Chemistry Commons^™

Antibacterial Peptides From Soybean (Glycine Max (L.) Merr.) With In Silico Study Against Escherichia Coli Bacteria, Dian Riana Ningsih, Ely Setiawan, Purwati Purwati, Zusfahair Zusfahair, Anita Hindayanti Rukmana

Karbala International Journal of Modern Science

Bioactive peptides are produced from soy milk protein hydrolysis using trypsin. The research began with the preparation and separation of soy milk protein, followed by fractionation using ammonium sulphate, protein hydrolysis, and SDS-PAGE analysis of protein hydrolysates. Fractions exhibiting the highest degree of hydrolysis were further fractionated by SPE and tested to determine the antibacterial activity Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The peptide sequence of the active peptide as an antibacterial was identified, employing LC-HRMS. The mode of action between active peptides and bacterial membran was analysed using molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. The findings displayed that F15 contained the highest …

Sperm-Associated Antigen 6 (Spag6) As A Potential Marker Of Sperm Function In Diagnosing Male Infertility, Ibtisam A. Al-Ali,, Kawkab A. Alsaadi

Karbala International Journal of Modern Science

Background: While male infertility has become a significant global health concern, conventional analysis of semen has not made progress in the detection of contraindicated molecular biomarkers, such as sperm-associated antigen 6 (SPAG6), which is a protein involved in axonemal structure and flagellar motility.

Hypothesis: Expression of SPAG6 correlates with sperm motility and structural integrity. This means that its dysregulation may serve as a molecular indicator of impaired sperm performance.

Methods: A comprehensive review of recent studies was conducted with a focus on SPAG6’s molecular characteristics, expression patterns in normal versus abnormal spermatozoa, and the role it plays in motility-related …

Optimized Co2 Gas Sensing With Sns:Sm2o3/N-Si Nanocomposites Fabricated Via Spray Pyrolysis, Wasan A. Khalaf, Mays A. Hammadi, Mohammed J. Alsultani, Yahya R. Hathal, Mohammed O. Salman

Karbala International Journal of Modern Science

In this work, tin sulfide:samarium oxide (SnS:Sm₂O₃) composite films were deposited using a spray pyrolysis technique for room-temperature CO₂ gas sensing. X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed a polycrystalline SnS nature of orthorhombic-phase crystallinity at 10 at.% Sm ions, while 20 at.% Sm induced Sm₂O₃ as a separate phase. Field emission-scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) induced uniform grains and increased the surface roughness, enhancing gas adsorption. UV-visible absorbance revealed band-gap narrowing. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis revealed vibrational band shifts, confirming the structural modifications. Gas-sensing measurements demonstrated 5.72%, 19.65%, and 9.65% for pure SnS, …

Chaos Engineering In Multi-Gigahertz Solid-State Lasers: A Novel Approach To Optoelectronic Control, Mikhail V. Gorbunkov, Yulia Ya. Maslova, Yulia A. Sinichkina

Karbala International Journal of Modern Science

This paper presents a comprehensive study of a multi-gigahertz chaotic generator of light pulses based on solid-state laser sources, including fiber lasers, governed by carefully designed positive and negative feedback loops. It harnesses the inherent nonlinear dynamics within a solid-state laser controlled by a combination of two inertial feedback loops, enabling the realization of complex chaotic behavior, including the logistic map scenario, under moderate amplification conditions. The laser system dynamics are rigorously investigated through theoretical modeling, employing a nonlinear map approach, and high-resolution picosecond simulations. The results of our numerical simulations highlight the efficacy of fast electro-optical feedback system with …

Unveiling The Anticancer Potential Of Syzygium Cumini: In Silico Insights Into Its Mechanistic Action Against Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer, Nur Sofiatul Aini, Win Darmanto

Karbala International Journal of Modern Science

Non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) is the most periodic type of lung cancer and the second most diagnosed cancer globally. Syzygium cumini is plant that extensively used in cuisine and traditional medicine. However, its potential for NSCLC treatment has not yet been elucidated. This study determined the potential of S. cumini as anti-NSCLC using in silico approaches. The in silico study was applied to perform active compound analysis, selection of target candidates, network pharmacology, functional annotation, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulation, respectively. Based on open source databases, S. cumini contained 115 compounds and 14 of them predicted to have …

Novel Eco-Friendly Synthesis Of Coo Nps: Evaluation Of Their Diode Laser-Enhanced Inhibitory Activity Through Combined In Silico And In Vitro Approaches., Arshad Mahdi Hamad, Sahar Naji Rashid

Karbala International Journal of Modern Science

In our study, for the first time worldwide, to the best of our knowledge, cobalt oxide nanoparticles (CoO NPs) were synthesized using naringin (Nar) extracted from citrus peels. The properties of the prepared Nar-CoO NPs were studied using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. All the test results demonstrated the efficiency and success of the nanofabrication process. The solution was then exposed to three types of diode lasers: red (650 nm), green (532 nm), and blue (405 nm). The purpose of this study was …

Enzymes Of Calendula Officinalis L. As Affected By Foliar Application Of Nano-Nitrogen And Potassium Fertilizers, Under Water Stress Conditions, Aqeel Abdulabbas Alsudani, Qais Hussain Abbas Al-Semmak

Karbala International Journal of Modern Science

Water stress is a major environmental factor that limits the growth and productivity of Calendula officinalis L. To alleviate its negative effects, recent approaches have increasingly focused on nano-fertilizers that enhance plant antioxidant defenses. This study therefore aimed to evaluate the effect of foliar application of nano-nitrogen (0, 2, and 4 mL L⁻¹) and nano-potassium (0, 2, and 4 g L⁻¹) fertilizers under two irrigation regimes (100% and 50% of field capacity) on the activity of key antioxidant enzymes, including catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and peroxidase (POD). The results revealed that irrigation at 50% field capacity significantly increased CAT, …

Effect Of Au Nanoparticles Doping On The Structure, Surface Morphology And Optical Properties Of Znago Nanorods, Mohsin Talib Mohammed, Salah M. Saleh Al-Khazali, Bassam A. Salih, Adel H. Omran Alkhayatt

Karbala International Journal of Modern Science

In this work, nanoparticles (NPs) composed of noble elements (Au and Ag) were prepared using a chemical reduction method and then combined with a spray pyrolysis technique for synthesizing ZnAgO and Au-doped ZnAgO nanorods (NRs). The films were produced by adding 2 wt% of Ag NPs and 2, 4, and 6 wt% of Au NPs at 420°C. The results showed that the films have a polycrystalline ZnO (wurtzite) with a hexagonal structure. Also, all films had a preference orientation along the (002) plane. The crystal size increased with increasing Au doping from 64.4 to 65.33 nm. For ZnO doped with …

Synthesis Of Nitrogen-Enriched 3d Graphene Foam For Electrochemical Sensing Of Hydrogen Peroxide (H₂O₂), Bhargavi Dronavalli, Madhava Rao Vallabhaneni, Jatla Murali Prakash, Deepti Kolli, Dandamudi Srilaxmi

Karbala International Journal of Modern Science

In this work, A simple hydrothermal process was utilized to create 3D-foam-type Nitrogen-doped graphene (NDG). The synthesized material was characterized using a range of physicochemical characterization techniques. These techniques confirm that nitrogen is successfully incorporated into the carbon network, resulting in NDG. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) investigation demonstrated that NDG-modified glassy carbon electrode (NDG/GCE) displayed finite charge transfer properties against typical redox systems. NDG/GCE is identified as a simple, facile, and efficient electrocatalyst material for the estimation of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂). From CV analysis, it is revealed that NDG/GCE can produce a signal for electrochemical quantification of …

Synthesis And Characterization Of Fe-Zn Bimetallic Nanoparticles Via Two-Step Laser Ablation And Their Antibacterial Activity, Hudhaifa M. Mohammed, Sahar Naji Rashid

Karbala International Journal of Modern Science

In this study, Nd: YAG laser at a wavelength of (1064 nm), energies of (300 and 400 mJ), and a pulse repetition rate of (3 Hz) was used to synthesize metallic nanoparticles from iron and zinc individually using a one-step pulsed laser ablation approach, followed by the two-step synthesis of bimetallic nanoparticles. The physical properties of the synthesized nanoparticles were then investigated using UV-visible (UV-Vis), X-ray diffraction (XRD), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) techniques. The results of characterization of the obtained NPs confirmed the formation of core-shell nanocomposites, as evidenced by the increased absorbance intensity of …

Green Synthesis Of Copper And Silver Nanostructured Particles From Eremurus Plant Extract And Comparison Of Their Optical Properties And Antibacterial Activities, Doaa Ayad Kamil, Ali F. Al-Rawaf, Mohammed Yarub Hani, H.H. Obeed, Tabarek Falah Deindee, Mohammed Ridha Shaeed

Karbala International Journal of Modern Science

In the present investigation, silver (Ag) and copper (Cu) nanostructured particles were synthesized from Eremurus plant by means of an environmentally benign methodology in which plant extracts served as both reducing and stabilizing agents. The resultant nanostructured particles were subjected to characterization techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDXS). XRD analysis confirmed development of Ag nanostructured particles with face-centered cubic (fcc) structure and also Cu nanostructured particles with cubic form. Moreover, the average crystallite dimensions obtained for Ag and Cu were 18.3 nm and 65.7 nm, …

Fabrication And Characterization Of Epoxy Resin Co-Doped With 2,5-Diphenyloxazole And Cerium Fluoride Nanoparticles For Radiation Detection, Akapong Phunpueok, Jaruwan Seangrit, Sarawut Jaiyen, Krittiya Sreebunpeng, Wuttichai Chaiphaksa, Kewalee Nilgumhang, Voranuch Thongpool

Karbala International Journal of Modern Science

This paper presents the fabrication and characterization of a plastic scintillator prepared from epoxy resin doped with 2,5-diphenyloxazole (PPO) and cerium fluoride nanoparticles (CeF₃ NPs) for radiation detection. The CeF₃ NPs were prepared by a chemical process and examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM); it was found that the prepared particles were true CeF₃ NPs with an average particle size of approximately 17 nm. The CeF₃ NPs were co-doped with PPO into epoxy resin and formed into a plastic scintillator of 3 cm in diameter and 2 cm in length. Analysis of …

Hybrid Path Planner For Centralized Multi-Robotic Long-Vehicle Based On Adaptive Dimensionality And Grey Wolf Algorithm, Noor Kadhim Ayoob, Ali Hadi Hasan

Karbala International Journal of Modern Science

The present robot planning methods pay no attention to the impact of the robot's size and the space it occupies in the environment on path planning. This paper presents a centralized hybrid method to plan optimal paths for multiple robotic long vehicles (RLVs) competing with each other to reach one common goal, taking into account the space that must be available to the RLV at each step to avoid narrow spaces that are too small to pass through. The environment analysis for each RLV is improved by assigning constant weight to the obstacles and calculating two new parameters: safety (SF) …

Influence Of Variable Climate On Mechanical Properties Of Composite Materials: An Experimental Study, Alexandra Tazhibaeva, Safaa M.R.H. Hussein, Mikhail Kuznetsov, Farid Shakirzyanov, Nikita Kharin, Igor Muravyev, Timur Agliullin, Gulshat Saleeva, Victor Mitryakin, Oleg Morozov, Oskar Sachenkov

Karbala International Journal of Modern Science

This study investigates the degradation of carbon fiber-reinforced plastic composites, fabricated via non-autoclave molding, under tropical climatic conditions across three regions over three years. Forty specimens (10 control, 30 exposed) with 2x2 twill weave and 0°/90° fiber orientation were subjected to tensile and compressive testing, microscopy, and X-ray computed tomography. Control specimens established baseline properties, while exposed specimens underwent three-year weathering. Statistical and principal component analyses revealed significant mechanical degradation, with tensile strength decreasing by up to 16.1% (p

Impact Of Plasma-Activated Water On Breast Cancer Cell Viability, Maryam G. Jasim, Hammad R. Humud

Karbala International Journal of Modern Science

Plasma-activated water (PAW) was generated using a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma system operating with a 1:1 mixture of nitrogen and argon gases to evaluate its cytotoxic effects on MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Water samples were divided into five groups: 0 minutes (control), 5, 10, 15, and 20 minutes of plasma exposure. The resulting PAW was applied to cultured cells, and cell viability was assessed 24- and 48-hour post-treatment. Viability was evaluated using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The results showed an apparent time-dependent increase in cytotoxicity. At 24 hours, cell mortality rates were 1.9%, 40.7%, 48.1%, 53.6%, …

Antifungal Peptides From Casein Milk Of Etawa Crossbreed (Capra Hircus) As Biopreservation Agent For Bread And Molecular Docking Studies, Dian Riana Ningsih, Winarto Haryadi, Rachma Wikandari, Tri Joko Raharjo

Karbala International Journal of Modern Science

Bread without peptide fraction treatment started to grow mold on the fourth day with a total of 24x10⁷ fungi colonies/ml. Meanwhile, the addition of peptide fractions GMC5, GMC6, GMC7, and GMC8 effectively preserved bread for up to 4 days, indicated by no mold growth. The best treatment was the GMC6 peptide fraction on day 8 which grew the least amount of fungus at 7x10⁷ spores/ml. Peptide interaction with the CaATPase receptor Aspergillus sp. was carried out using HADDOCK 2.4. The 3D CaATPase structure prediction resulted in a model with good structural quality. This was supported by residues in …

Computational And In Vitro Investigation Of P. Crocatum Bioactive Compounds As Pancreatic Lipase Inhibitors, Gusnia Meilin Gholam, Dimas Andrianto, Dewi Anggraini Septaningsih, Mega Safithri

Karbala International Journal of Modern Science

Obesity, a prevalent metabolic disorder characterized by excessive fat accumulation, can severely affect overall health if left untreated. This study investigated the potential of a 70% ethanol extract from Piper crocatum (red betel) leaves as an in vitro inhibitor of pancreatic lipase (PL), supported by computational analyses to identify alternative compounds to orlistat. The phytochemical profile was characterized using LC-MS/MS, revealing alkaloids and terpenoids with contents of 1.1 ± 0.01 mg CE/g and 3.14 ± 0.3 mg UAE/g, respectively. The extract exhibited 49 ± 9.1% inhibition of PL activity. Molecular docking identified three promising compounds: calanolide A (10.43 kcal/mol), myricanone …

Antibacterial Potential Of Tapanuli Orangutan (Pongo Tapanuliensis) Food In Batang Toru Forest Against Escherichia Coli And Salmonella Typhi, Herna Febrianty Sianipar, Wahyu Widoretno, Luchman Hakim, Rezi Rahmi Amolia, Fatchiyah Fatchiyah

Karbala International Journal of Modern Science

Diarrhea is a common disease affecting orangutans, primarily caused by Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi bacteria. To treat this disease, antibacterial food sources are essential as therapeutic agents for orangutans. The fruits consumed by Tapanuli orangutans include Campnosperma auriculatum, Agathis borneensis, Artocarpus heterophyllus, Castanopsis argantea, and Aglaia tomentosa. This study aims to examine the amino acid and phytochemical components with potential antibacterial properties in these five fruit species and their inhibitory effects on E. coli and S. typhi growth through cell lysis, observed using a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The samples were tested for amino acids, phytochemicals, vitamin C content, …

Effects Of Plasma-Activated Water On Wheat: Germination And Seedling Development, Wafaa Abdulrazzaq Abdullah, Hadeel O. Ismael, Duaa A. Uamran, Hammad R. Humud

Karbala International Journal of Modern Science

The food sector must contend with issues such as pathogen resistance to some of the available chemical agents, environmental pollution, and climate change to provide healthy food for livestock and people. The application of atmospheric pressure plasma jets (APPJs) is one potential solution for such problems. Plasma is appropriate for effective surface decontamination regarding food products and seeds, surface decontamination, and achieving improved agricultural production yields. The impact of plasma-activated water (PAW) produced by plasma jet discharge (PJD) system on in vitro-cultivated wheat seeds is examined in this work. For this aim, a plasma jet system was constructed with a …

Synthesis Of Cancrinite Zeolite From Toraja Natural Bentonite For Heavy Metal Removal From Wastewater, Yuli Astuti, Paulina Taba, Siti Fauziah, Syarifuddin Liong, Yusafir Hala, Nur Umriani Permatasari, Satria Putra Jaya Negara, Fadliah Fadliah

Karbala International Journal of Modern Science

This study explores the production of cancrinite (CAN) zeolite from bentonite found in Toraja (a place in South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia) and its effectiveness in removing Pb²⁺ and Fe³⁺ ions from wastewater. The synthesis was carried out using a hydrothermal method with varying NaOH concentrations, where a single phase of zeolite was formed at 5 M, as confirmed through XRD analysis. FTIR results showed the characteristics of CAN zeolite with typical absorption peaks at 676, 622, and 565 cm^-1, as well as the presence of carbonate groups (CO₃^2-) at 1300-1400 cm^-1. SEM …

Machine Learning Crime Prediction Models And The Gap Between Research And Implementation: A Systematic Review, Ricardo Huamantingo, Miguel Cano-Lengua, Ciro Rodriguez

Karbala International Journal of Modern Science

A crime is an illegal or violent act committed by one individual against another. The increasing crime rate has become a major concern as it negatively affects people's quality of life and generates significant social and economic costs. This study aims to identify the most widely used machine learning (ML) models for crime prediction, determine evaluation metrics for assessing model performance, and analyze key data characteristics to enhance real-world implementation. The study follows the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) methodology. A search string was formulated using the population, intervention, comparison, and outcomes (PICO) framework and applied …

Psilostachyin B As Potential Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Targeting Ctla-4 And Pd-L1 In The Development Of Cancer Immunotherapy: A Computational Investigation, Moh Dliyauddin, Nabila Shafa Yumna Salsabila, Noviana Dwi Lestari, Sapti Puspitarini, Mansur Ibrahim, Sri Rahayu, Muhammad Sasmito Djati, Muhaimin Rifa’I

Karbala International Journal of Modern Science

Immunotherapy is a promising treatment approach by targeting immune checkpoints such as CTLA-4 and PD-L1 to overcome cancer progression. The utilization of Curcuma longa and Phyllanthus niruri as potential immune checkpoint inhibitors offers an alternative cancer therapy. Computational analyses including molecular docking and molecular dynamics with validation using Molecular Mechanics/Poisson-Boltzmann Surface Area (MM-PBSA), Dynamic Cross-Correlation Matrix (DCCM), and Principal Component Analysis (PCA), were performed in this study. Results show that Psilostachyin B is the most promising inhibitor candidate against CTLA-4 and PD-L1, with binding affinity values of -6.9 and -6.8 kcal/mol, respectively. Molecular dynamics simulation results indicated that Psilostachyin B …

Role Of Staphylococcus Aureus And Streptococcus Pyogenes Biofilms On The Alternation Of Cellular Immunity In Pediat-Ric Tonsillitis Patients, Shayma Ali Hussein, Taban Kamal Rasheed

Karbala International Journal of Modern Science

This study examines the effect of Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes biofilms on cellular hematological parameters and distribution and phenotyping of cellular immunity in mucosal tissue of tonsils. Thirty healthy controls and fifty pediatric tonsillitis patients participated in the research. Thirty isolated S. aureus and S. pyogenes were tested for biofilm-forming capability (BFC). Hematological parameters were assessed before tonsillectomy, and 9 tonsil samples were evaluated using hematoxylin and eosin stain to investigate the histopathological alterations. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining was carried out for detecting dendritic cells (CD1a), neutrophils (CD15), macrophages (CD68), helper T cells (CD4), and cytotoxic T cells (CD8). Hematological …

Neurophysiology And Endocrine Responses To Hunger And Satiety Mechanisms: The Brain-Gut Crosstalk, Nour Shakir Rezaieg, Muthanna M. Awad

Karbala International Journal of Modern Science

Background: Obesity is a main public health problem which substantially increases the risk of many diseases. The complex neural circuitry controls energy homeostasis and food consumption by the incorporation of hormonal and neural signals. Circulating hormones, in specific the gut hormones, have been found to be very important in appetite regulation. These hormones transfer energy situation signs to the brain throughout three principle paths: the circulation system, activation of the vagus nerve, and direct modification of main brain regions such as the hypothalamus and brainstem. The control of food eating is not exclusively dependent on the homeostatic processes, rather it …

A Novel Chaotic Dna-Based Image Cryptosystem Leveraging Euclidean Division, Dynamic Josephus Traversal, And Reservoir Computing, Ahmed Kareem Shibeeb, Salah Albermany, Sadiq A. Mehdi

Karbala International Journal of Modern Science

This study presents a new chaotic DNA-based image cryptosystem that combines Euclidean division, dynamic Josephus traversal (DJT), and reservoir computing to address the weaknesses of current methods. Old chaotic DNA cryptosystems usually have problems such as using the same keys for different messages, simple DNA processes, and being vulnerable to attacks where the attacker can choose the input or try many options. The cryptosystem in this study uses a 7D hyperchaotic system that starts with keys created from SHA-512 hashes to produce changing keystreams based on the plaintext, making it very strong against such attacks. The proposed cryptosystem uses a …

Positive And Negative Parity States Of 226-236th Isotopes, Ali A. Mezban, Falih H. Al-Khudair

Karbala International Journal of Modern Science

The level scheme of the ^226-236Th nuclei is analyzed using the Interacting Boson Model (IBM-1). The ground state band (g. s.-band), beta band (β-band), gamma band (γ-band) have been described in the sd model space. To calculate the negative parity energy levels, the model space is extended to sdf by adding the f-boson (L=3). A sequence of states in energy bands up to 3.5 MeV has been obtained. The decay of negative states below 1 MeV built on an octupole vibration modes is investigated. The transition probabilities in-band and inter-band are calculated using the wave function of the …

Implementing A Sustainability Approach By Converting Plastic Bottle Waste From A Mischievous Substance To A Beneficial Material By Means Of Zero Residue Level Concept, Younus Mohammed Abed, Fatima Allawi, Shahad Mudhafar Ali, Salem Jawad Alhamd, Thekra Atta Ibrahim, Mohammed Nsaif Abbas

Karbala International Journal of Modern Science

Plastic waste represents a serious environmental and health hazard due to its non-biodegradability and toxic leachates. This study investigates the potential conversion of plastic waste into a sustainable raw material for producing a useful substance. This investigation focuses on repurposing PET beverage bottles—a major contributor to microplastic pollution—into high-value activated carbon (AC) for water treatment, aligning with circular economy principles. The chemical preparation method for AC using phosphoric acid as an activating agent was evaluated. Results demonstrated the successful conversion of 68% of plastic waste into AC under the following conditions: pyrolysis temperature of 700°C, pyrolysis time of 7 hours, …

Vitamin D3 Toxicity-Induced Hypercalcemia In Staphylococcal Arthritis: A Focus On Il-6, Ali Jabbar Abd Al-Hussain Alkawaz, Maryam Sabah Naser, Ali Jalil Obaid, Zakaria M. Al-Ghazaly

Karbala International Journal of Modern Science

Background: Vitamin D3  over-supplementation can induce toxicity through the development of hypercalcemia and may disturb immune modulation. This study examines the relationship between hypercalcemia  resulting from Vitamin D3 Overdose and serum Interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels in patients diagnosed with staphylococcal arthritis.

Methods: Forty male patients (mean age: 31 years; range: 17–45 years) were enrolled from Dec. 2024 to Feb. 2025. Twenty cases of staphylococcal arthritis were compared with twenty healthy male controls. Serum concentrations of Vitamin D3, calcium, IL-6, and other biochemical markers (urea, creatinine, ESR, WBC, and potassium) were analyzed. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from synovial fluid and confirmed using …

Enhancement Of Phenolic, Flavonoid, And Biological Activi-Ties In Fermented Pea (Pisum Sativum) Extracts Via Frac-Tionation, Anastasia Fitria Devi, Euis Filailla, Setyani Budiari, Hani Mulyani, Nina Artanti

Karbala International Journal of Modern Science

In this study, peas were fermented for 24 h using either Rhizopus oligosporus or Aspergillus oryzae. The resulting fermented peas, along with unfermented peas, were extracted using either methanol or water. The methanol extracts showed greater improvements following fermentation compared to the water extracts, as shown by the IC₅₀ values, which progressed from >500 to ≤200 µg/mL, as determined via the 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) method. Consequently, further fractionations focused on the methanol extracts of the fermented peas. Six bands were resolved on thin-layer chromatography plates for each extract. Their positions demonstrated significant effects (p < 0.05) on bioactivity. The bottom band (i.e., Band 1) exhibited approximately 70% inhibition, as determined via the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method and 35% inhibition according to the ABTS method, while the other bands displayed lower to negligible inhibition. Band 5 displayed 85–97% cytotoxicity, while Band 1 did not show any cytotoxicity. The total phenolic content (TPC) of Band 1 and the total flavonoid content (TFC) of Band 6 increased 4.4- and 8.9-fold, respectively, compared to those of the unfractionated extracts. Furthermore, a correlation analysis revealed a strong correlation between TFC and the three observed bioactivities. The different cultures significantly (p < 0.05) affected the antioxidant activity of either the fermented pea extracts or the resulting bands, as determined via the DPPH method. These results indicated that fermentation enhanced the antioxidant activity of peas. Subsequent fractionations separated and concentrated compounds from the fermented peas, improving the bioactivities, TPC, and TFC of the resulting fractions.

Synthesis Of Gold Nanoparticles Using Hordeum Vulgare Leaf Extract And Their Antibacterial Activity, Mohamed M. Sehree, Shakir Ghazi Gergees, Pakhshan A. Hassan

Karbala International Journal of Modern Science

Plant extracts and gold nanoparticles are promising alternatives for combating antibiotic resistance in light of the increasing bacterial resistance. Leaf extract of barley was used to synthesize gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). Barley gold nanoparticles (BL-AuNPs) were produced by adjusting some reaction parameters. These BL-AuNPs were characterized through employing the UV-visible spectroscopy technique, the scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). BL-AuNPs were tested for antibacterial efficacy against two strains of Gram-negative bacteria, clinically isolated and considered as multidrug-resistant pathogens, Acinetobacter baumannii and Salmonella typhi. The antimicrobial efficiency of the compounds was evaluated …