libraries Using Mrna Display, Nicolas A. Abrigo

Theses and Dissertations

Peptides are emerging as promising therapeutics due to their inhibitory affinity towards protein-protein interactions (PPI). However, peptides have been limited mainly by their poor bio-stability and lack of cell permeability. Efforts to generate drug-like peptides have led to the development of macrocyclic peptides, which exhibit improved stability. Yet, most macrocyclic peptides still require the assistance of a cell penetrating peptide (CPP) for cellular entry.

High throughput technologies have been exceptional tools for the discovery of peptides to interrupt PPIs. This work details the recent advancements we have made to improve our high throughput technique, mRNA display, to yield more therapeutically …

Catalytic Hydrogenation Of Furfural And Furfuryl Alcohol To Fuel Additives And Value-Added Chemicals, Obaid Aldosari, Hamed Alshammari, Mosaed Alhumaimess, Ibrahim Wawata

Turkish Journal of Chemistry

The selective hydrogenation of furfural and furfuryl alcohol at different temperatures has been studied using several catalysts. The effect of various reaction conditions (pressure, catalyst amount, and solvent) was studied. We have shown that Pd/TiO$_{2}$ catalysts can be very effective for the synthesis of 2-methylfuran at room temperature. Using octane as a solvent, the solvent effectiveness was investigated and showed actively high selectivity towards 2-methylfuran and furfuryl alcohol, but there were many byproducts that were still noticed. Although adding Ru to the Pd/TiO$_{2}$ catalyst contributed to reducing the catalytic activity, this addition improved the selectivity to 2-methylfuran and furfuryl alcohol …

The Protective Effect Of N-Acetylcysteine Amide Against Paraquat-Induced Neurotoxicity, Burhan Ateş, Ni̇gar Vardi, Hakan Parlakpinar, Merve Gökşi̇n Karaaslan, İsmet Yilmaz, Nuran Ercal

Turkish Journal of Chemistry

N-acetylcysteine amide (NACA) is a new antioxidant molecule with powerful radical scavenging properties. The aim of this study was to investigate neuroprotective effects of NACA against paraquat (PQ) toxicity in the midbrains of rats by using motor coordination tests and biochemical and histological analysis. Thirty adult Wistar albino rats were divided into three groups: Group 1: control (n = 10), Group 2: PQ (10 mg/kg) (n = 10), and Group 3: PQ (10 mg/kg) $+$ NACA (100 mg/kg) (n = 10). NACA was administrated intraperitoneally 30 min before PQ injection. Performance was measured for a period of 28 days. The …

Electrodeposition Of Tin(Ii) From Citrate Complexes, Yuliya Yapontseva, Valeriy Kublanovsky

Turkish Journal of Chemistry

This paper provides the calculation of the distribution of the concentrations of complex particles of the Sn(II) - citrate - water system in the solution volume, on the surface of the electrode, and in the diffusion layer for the tin citrate electrolyte containing an excess of the ligand. Based on the calculations for the electrodeposition of tin, an electrolyte containing [SnCit]$^{2-}$ complex at pH 8.0 was chosen. The kinetic parameters of the discharge stage, the diffusion coefficient of the electrochemical active ion, and the current efficiency of tin were determined by the methods of stationary voltammetry and chronovoltamperometry. It is …

Comparative Study Of Solvent Extraction Of Molybdenum By Various Extractants, Abdoul Rachid Chaibou Yacouba, Salmana Laouali Ibrahim, Ibrahim Natatou

Turkish Journal of Chemistry

Solvent extraction of molybdenum from various acid media by Alamine 336, Aliquat 336, TOPO, and DEHPA in kerosene was studied. The extraction efficiency of molybdenum by diisobutyl ketone (DIBK), the effects of various parameters like diluents, mineral acids, extractant concentration, and applications of these extractants on molybdenum extraction contained in the uranium-bearing ore solutions were investigated. DIBK used as solvent can indeed extract the molybdenum without adding any extractants in the range of 20-50 mg/L. Molybdenum was extracted by Aliquat 336 in all mineral acids at more than 90%. On the basis of slope analysis, the compositions of the extracted …

Preparation And Physicochemical Characterization Of Zinc Oxide/Sodium Cellulose Composite For Food Packaging, Sherif Mohamed Abdel Salam Keshk, Mohamed Saad Hamdy

Turkish Journal of Chemistry

Zinc oxide/sodium cellulose composite with different ZnO loadings was prepared for the first time. The crystal structures of cellulose, sodium cellulose, and ZnO/sodium cellulose composite were characterized by FT-IR, XRD, XPS, SEM, and EDX. ZnO/sodium cellulose showed a similar XRD pattern to that of cellulose II. The XPS spectrum emphasized the presence of Zn$^{2+}$ and Na$^{+\, }$ ions in the prepared composite. Additionally, the SEM analysis showed the growth of ZnO crystals on the sodium cellulose surface. UV-Vis spectrometry of the ZnO/sodium cellulose spectrum showed a distinguished absorption band at 360 nm that was attributed to the presence of ZnO …

Novel "Turn Off-On" Sensors For Detection Of Dna-Acrylamide Interaction Using Zns Quantum Dots As A Phosphorescent Probe, Hayri̇ye Eda Şatana Kara

Turkish Journal of Chemistry

A novel "turn off-on" sensor for detection of interaction between DNA and acrylamide (ACR) was developed. In this method, L-cysteine capped Mn-doped ZnS quantum dots (QDs) were used as room temperature phosphorescent probes. In the ``turn-off'' mode, ACR was absorbed onto the surface of QDs via electrostatic interaction, which caused a quenching effect of room-temperature phosphorescence signal by photoinduced electron-transfer mechanism. ACR was removed from the QDs' surface with the addition of DNA. Thus, the phosphorescence emission of QDs was recovered and the system was turned to the ``turn-on'' mode. The quenching mechanism of QDs by ACR was collisional (dynamic) …

Efficient Synthesis And Antifungal Investigation Of Nucleosides' Quaternary Ammonium Salt Derivatives, Barbara Dmochowska, Lucyna Pellowska-Januszek, Justyna Samaszko-Fiertek, Rafal Slusarz, Roland Wakiec, Janusz Madaj

Turkish Journal of Chemistry

Quaternary ammonium salts are a group of compounds with diverse biological properties, the most important of which are their antiviral, antibacterial, and antifungal activities. The quaternization reactions of 5'-$O$-tosyl derivatives of uridine and thymidine with triethylamine, trimethylamine, 4-($N$,$N$-dimethylamino)pyridine, 2-methylpyridine, and pyridine are described in this article. Two of the synthesized compounds are exceptional because they are first of this type that demonstrate concentration-dependent antifungal in vitro activity against two species of the genus Candida in minimal YNB-SG medium. The experimental results have been extended by adding full atom molecular dynamics simulations and substrates and products energies evaluation.

Plasma O$_{2}$ Modifies The Structure Of Synthetic Zeolite-A To Improve The Removal Of Cadmium Ions From Aqueous Solutions, Alaa Fahmy, Ahmed Elzaref, Hanan Youssef, Hassan Shehata, Magdy Wassel, Jörg Friedrich, Fabienne Poncin-Epaillard, Dominique Debarnot

Turkish Journal of Chemistry

The present study addresses the removal of cadmium ions (Cd(II)) from aqueous solutions at a pH of 7.5 using zeolite-A activated by exposure to oxygen plasma. The activation process was performed over a wide range of plasma powers (10, 20, 30, and 40 W) and exposure times (30 to 360 s). Oxygen plasma cannot chemically modify zeolite to a considerable extent, but it can clean the surface, open blocked pores, and induce the formation of additional OH groups via exposure to humidity in ambient air. Therefore, Cd$^{+2}$ ion removal is increased by approximately 10% with the plasma treatments. Infrared-attenuated total …

Synthesis And Characterization Of Novel Indanone-Based Spiro-Dihydrobenzofuran Derivatives, Meli̇ha Burcu Gürdere, Neşe Dürü, Yakup Budak, Mustafa Ceylan

Turkish Journal of Chemistry

In this study, the synthesis and characterization of novel indanone-based spiro-dihydrobenzofuran derivatives were examined. Firstly, chalcone-like compounds 4a-k, ($E)$-2-benzylidene-2,3-dihydro-1$H$-inden-1-one derivatives, were synthesized by the base-catalyzed addition of benzaldehyde derivatives to 2,3-dihydro-1$H$-inden-1-one. Then Mn(OAc)$_{3}$-mediated addition of dimedone (2) to the chalcone-like compounds gave two novel spiro-dihydrobenzofuran isomers: (3$S)$-6,6-dimethyl-3-aryl-6,7-dihydro-3$H$-spiro [benzofuran-2,2'-indene]-1',4(3'$H$,5$H)$-dione (5a-k) and (2'$S)$-6,6-dimethyl-2-aryl-6,7-dihydro-2$H$-spiro[benzofuran-3,2'-indene]-1',4(3'$H$,5$H)$-dione (6a-k) in good yields. The isomers were separated by column chromatography and their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectral data (NMR, IR) and elemental analysis.

Synthesis And Characterization Of Novel Mussel-Inspired Benzoxazines By Thiol-Benzoxazine Chemistry, Mustafa Arslan

Turkish Journal of Chemistry

A catechol-based benzoxazine copolymer is reported via a new approach using an oxazine-thiol reaction. The main chain benzoxazine precursor was obtained via the classic benzoxazine synthesis methodology using the raw chemicals catechol, formaldehyde, and 4,7,10-trioxa-1,13-tridecanediamine. The countercomponent was synthesized from poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether via the Fischer esterification reaction. The obtained reactive catechol-based benzoxazine was then reacted in mild conditions with polymeric thiol precursor to obtain a copolymer structure. The precursors and the resulting structure were characterized by thermal and spectral analyses using DSC, TGA, FT-IR,$^{\, 1}$H NMR, and GPC. Film formation was also demonstrated with unreacted oxazine ring units …

Modeling And Optimizing Microwave-Assisted Extraction Of Antioxidant Compounds From Marigold Calendula Officinalis L. Using Response Surface Methodology, Burcu Bekdeşer

Turkish Journal of Chemistry

Calendula officinalis L. is a commercially important plant that finds application in the treatment of various diseases in traditional medicine. The total antioxidant capacity, radical scavenging activity, and total phenolic content of marigold extracts were investigated by Folin, CUPRAC, and DPPH assays, respectively. The optimum operating conditions of microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) including temperature, extraction time, solvent-to-solid ratio, and solvent concentration were ascertained by employing response surface methodology (RSM). The solvent (ethanol) concentration was the most significant operating factor among all responses of MAE. At the optimum extraction conditions, the maximum yield of total phenolic content, total antioxidant capacity, and radical …

Glucose Oxidase Immobilized Biofuel Cell Flow Channel Geometry Analysis By Cfd Simulations, Sali̇h Obut, Tahsi̇n Bahar

Turkish Journal of Chemistry

Glucose oxidase was covalently immobilized to a porous electrode, which was developed by using ferrocene functionalized polyethyleneimine, multiwall carbon nanotubes, and carbon cloth for biofuel cell applications in our recent studies. The kinetics parameters (i.e. k$_{M}$, V$_{max})$ and other parameters required for the modeling study were determined experimentally. Fuel cell flow channel geometry was analyzed by a computational fluid dynamics modeling approach. Substrate flow rate and mass transfer for each proposed channel type were considered in the simulations. The results showed that serpentine type flow channels are advantageous over pin type or parallel flow channels to acquire sufficient performance from …

The Solvatochromism And Electronic Structure Of (E)-2-(2-Hydroxystyryl)Quinolin-8-Ol, Ayşegül Gümüş, Yadi̇gar Gülseven Sidir, İsa Sidir, Selçuk Gümüş

Turkish Journal of Chemistry

The (E)-2-(2-hydroxystyryl)quinolin-8-ol (abbreviated as HSQ) molecule was synthesized and characterized. The ESIPT, solvatochromism properties, electronic structure, and ground and excited electric dipole moments of this molecule were measured using absorption and fluorescence spectra recorded in 13 different solvents. Its electronic structure via electronic transitions was investigated to find the quantitative values of solvatochromism properties by LSER calculations. The ESIPT mechanism was clarified; ground and excited dipole moments were determined using solvatochromic shift methods. The DFT (B3LYP)/6-311$++$G(d,p) method and basis set with potential energy surface (PES) calculations of proton transfer were used to explain the ESIPT mechanism. NBO analysis, NLO properties, …

Natural Diterpenoid Alysine A Isolated From Teucrium Alyssifolium Exerts Antidiabetic Effect Via Enhanced Glucose Uptake And Suppressed Glucose Absorption, Alaatti̇n Şen, Buket Ayar, Anil Yilmaz, Özden Özgün Acar, Gurbet Çeli̇k Turgut, Gülaçti Topçu

Turkish Journal of Chemistry

Teucrium species have been used in folk medicine as antidiabetic, antiinflammatory, antiulcer, and antibacterial agents. We have explored in vitro antidiabetic impacts of 2 natural diterpenoids, alysine A and alysine B, isolated from Teucrium alyssifolium. The lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) cytotoxicity assay, glucose uptake test, glucose utilization (glycogen content) test, glucose transport test, glucose absorption ($\alpha $-glucosidase activity) test, insulin secretion test, RNA isolation and cDNA synthesis assay, qPCR quantification assays, and statistical analyses were carried out in the present study. Alysine A exerted the following effects at non-cytotoxic doses: . Enhanced the glucose uptake, as much as the insulin in …

Step-By-Step Optimization Of The Hilic Method For Simultaneous Determination Of Abacavir, Lamivudine, And Zidovudine From Dosage Form, Cem Erkmen, Mehmet Gümüştaş, Si̇bel Ayşil Özkan, Bengi̇ Uslu

Turkish Journal of Chemistry

Combined therapy for HIV treatment shows superior efficacy in comparison to single therapy. Furthermore, the separation and determination of the combined dosage forms hold a significant place in the pharmaceutical industry. Not only reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) but also hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) can be used for these purposes. Contrary to conventional RP systems, HILIC may be an alternative for the analysis of polar substances. The aim of this study was the step-by-step development of a simple, rapid, and reliable method for the simultaneous determination of antiviral compounds from their marketed formulation (Trizivir). In order to achieve …

Synthesis Of Hofmann-Type Zn(H$_2$O)$_2$Ni(Cn)$_4$.Ng (G = Water And 1,4-Dioxane) Clathrates And The Determination Of Their Structural Properties By Various Spectroscopic Methods, Zeki̇ Kartal, Onur Şahi̇n, Abdülkeri̇m Yavuz

Turkish Journal of Chemistry

Two new 2-dimensional cyanide-bridged coordination polymers [Zn(H$_{2}$O)$_{2}$Ni(CN)$_{4}$ 6(H$_{2}$O) and Zn(H$_{2}$O)$_{2}$ Ni(CN)$_{4}$ 3(C$_{4}$H$_{8}$O$_{2})$], which were similar to Hofmann-type clathrates, were synthesized based on [Ni(CN)$_{4}$]$^{2-}$ and Zn$^{2+}$ as building blocks. These substances were synthesized as compounds in crystalline form. Thes tructures of the crystalline compounds were characterized via their spectral analyses. General information about the structures of the newly obtained Hofmann-type clathrates was obtained from their vibration spectra by considering significant changes in the vibration peaks of the cyanide group, water ligand molecule, and guest molecules (water and 1,4-dioxane). The thermal behavior of the Hofmann-type clathrates was investigated in the range of …

Investigation Of The Effects Of Some Water-Soluble Vitamins On Glutathione Reductase Enzyme Purified From Bovine Liver, Mehmet Riza Kivanç, Vedat Türkoğlu

Turkish Journal of Chemistry

Glutathione reductase (GR, EC 1.8.1.7) is an antioxidant enzyme and is involved in the reducing reaction of oxidized glutathione. Glutathione and reduced glutathione are very crucial for micro- and macroorganisms because of their barrier function against radicals. Therefore, the aim of this article was to purify GR and evaluate the relationship between purified GR and vitamins. GR was purified from bovine liver using 2',5'-ADP Sepharose 4B column materials. To check the purity of each subunit of the enzyme, SDS-PAGE electrophoresis was performed and each one was 55 kDa. Afterwards, specific activity and purified ratio for the enzyme were calculated as …

Evaluation Of The Enrichment And Amplification Effect Of Pentachlorobenzene With Lower Bioconcentration In The Food Chain Before And After Modification, Ruihao Sun, Meijin Du, Yu Li

Turkish Journal of Chemistry

In this paper, in order to construct a 3D quantitative structure--activity relationship (QSAR) model with the chlorobenzene (CB) molecular structure parameter as an independent variable and the octanol-water partition coefficient ($K_{OW})$ as a dependent variable, 9 kinds of CB molecules were used as training sets and 3 kinds of CB molecules were used as test sets. We adopted the QSAR module in the Sybyl-X2.0 software from the Tripos Corporation (USA). The molecular modification of the pentachlorobenzene molecule with low bioconcentration was carried out by combining a three-dimensional contour map and fractional factorial design. The results showed that the toxicity, migration, …

Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction Of Parabens From Pharmaceuticals And Personal Care Products Prior To Their Determination Using Hplc-Dad, Malek Hassan, Usama Alshana, Nusret Ertaş

Turkish Journal of Chemistry

Dispersive liquid--liquid microextraction followed by a back-extraction step was combined with HPLC-DAD for the determination of four parabens (i.e. methyl-, ethyl-, propyl-, and butylparaben). Optimum extraction conditions were found as follows: 225 $\mu $L of chloroform, 0.75 mL of ethanol, 7.5 mL of aqueous solution and within an extraction time of 15 s. Back-extraction into 100 $\mu $L of 50 mM sodium hydroxide solution within 20 s resulted in a reversed-phase HPLC-compatible extract. The analytes were separated at 20 $^{\circ}$C using methanol (A) and water (B), 40:60 (A:B, v/v) as the mobile phase, a flow rate of 1.0 mL min$^{-1}$ …

Synthesis, Characterization, And Investigation Of Singlet Oxygen, Dna Interaction, And Topoisomerase I Inhibition Properties Of Novel Zinc(Ii) Phthalocyanine, Ümi̇t Demi̇rbaş

Turkish Journal of Chemistry

In this work, phthalonitrile (3) and zinc(II) phthalocyanine (4) were prepared. To determine the photodynamic therapy potential of compound 4, singlet oxygen quantum yield, DNA binding and cleavage, and topoisomerase I inhibition experiments were performed. The singlet oxygen quantum yield value of compound 4 was found higher than that of the standard unsubstituted zinc(II) phthalocyanine compound (Std-ZnPc). The binding experiments showed that compound 4 interacted with ct-DNA strongly via nonintercalation mode. pBR322 plasmid DNA cleavage activity of the compound was investigated using agarose gel electrophoresis. The results showed that the compound 4 had important DNA cleavage activity. The E. coli …

Synthesis And Characterization Of Unsaturated Diacyl And Alkyl-Acyl Piperazine Derivatives, Sai̇t Sari, Seda Ünalan, Mehmet Yilmaz

Turkish Journal of Chemistry

The aim of this study is to obtain new unsaturated piperazine compounds by the reactions of piperazine (1a) and piperazine derivatives (1b-1d) with acylation reactive groups (a-2j). Methacryloyl piperazine (1b) was synthesized from the reaction of methacrylic anhydride with piperazine (1a). Acyl chlorides (2b-2d) were prepared from the reaction of thionyl chloride with carboxylic acids (3a-3c) obtained as a result of the reaction with malonic acid and suitable aldehyde (5-methylfuran-2-carbaldehyde for 3a, cinnamaldehyde for 3b, and thiophene-2-carbaldehyde for 3c), respectively, by literature methods. Acyl chlorides 2ed and 2f }were obtained from the reaction of commercially purchased carboxylic acids 3d and …

Aqueous Two-Phase Extraction Technique Based On Magnetic Ionic Liquid-Nonionic Surfactant For Phenolic Acids In Grape, Apple, Pear, And Banana, Taşkin Mumcu, Serap Seyhan Bozkurt

Turkish Journal of Chemistry

An aqueous two-phase extraction system was constituted using magnetic ionic liquid-nonionic surfactant for phenolic acids and the developed method was applied to apple, grape, pear, and banana samples. Ionic liquids based on imidazolium containing butyl, allyl, and benzyl groups were used for extraction. The parameters influencing the extraction efficiency such as volume of ionic liquids, type and amount of surfactant and salt, ultrasound extraction time, temperature, and sample pH were optimized. The extraction efficiencies of ionic liquids were compared for phenolic acids under optimized conditions. Limits of detection and limits of quantification were in the range of 1.34-1.56 μg L$^{-1\, …