Chemistry Commons^™

4d-Qsar Analysis And Pharmacophore Modeling For Alkynylphenoxyacetic Acids As Crth2 (Dp2) Receptor Antagonists, Semi̇ha Köprü, Emi̇n Saripinar

Turkish Journal of Chemistry

In this study, we performed the pharmacophore modeling and 4D-QSAR research of alkynylphenoxyacetic acid analogues as CRTh2 receptor opponent agents by utilizing the electron conformational genetic algorithm method. Quantum chemical calculations and conformational analyses of the compounds were carried out at HF/6-31G* level. Then electron conformational matrices of congruity were prepared for each conformer of each compound, which are represented by electronic and structural properties. As a result of the comparison of the matrices that are called electron conformational submatrices of activity, the pharmacophoric group of the compounds responsible for the activity was found at the determined tolerance intervals. The …

An Efficient Water-Mediated Synthetic Route For The Alkylation Of Heteroarenes, Pinar Seyi̇tdanlioğlu, Essam Hamied Ahmed Hanashalhalshahaby, Canan Ünaleroğlu

Turkish Journal of Chemistry

An efficient synthetic route has been described for the alkylation of 1$H$-indole, 1$H$-benzimidazole, and 1$H$-benzotriazole. This approach features the alkylation of heteroaromatics through in situ generated enones from ketonic Mannich bases under metal-free conditions. A series of alkylated heteroaromatics have been synthesized via the K10 catalyzed alkylation reactions of these heteroaromatics with a variety of ketonic Mannich bases. Environmentally benign K10 catalyst, water-mediated mild reaction conditions, and the efficient synthesis of alkylated products are the advantages of this alkylation method.

Neutral Atoms And Ion Energies, Accurate Ionization Potential, And Electron Affinities By Polynomial Generator Coordinate Hartree--Fock Method, Fernando Ratuchne, Ricardo Celeste

Turkish Journal of Chemistry

We have developed accurate Gaussian basis functions obtained with the polynomial generator coordinate Hartree-Fock (p-GCHF) method for H, Zn, and Ga-Kr atoms. These basis sets have been applied in the calculation of nonrelativistic energies for neutral atoms, monovalent cations, monovalent anions, ionization potential (IP), and electron affinity (EA), with the objective of proving the quality of the basis set generated by the p-GCHF method. The total energies calculated for neutral atoms and monovalent cations and respective IP were minimally affected by the addition of polarization functions and their precision was comparable to the values reported in the literature. The relative …

Novel Optical Sensor-Based Method For Determining Total Tocopherol Content In Serum, Mustafa Bener, Mustafa Reşat Apak

Turkish Journal of Chemistry

Lipid-soluble endogenous antioxidants, such as tocopherols, protect biological structures from oxidative damage through their chain-breaking ability and thus the development of a simple method for tocopherol determination is important. In this study, a novel optical sensor-based method was proposed for determining total tocopherol content (TTC) of serum, with selectivity for $\alpha $-tocopherol over $\beta $-carotene. The proposed method is based on the use of a copper(II)-neocuproine complex (Cu(II)-Nc) reagent immobilized onto a Nafion membrane, and the absorbance changes associated with the formation of Cu(I)-Nc chelate on the membrane strip as a result of reaction with serum tocopherols were measured at …

Quantification Of Flavonoids Isolated From \Textit{Mentha Spicata} In Selected Clones Of Turkish Mint Landraces, Ramazan Erenler, İsa Telci̇, Mahfuz Elmastaş, Hüseyi̇n Akşi̇t, Fati̇h Gül, Ali̇ Riza Tüfekçi̇, İbrahi̇m Demi̇rtaş, Ömer Kayir

Turkish Journal of Chemistry

Mint has been used extensively in traditional medicines, spices, and herbal teas throughout the world. Isolation of flavonoids from Mentha spicata and quantification of these compounds in selected clones of Turkish mints landraces were achieved. M. spicata was dried in shade and then boiled in water. After filtration, the aqueous extract was partitioned with ethyl acetate. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure to yield the extract, subjected to silica gel column chromatography to isolate 5-demethyl sinensetin (1), hesperidin (2), didymin (3), and linarin (4), the structures of which were elucidated by 1D NMR, 2D NMR, and LC-TOF/MS. The isolated …

The Catalytic Effects Of In Situ Prepared N-Heterocyclic Carbenes From Benzimidazole Salts In Suzuki--Miyaura Cross-Coupling Reaction And Uses In Catalytic Preparation Of 1,3,5-Triphenyl-1,3,5-Triazinane-2,4,6-Trione From Phenyl Isocyanate, Ülkü Yilmaz, Hasan Küçükbay

Turkish Journal of Chemistry

Many benzimidazole salts bearing a 3-phenylpropyl substituent (1a-1h) were synthesized and their structures were identified by $^{1}$H NMR, $^{13}$C NMR, and IR spectroscopic methods and elemental analysis. These N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) precursors were used as a part of a catalytic system including Pd(OAc)$_{2}$ and the base in the Suzuki--Miyaura cross-coupling reaction under microwave irradiation. They were also used as catalysts in the cyclotrimerization of phenyl isocyanate to yield 1,3,5-triphenyl-1,3,5-triazinane-2,4,6-trione. It has been observed that benzimidazole salts made a positive contribution to both catalytic reactions as a NHC precursor.

Optimization Of Sugarcane Bagasse Activation To Achieve Adsorbent With High Affinity Towards Phenol, Seyed-Abolfazl Mohtashami, Neda Asasian Kolur, Tahereh Kaghazchi, Reza Asadi-Kesheh, Mansooreh Soleimani

Turkish Journal of Chemistry

Sugarcane bagasse as an agricultural/industrial biomass was converted into a low-cost activated carbon via an acid activation procedure under optimized conditions. Phosphoric acid was applied as a cost-effective and environmentally friendly chemical activator. The optimized activated carbon produced under temperature of 550 \textdegree C and impregnation ratio of 1.5 showed a micromesoporous structure with specific surface area and pore volume of 972.5 m$^{2}$/g and 0.43 cm$^{3}$/g, respectively. The adsorption capacity of the produced AC towards phenol was measured and, after only 30 min, the removal percentage reached over 95%. The greatest affinity towards phenol was obtained at pH of 4 …

Preparation Of Self-Propelled Cu-Pt Micromotors And Their Application In Mirna Monitoring, Lütfi̇ Öksüz, Gözde Yurdabak Karaca, Fi̇li̇z Kuralay, Emre Uygun, İsmi̇han Ümran Koç, Ayşegül Uygun Öksüz

Turkish Journal of Chemistry

Self-propelled catalytic micromotors offer considerable promise in terms of many applications. Catalytic micromotors are strongly influenced by the presence and concentration of specific ions and chemicals in the environment, making them useful as sensors and actuators. In this work, copper (Cu)-platinum (Pt) micromotors were fabricated by using the magnetron sputtering method for the first time in the literature and their applications based on the detection of miRNA-21 were evaluated. We analyzed the dependence of the mobility of Cu-Pt micromotors using different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (H$_{2}$O$_{2})$. The presence of surfactants in the environment is also important for the movement of …

Experimental And Theoretical Study Of Nh$_{3}$ Adsorption And Desorption Over A Cu-Chabazite Nh$_{3}$-Scr Catalyst, Selmi̇ Eri̇m Bozbağ, Mutlu Şi̇mşek, Onur Demi̇r, Deni̇z Şanli Yildiz, Hüseyi̇n Barkin Özener, Gökhan Hi̇sar, Can Erkey

Turkish Journal of Chemistry

NH$_{3}$ adsorption and desorption behavior of a commercial Cu-chabazite (CHA) NH$_{3}$ selective catalytic reduction (NH$_{3}$-SCR) catalyst was studied in the presence and absence of H$_{2}$O. NH$_{3}$ uptake values at various adsorption temperatures were obtained during various steps of the adsorption and temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) experiments. Total NH$_{3}$ uptake decreased from 4.6 to 1.6 g NH$_{3}$/L catalyst when the adsorption temperature was increased from 50 to 300 $^{\circ}$C. Three major adsorption sites for NH$_{3}$ adsorption could be identified and quantified using TPD experiments, namely loosely, moderately, and strongly bound NH$_{3}$ with peak centers at around 147, 266, and 447 $^{\circ}$C. The …

Spectroscopic And Thermodynamic Approach To The Interaction Of Nonperipherally Substituted Cationic Phthalocyanines With Calf Thymus (Ct)-Dna, Sevgi̇can Tuncer, İbrahi̇m Özçeşmeci̇, Behi̇ce Şebnem Sesalan, Ayfer Kalkan Burat

Turkish Journal of Chemistry

Novel, nonperipherally tetrasubstituted cationic metal-free and metallophthalocyanines (Zn, In) were synthesized in the present study. The binding constants, the disappearance of quenching effect of all cationic phthalocyanines on the fluorescence intensity of SYBR Green--disodium salt of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) from calf thymus complex, and the changes in T$_{m}$ of double helix DNA with thermal denaturation profile were investigated by UV-Vis and fluorescence spectrophotometric methods. To investigate the spontaneity of the reactions between DNA and novel quaternized phthalocyanines in buffer, thermodynamic parameters were employed.

Preparation Of Palladium-Based Electrocatalysts For Direct Ethanol Fuel Cells, Thantakorn Nitaya

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

This research was to investigate the effect of palladium-based catalyst and supporting materials for direct ethanol fuel cell in alkaline media. The studied variables were the secondary metal (gold, ruthenium, and tungsten), types of support (carbon Vulcan, carbon nanotubes). Regarding the secondary metal incorporation, Pd99W1/C resulted in a significant enhancement in activity and stability for ethanol and methanol electrooxidation. In contrast with glycerol oxidation, Pd99Au1/C exhibited a better activity and stability than other catalysts. With the surface functionalization of carbon nanotube support, it was clear that the acid oxidation of carbon nanotube gave a poor palladium catalytic performance for ethanol …

Direct Arylation Polymerization Of 2′-Octyl-3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene For Donor-Acceptor Conjugated Copolymer Synthesis, Thanat Tiyasakulchai

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

Direct arylation polymerization (DArP) is a new palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling method to synthesize conjugated copolymers. This reaction can generate C-C bonds between simple arenes and dibromoarenes, without passing through organometallic intermediates. In this work, we synthesized new donor-acceptor conjugated copolymers based on 2′-octyl-3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (OEDOT) donor coupled with 3,5-dibromo-1,2,4-triazole, 4,7-dibromo-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole, 4,7-dibromo-5,6-difluoro-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole, 4,7-dibromo-1,2,3-benzotriazole, 4,7-dibromo-2-octyl-1,2,3-benzotriazole, 1,4-dibromo-2,5-(tert-butyldimethylsilanyl oxy)benzene, 5,7-dibromothieno[3,4-b]pyrazine and 5,7-dibromo-2,3-diphenyl thieno[3,4-b]pyrazine to become polymers P1-6 and P9-10, respectively in various range of yields of 16-88%. Polymer P7 was prepared from deprotection followed by oxidation of polymer P6. These copolymers exhibited various UV-Visible absorptions with λmax values ranging from 328 to 958 nm.

Role Of Non-Muscle Myosin Ii In Hs578t/Hs578ts(I)8 Triple Negative Breast Cancer Progression, Shimara Gunawardana

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Loss of cell-cell adhesion and migration are prerequisites for the formation of metastases. These events are mediated by changes in the actomyosin cytoskeleton. Nonmuscle myosin II (NMII) belongs to the myosin superfamily of motor proteins which binds to actin and controls actin cross-linking and contraction, however its role and regulation in cell-adhesion and migration remains poorly understood. In this study, we report that associations of α5β1integrin receptors and Ncadherins with NMII isoforms NM-IIA and NMII-B correlate with increased cell-cell adhesion and reduced migratory behavior of the parental Hs578T cells of the Hs578T/Hs578Ts(i)8 triple-negative breast cancer progression model. Using blebbistatin, a …

Fast Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry (Firms): A Tandem Mass Spectrometry Technique For The Rapid And Semi-Comprehensive Evaluation Of Isotope Ratios, Fredrick Ochieng

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Isotope ratios (IRs) are a measure of the variation in abundance of light isotopes versus heavy isotopes of an element, e.g. ¹H/²H,¹²C/¹³C, and ¹⁴N/¹⁵N. Because IRs change as a molecule undergoes certain chemical and physical processes, they represent unique fingerprints that can be used to trace the source of a chemical compound. Current techniques for determination of IRs each have major limitations, such as loss of structural information, vulnerability to contamination, high cost, large sample size requirements, low precision, limited applicability, and lengthy analysis. Fast Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry (FIRMS) …

Using Ega-Gc To Analyze Nicotine N-Oxide In Order To Explain Low Nicotine Concentrations In E-Cigarette Liquids, Cory Wuerch

Undergraduate Honors Thesis Collection

Evolved-gas analysis coupled with gas chromatography (EGA-GC) was used to analyze e-cigarette liquids. Previous analyses of e-cigarette liquids have shown that the determined concentration of nicotine is lower than the advertised concentration. A possible explanation for this phenomenon is that the nicotine in the liquids is being oxidized to nicotine N-oxide by exposure to air and thus reducing the concentration of nicotine. This study focused on analyzing samples of thermally-rearranged nicotine N-oxide. Using EGA-GC, a calibration curve was generated for nicotine N-oxide concentration, which could potentially be used to explain reduced nicotine concentrations in e-cigarette liquids.

Electron Nuclear Dynamics Simulations Of Proton Cancer Therapy Reactions: Water Radiolysis And Proton- And Electron-Induced Dna Damage In Computational Prototypes, Erico S. Teixeira, Karthik Uppulury, Austin J. Privett, Christopher Stopera, Patrick M. Mclaurin, Jorge A. Morales

Chemistry and Occupational Health Science

Proton cancer therapy (PCT) utilizes high-energy proton projectiles to obliterate cancerous tumors with low damage to healthy tissues and without the side effects of X-ray therapy. The healing action of the protons results from their damage on cancerous cell DNA. Despite established clinical use, the chemical mechanisms of PCT reactions at the molecular level remain elusive. This situation prevents a rational design of PCT that can maximize its therapeutic power and minimize its side effects. The incomplete characterization of PCT reactions is partially due to the health risks associated with experimental/clinical techniques applied to human subjects. To overcome this situation, …

Effects Of Yoga On The Motor Skills Of A Ten-Year-Old Male With Autism Spectrum Disorder, Amber Schmitt

Senior Honors Theses and Projects

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD} is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is typically diagnosed in childhood due to the presence of atypical development, social interactions, and repetitive stereotypical patterns of behavior. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of a yoga intervention on a ten-year-old male diagnosed with ASD. It was hypothesized that the yoga intervention on select instructed poses would increase both pose duration and pose performance and that the results would generalize to longer pose duration and better pose performance on non-instructed poses. Pre-intervention assessments of motor functioning were administered, including the Movement ABC, BOT-2, TGMD, …

Addressing The Threat Of Multidrug Resistant Infectious Diseases By Synthesis Of Novel Aminoglycoside Antibiotics, Girish Chandra Sati

Wayne State University Dissertations

The ever-growing increase in multidrug resistant infectious diseases is one of the major cause of human mortality, and there is an inherent need for the development of new antibiotics. Since the discovery of streptomycin, AGAs have been playing a very important role in human therapy as highly potent broad-spectrum antibiotics and are listed as one of the critically important antimicrobials by WHO. AGAs act by inhibiting the bacterial protein synthesis and by targeting the A-site present in the small subunit of bacterial ribosome. The clinical use of AGAs is somewhat restricted due to their toxic effects (ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity) and …

Catalytic Enantioselective Birch–Heck Sequence For The Synthesis Of Tricyclic Structures With All-Carbon Quaternary Stereocenters, Andrew T. Krasley, William Paul Malachowski, Hannah M. Terz, Sabrina Tran Tien

Chemistry Faculty Research and Scholarship

A new enantioselective desymmetrizing Mizoroki–Heck reaction is reported. The process affords high yields and enantioselectivities of tricyclic structures containing all-carbon quaternary stereocenters. The substrates for the reaction are efficiently synthesized from Birch reduction–alkylation of benzoic acid and benzoate esters.

Disposable Printed Lateral Flow Electrochemical Immunosensors For Human Cardiac Troponin T, Eithne Dempsey, Dhanraj Rathod

Articles

Here we report an electrochemical ELISA approach for cardiac Troponin T (cTnT) determination based on a lateral flow membrane with underlying screen printed electrodes (<;100 Ω /cm 2 ). The thick film transducer was modified with the anti-cardiac Troponin T antibody via physisorption and the electrochemical performance of the immunosensor was evaluated using cyclic voltammetry. The capture antibody coated immunoelectrode employed for electrochemical determination of Troponin T antigen used a sandwich assay format with horseradish peroxidase conjugated signaling antibodies held in the track of a lateral flow sensor strip. A simple two step procedure realized signal acquisition within <;20 min (total assay time). The lateral flow electrochemical immunosensor response resulted in a calibration curve with linear response (0-700 ng/ml cTnT) with limit of detection of 0.15 ng/ml.

Palladium-Catalyzed Carbonyl Allylation Reactions Using Tin Chloride: A Mini-Review, Armando M. Guidote Jr, Mikael John A. Baltazar, Roy Kristian C. Yanela, Noriyuki Suzuki

Chemistry Faculty Publications

The treatment of allylic alcohols as synthons of carbanions for carbonyl allylation reactions in the presence of a Pd-SnCl2 system has been one of the most interesting and most useful developments demonstrated by Yoshiro Masuyama and co-workers in the field of organic synthesis. The reaction makes use of palladium as an effective catalyst and tin (II) chloride as a low-valent reducing agent which also effectively transforms the allylic group to a nucleophilic group. The organic, as well as organometallic, chemistry of how the transformations occur and how the metals take part in the reaction is of great interest. These could …

Variety-Dependent Physiologic And Biochemical Effects Of Copper Nano Particles On Rosie And Green Bok Choy (Brassica Rapa) Phenotypes, Chaoyi Deng

Open Access Theses & Dissertations

The effects of Cu-based nanoparticles (NPs) in bok choy (Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis) are unknown. In this study, Rosie and Green, two varieties of bok choy, with different anthocyanin content, were cultivated for 70 days in soil amended with copper oxide nanoparticles (nano CuO), bulk copper oxide (bulk CuO) and copper chloride (CuCl2) at 75, 150, 300 and 600 mg Cu/kg soil. Cu and essential elements in tissues, and relative chlorophyll content, were determined. In both varieties, nano CuO treatments caused significantly more Cu uptake in roots and shoots, compared with bulk CuO and ion CuCl2 (p ≤ 0.05). Additionally, …

Iron(Ii) Complexes Of Di­Methyl­Tri­Aza­Cyclo­Phane, Wei-Tsung Less, Matthias Zeller, David Upp, Yuliya Politanska, Doug Steinman, Talal Al-Assil, Daniel P. Becker Ph.D.

Chemistry: Faculty Publications and Other Works

Treatment of the ortho-tri­aza­cyclo­phane 1,4-di­methyl­tribenzo[b,e,h][1,4,7]tri­aza­cyclo­nona-2,5,8-triene [(C₆H₅)₃(NH)(NCH₃)₂, L1] with Fe[N(SiMe₃)₂]₂ yields the dimeric iron(II) complex bis­(μ-1,4-di­methyl­tribenzo[b,e,h][1,4,7]tri­aza­cyclo­nona-2,5,8-trien-7-ido)bis­[(μ-1,4-di­methyl­tribenzo[b,e,h][1,4,7]tri­aza­cyclo­nona-2,5,8-trien-7-ido)iron(II)], [Fe(C₂₀H₁₈N₃)₄] or Fe₂(L1)₄ (9). Dissolution of 9 in tetra­hydro­furan (THF) results in solvation by two THF ligands and the formation of a simpler monoiron complex, namely bis­(μ-1,4-di­methyl­tribenzo[b,e,h][1,4,7]tri­aza­cyclo­nona-2,5,8-trien-7-ido-κN^{7 …}

New And Optimized Green Synthesis Of Silver Nanoparticles Using Mullein, Marisa Thompson, Cuong Nguyen, Anna Holmes

Summer Community of Scholars Posters (RCEU and HCR Combined Programs)

No abstract provided.

Proteome Fishing: A Reverse Docking Study, Meredyth Kinsella

Summer Community of Scholars Posters (RCEU and HCR Combined Programs)

No abstract provided.

Stereoselective Synthesis Of Legionaminic Acid And Pseudaminic Acid Glycosides, Bibek Dhakal

Wayne State University Dissertations

Legionaminic acid (Leg) and pseudaminic acid (Pse) are deoxy acetamido analogues of the most common sialic acid, N-acetylneuraminic acid (NeuAc) that are found in microorganisms. Leg and Pse are rare but important class of sialic acids, as their glycosides are found in lipopolysaccharides and glycoproteins of several pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1, Campylobacter jejuni, and Campylobacter coli. As such, the stereoselective glycosylation of the equatorial Leg and Pse donors, and the role played by their side chain conformations in anomeric reactivity and selectivity are the focus of this thesis.

Chapter two describes the synthesis of …

Presence Of Cofactor Nadph Slows Down The Dissociation Of Methotrexate From Dihydrofolate Reductase From Bacillus Stearothermophilus, Ryan Seamus Foley

Theses, Dissertations and Culminating Projects

The goal of this project was to study the effect of the presence or absence of the cofactor NADPH on the binding and release of ligand methotrexate (MTX) to/from Bacillus stearothermophilus (Bs) dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR). A previously developed, fluorescently-labeled Bs DHFR (C73A/S131CMDCC DHFR) was used to investigate the kinetics and protein conformational motions associated with the binding of NADPH and the binding of methotrexate to the holoenzyme. This Bs DHFR contains a distal cysteine where the fluorophore, N-[2-(1-maleimidyl)ethyl]-7-(diethylamino)coumarin-3-carboxamide (MDCC) can be covalently attached. This probe is sensitive to the local molecular environment, reporting on changes in the protein conformation associated …

Chemical Reduction Of Polycyclic Aromatic Ligands With Heavy Group 2 Metals, Andrew Robert Uresk

Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)

The chemistry of the alkaline earth metals has received a renewed interest in the last decades. The lighter Group 2 metal, magnesium, has gathered the most attention, as it is a key component of Grignard reagents, while the heavier metals have been less studied. The early alkaline earth metals are known to exhibit some similarity with both the alkali and lanthanide metals in π-complexation reactions with planar aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). However, the products of heavier Group 2 elements such as strontium and barium were found to be more difficult to synthesize and isolate, thus requiring the development of new synthetic …

Stargazin And Gamma-4 Slow The Rate Of Channel Opening And Closing Of Glua4 Ampa Receptors, Vincen David Pierce

Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)

The ionotropic glutamate receptors are localized in the pre- and postsynaptic membrane of neurons, and they mediate the majority of the fast excitatory synaptic transmission. These receptors are divided into three subtypes: α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA), kainic acid, and N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptors. AMPA receptor properties are critically dependent on the presence of auxiliary transmembrane proteins, such as transmembrane AMPA receptors regulatory proteins (TARPs). TARPs are the most widespread and well-studied family of auxiliary proteins. For example, the co-assembly of TARPs with AMPA receptors increases the affinity for glutamate, and reduces voltage-dependent blockade by cytoplasmic polyamines in AMPA receptors that lack …

Differentiation Of Potential False Positives From Human Saliva Using Raman Spectroscopy For Forensic Purposes, Selina Casadei

Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)

Traces of body fluids can be found at a crime scene. Being able to identify and differentiate the body fluids while preserving DNA is fundamentally important for forensic applications. Saliva is an important body fluid that can be found on bite marks, cigarette butts, and more, being an excellent source for DNA extraction. Current tests for saliva and other body fluids are destructive and body fluid specific, and are prone to false positives. Our laboratory has developed a universal method for identification of all main body fluids; saliva, semen, sweat, peripheral blood, and vaginal fluid, using Raman spectroscopy combined with …