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Articles 181 - 210 of 254
Full-Text Articles in Chemistry
Three-Dimensional Modeling Of Two Forms Of The Hepatitis B Virus, Rebecca Baum, Dr. David M. Belnap
Three-Dimensional Modeling Of Two Forms Of The Hepatitis B Virus, Rebecca Baum, Dr. David M. Belnap
Journal of Undergraduate Research
The hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a pathogen that causes liver disease and death in over one million individuals per year. It is an enveloped retrovirus that is composed of a protein capsid surrounding a nucleic acid core. This nucleic acid core, depending upon the maturation state of the virus, consists of either RNA or DNA. The protein capsid of HBV is composed of four quasiequivalent subunits (subunits that have identical polypeptide (amino acid) sequences but slightly different tertiary structures). Each subunit forms an alpha-helical hairpin structure and dimerizes with another subunit. The result is the appearance of spikes on …
Genetic Analysis Of Protein Folding, Daniel Chan, Dr. Allen Buskirk
Genetic Analysis Of Protein Folding, Daniel Chan, Dr. Allen Buskirk
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Proteins are of the utmost physiological importance in their roles as enzymes, structural elements, and antibodies. Correctly formed proteins catalyze biochemical reactions, initiate proper immune system response, and even promote the development of hair, bones, skin, muscles, and blood. Likewise, incorrectly formed proteins cause Alzheimer’s disease, cystic fibrosis, various forms of cancer, and Creutzfeld-Jacob (mad cow) disease1. One of the fundamental problems that scientists face today is understanding how proteins fold to yield correct or incorrect structures. Proteins consist of building blocks called amino acids, each of which is encoded by certain DNA sequences. The conventional wisdom in the field …
Structural Identification Of The Bioactive Components Of The Samoan Fish Poison Plant Barringtonia Asiatica, Robert A. Burton, Dr. Noel L. Owen
Structural Identification Of The Bioactive Components Of The Samoan Fish Poison Plant Barringtonia Asiatica, Robert A. Burton, Dr. Noel L. Owen
Journal of Undergraduate Research
The seed of the Futu tree, Barringtonia asiatica, has been used by inhabitants of the Pacific islands for many years as a highly toxic fish poison.1 These ethnobotanical studies were responsible for the initiation of this investigation.
Investigate The Function Of The 5′ Leader In The Human At1 Angiotensin Receptor, Erik J. Petersen, Dr. Terry S. Elton
Investigate The Function Of The 5′ Leader In The Human At1 Angiotensin Receptor, Erik J. Petersen, Dr. Terry S. Elton
Journal of Undergraduate Research
A comparison of several published hAT1R cDNA sequences revealed that, although these clones shared an identical open reading frame, they differed in portions of their 5′-UTRs.1 Therefore these data suggest that alternative splicing events combine various 5′-UTR exons with the exon that harbors the hAT I R coding region.
Determination Of Angiotensin Ii Type 2 Receptor Protein Interactions Using The Yeast-Two Hybrid System, Emily Janeen Westover, Dr. Terry S. Elton
Determination Of Angiotensin Ii Type 2 Receptor Protein Interactions Using The Yeast-Two Hybrid System, Emily Janeen Westover, Dr. Terry S. Elton
Journal of Undergraduate Research
The renin-angiotensin system plays a central role in water and salt homeostasis, electrolyte balance, and vascular tone maintenance. 1 Each component of this system is a potential effector in the etiology of hypertension. Angiotensin II (Ang II), a component of the reninangiotensin system, interacts with two distinct receptor types, the Angiotensin Type 1 Receptor (AT1R) and the Angiotensin Type 2 Receptor (AT2R). The receptor types 2 probably mediate opposite intracellular effects.3 However, all currently known effects of Ang II involve the AT1R. Because of its novelty and importance, we are investigating the 4 role of the AT2R by determining proteins …
Mechanism Of Translation Termination, Michael Pfeiffer, Dr. Allen Buskirk
Mechanism Of Translation Termination, Michael Pfeiffer, Dr. Allen Buskirk
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Each cell within our body contains thousands of different kinds of proteins, each with a different function. Proteins provide cellular structure and perform catalysis of chemical reactions in the cell. Every protein is synthesized as ribosomes link together amino acids in the order encoded by DNA. It is therefore crucial that ribosomes function with great accuracy and proficiency to synthesize proteins quickly and correctly.
Thermodynamic Properties Of Nanoalumina Synthesis And Analysis Of Nanoalumina, Rebecca Olsen, Dr. Juliana Boerio-Goates
Thermodynamic Properties Of Nanoalumina Synthesis And Analysis Of Nanoalumina, Rebecca Olsen, Dr. Juliana Boerio-Goates
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Nanomaterials, possessing unique chemical, physical, and mechanical properties, can be used in a wide range of industrial, biomedical, and electronic applications. There are three general categories for producing nanomaterials: mechanical processing (milling), chemical processing (precipitation), or thermal processing (evaporation and condensation). Conventional methods often have drawbacks in controlling size, purity, surface morphologies, production amounts, cost, and time.1,2,3 Additionally, techniques developed for one metal oxide often do not transfer to other nano-oxides. A new method developed here at BYU overcomes many of these difficulties.
Enantioselective Synthesis Of Hasubanan Alkaloids, Daniel Nielsen, Laura Nielsen, Dr. Steven L. Castle
Enantioselective Synthesis Of Hasubanan Alkaloids, Daniel Nielsen, Laura Nielsen, Dr. Steven L. Castle
Journal of Undergraduate Research
In nature, many molecules exist in two different forms, referred to as enantiomers. These forms are structurally identical, yet they are mirror images of each other. One simple example of this is our hands. While both hands are structurally identical, there is no way that they can be superimposed. Our hands are enantiomers, and interact differently with certain objects. For example, a left hand cannot fit a right-handed glove. Such a phenomenon occurs on the molecular level as well. A left-handed enantiomer of a drug might react with the receptors in the body in a beneficial way, while the right-handed …
Does The Ribosome Cleave Mrna? Searching For The A-Site Endonuclease, Jeremy Goodson, Dr. Allen Burskirk
Does The Ribosome Cleave Mrna? Searching For The A-Site Endonuclease, Jeremy Goodson, Dr. Allen Burskirk
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Trans-translation can be broken down into 5 steps. , After a ribosome stalls, the mRNA in its aminoacyl-tRNA site (A-site) is cleaved and released, which leaves the A-site empty. The key molecule in ribosomal rescue, transfer-messenger RNA (tmRNA), then forms a complex with Small Protein B (SmpB). This complex is recruited into the empty A-site of the stalled ribosome. tmRNA contains a message in an open reading frame, which encodes a degradation tag that will be added to the protein later. In the next surprising step, the ribosome switches RNA templates from the stalled mRNA to tmRNA, resuming translation on …
Covalent Modification Of Hydrogen-Terminated Silicon Surfaces Through A One-Step Polymerization Process, Robert Blake, Dr. Matthew R. Linford
Covalent Modification Of Hydrogen-Terminated Silicon Surfaces Through A One-Step Polymerization Process, Robert Blake, Dr. Matthew R. Linford
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Silicon is one of the most abundant elements on the earth and has been used throughout history in a variety of applications. Because silicon is so widely used in the semiconductor and electronics industries, recent research has focused on altering the properties of silicon wafers. Chemical modification of the silicon surface changes the properties of the silicon wafer and potentially presents new semiconductor applications. One method commonly used to modify silicon surfaces is to grow polymer brushes from them.
A Trojan Horse Approach To Cancer Treatment: A2da And A2noon As Potential Triggered And Targeting Chemotherapeutic Drugs, Jeremy Koontz, Dr. Heidi Vollmer-Snarr
A Trojan Horse Approach To Cancer Treatment: A2da And A2noon As Potential Triggered And Targeting Chemotherapeutic Drugs, Jeremy Koontz, Dr. Heidi Vollmer-Snarr
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Despite the enormous amounts of time and money spent to research effective cures for cancer—the second leading cause of death in the United States —little is known today about how to kill cancer cells without harming normal cells. Current traditional forms of cancer treatment are chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and invasive surgery. However, the challenge with such treatments is they do not discriminate between normal cells and cancerous cells; these therapies struggle to balance toxicity and efficiency. In comparison, photodynamic therapy (PDT) offers a more favorable alternative to traditional methods of cancer treatment. In PDT drugs, called photosensitizers, are activated through specific …
Ectodermal Dysplasia In Family Arises From Unidentified Dominantly Inherited De Novo Mutation, Phil Young, Dr. Emily Bates
Ectodermal Dysplasia In Family Arises From Unidentified Dominantly Inherited De Novo Mutation, Phil Young, Dr. Emily Bates
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Ectodermal dysplasia (ED) is a genetic disorder dealing with improper formation of tissues derived from the ectoderm, such as skin and sweat glands. Many clinical manifestations of the disorder exist, which has led to the classification of over 170 types of ectodermal dysplasia (1). The observed phenotypes of the disorder include: conical teeth, missing or sparse eyebrows, inability to sweat, craniofacial defects, and digit malformation. Many genetic causes have been identified. A novel mutation in an individual’s DNA sequence has caused ectodermal dysplasia in several members of a Caucasian, American family we identify as Kindred 214. The family pedigree shows …
Dominantly Inherited Mutation Of Ectodermal Dysplasia, Ella Wyllie, Dr. Emily Bates
Dominantly Inherited Mutation Of Ectodermal Dysplasia, Ella Wyllie, Dr. Emily Bates
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Ectodermal Dysplasia is a genetic disorder associated with the abnormal development of hair, teeth, nails, tear ducts, sweat glands, and occasionally gross craniofacial or digit structure. ED is caused by a defective in the growth and development of the ectoderm where their tissues are derived. There are several different types of ED; to determine exactly what is causing each form of ED several genes have been investigated1. TP63, Ectodysplasin A, EDAR, tumer necrosis factor receptor associated factor 6, dentin sialophophoprotein, Dlx3, TBX22, Wnt10, Plakophilin-1 (PKP1), gap junction beta-6 protein (GJB6), porcupine homolog (PORCN), and EVC have all been identified with …
Lipidomic Analysis Of Metastatic Kidney Cancer, Brendan Coutu, Dr. John Prince
Lipidomic Analysis Of Metastatic Kidney Cancer, Brendan Coutu, Dr. John Prince
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Cancer not only affects individuals and families but has the greatest economic effect worldwide than any other premature cause of death.1 Diverse aspects of cancer biology are under investigation to better understand the mechanism of action of different cancer types, that biomarkers can be identified for early diagnosis, and, most importantly, that a lasting cure can be discovered.32 In the development of cancer, cells undergo a number of phenotypic changes, known as the hallmarks of cancer.2 The hallmarks of cancer are described as sustained proliferative signaling, evading growth suppressors, activating invasion and metastasis, enabling replicative immortality, inducing angiogenesis, and resisting …
Phosphoester Bond Stabilization For Enhanced Cid Phosphoproteomics, Stewart Morley, Dr. John Prince
Phosphoester Bond Stabilization For Enhanced Cid Phosphoproteomics, Stewart Morley, Dr. John Prince
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Proteomics uses highly sensitive mass spectrometers to measure peptide fragment masses from enzymatically digested proteins. Measuring the mass of the peptide and fragments produced in the mass spectrometer allows for identification of its parent protein. Phosphoproteomics analyzes peptides that have been phosphorylated. Phosphoproteomics identifies phosphorylation sites, network relationships between proteins, and how cells respond to changes in their environment. Mass spectrometers typically ionize peptides to carry positive charges. This charge aids to draw molecules into the instrument. Phosphate modifications reduce charge on their molecules, reducing the positive charge on phosphopeptides, creating neutral, or negatively charged species. The lack of charge …
Does Pegylation Increase The Thermodynamic Stability Of The Ww Domain Of Pin1 Via Hydrogen Bonding? A Molecular Dynamics Simulation, Chad Torgerson, Dr. Joshua Price
Does Pegylation Increase The Thermodynamic Stability Of The Ww Domain Of Pin1 Via Hydrogen Bonding? A Molecular Dynamics Simulation, Chad Torgerson, Dr. Joshua Price
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Proteins are complex molecules that have the potential to treat diseases and illnesses that small molecule drugs cannot. However, a significant problem with protein medications is that proteins tend to have short serum half-lives and can be difficult to store for extended periods of time due to their often unstable nature.1 One widely used strategy to circumvent these problems and increase the serum half-life of protein drugs is to attach polyethylene glycol (PEG) oligomers to amino acid residues (i.e., PEGylation) of protein structures.2 The thermodynamic effects of PEGylation are not always positive, however, and currently difficult to predict.3 In order …
Investigate The Function Of The 5′ Leader In The Human At1 Angiotensin Receptor, Erik J. Petersen, Dr. Terry S. Elton
Investigate The Function Of The 5′ Leader In The Human At1 Angiotensin Receptor, Erik J. Petersen, Dr. Terry S. Elton
Journal of Undergraduate Research
A comparison of several published hAT1R cDNA sequences revealed that, although these clones shared an identical open reading frame, they differed in portions of their 5′-UTRs.1 Therefore these data suggest that alternative splicing events combine various 5′-UTR exons with the exon that harbors the hAT I R coding region.
Translational Control Of Poly(A)-Binding Protein Expression, Eliott Spencer, Dr. Roger Kaspar
Translational Control Of Poly(A)-Binding Protein Expression, Eliott Spencer, Dr. Roger Kaspar
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Poly(A)-binding protein or PABP is found in high concentrations in all eukaryotic cells. Cell biologists have speculated for a long time that PABP plays an important role in stabilizing the fragile MRNA molecule so that it can be more effectively translated into its final gene product. PABP does this by binding to the Poly(A) tail at the 3′ end of the MRNA. 1,2
Enantioselective Synthesis Of Hasubanan Alkaloids, Daniel Nielsen, Laura Nielsen, Dr. Steven L. Castle
Enantioselective Synthesis Of Hasubanan Alkaloids, Daniel Nielsen, Laura Nielsen, Dr. Steven L. Castle
Journal of Undergraduate Research
In nature, many molecules exist in two different forms, referred to as enantiomers. These forms are structurally identical, yet they are mirror images of each other. One simple example of this is our hands. While both hands are structurally identical, there is no way that they can be superimposed. Our hands are enantiomers, and interact differently with certain objects. For instance, a left hand cannot fit a right-handed glove. Such a phenomenon occurs on the molecular level as well. A left-handed enantiomer of a drug might react with the receptors in the body in a beneficial way, while the right-handed …
The Planar Ion Trap, Ivan Miller, Dr. Daniel Austin
The Planar Ion Trap, Ivan Miller, Dr. Daniel Austin
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Mass spectrometry has been a common analytical procedure for over fifty years. Today it is most commonly used to characterize and quantify unknown solutions, solids, and vapors in chemical and biochemical environments by determining the specific masses of atoms and molecules. Ion traps have become standard methods in analysis as they have dramatically improved the selectivity and resolution of mass spectrometers. Ion traps use applied voltages to create electrical fields in a small trapping volume. These fields interact with the molecules in the mass analyzer by trapping ionized molecules over a broad mass range. The trapped ions are eventually ejected …
Investigation Of The Structure Of Quinoa Saponins By Hplc And Mass-Spec, Samuel Swainhart, Dr. Steve Wood
Investigation Of The Structure Of Quinoa Saponins By Hplc And Mass-Spec, Samuel Swainhart, Dr. Steve Wood
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Quinoa is a grain grown mainly by Natives in diverse areas throughout Latin America that is considered by many nutritional scientists as possibly the most nourishing grain available. Its contents include high levels of protein, an exceptional composition of amino acids, and many carbohydrates. Unfortunately, quinoa is very climate sensitive, and currently can only be grown in certain areas of the world, due to a low tolerance for intense heat. For this reason, quinoa is not grown everywhere and its annual yields are nowhere near the enormous quantities of rice and grain harvested annually. There are many different known varieties …
Homocitric Acid In Nitrogenase: Interactions With The Cofactor Of The Molybdenum-Iron Protein, Christopher M. Lee, Dr. G. D. Watt
Homocitric Acid In Nitrogenase: Interactions With The Cofactor Of The Molybdenum-Iron Protein, Christopher M. Lee, Dr. G. D. Watt
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Ammonia is extremely valuable in the industrial production of fertilizer, plastics, explosives, dyes, and other compounds. The most plentiful and common source of ammonia comes from the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen gas to ammonia. In industry the 80-year-old Haber method is used, which is a costly process that relies on very high temperatures and pressures to catalyze the reaction.
Redox Properties Of Horse Spleen Ferritin, D. Cope Norcross, Dr. Gerald D. Watt
Redox Properties Of Horse Spleen Ferritin, D. Cope Norcross, Dr. Gerald D. Watt
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Iron is essential to all forms of life. Yet, free iron is toxic unless sequestered and regulated. Organisms use the protein ferritin to perform this function. Ferritin is found storing and releasing iron in almost all living organisms. Ferritin is a large, nearly spherical, hollow protein composed of twenty-four nearly identical subunits (Harrison, et. al., 1991; Theil, 1990). The structure of this protein has been characterized and is well known, yet relating this form to its function is still an active area of research. Although there have been many studies done and many models proposed, very little is known about …
Applications Of Meta 1,3-Photocyclizations Using Silicon As A Tether, Bradley Nilsson
Applications Of Meta 1,3-Photocyclizations Using Silicon As A Tether, Bradley Nilsson
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Current literature contains many examples of the use of light to induce the synthesis of novel compounds and natural compounds. One reaction that has been extensively studied is the meta photocycloaddition of arenes to alkenes. Commonly this is experimentally treated as an inten-nolecular reaction. Problems with this approach to the photocycloaddition include low yields and extensive side reactions with competing regioselectivities. We felt that bringing the alkene and the arene together via a molecular tether prior to irradiation with UV light would increase yields and limit side reactions. Our goal is to find a way to make this reaction more …
Lithium-Halogen Exchange In Non-Ethereal Solvent: Efficient Preparation Of 2-Bromo-6-Lithiopyridine In Dichloromethane, Jared R. Mitchell, Dr. Matt A. Peterson
Lithium-Halogen Exchange In Non-Ethereal Solvent: Efficient Preparation Of 2-Bromo-6-Lithiopyridine In Dichloromethane, Jared R. Mitchell, Dr. Matt A. Peterson
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Organolithium reagents have long been known as useful reagents for carbon-carbon bond formation in synthetic organic chemistry. Although a variety of techniques have been developed for their generation, one of the most frequently used methods involves treating either an alkyl or aryl halide (R-X, X = halogen) with a commercially available organolithium such as nbutyllithium (nBuLi). When these reactions are carried out at low temperature in inert solvents, the lithium atom of nBuLi and the halogen atom of the alkyl or aryl halide are exchanged, hence this process is referred to as a lithium-halogen exchange reaction (Figure 1).
Effects Of Metabolic Rate On Muscle Cell Phospholipid Profile, Aaron Miller, Danny Sims, Dr. Steven Wood
Effects Of Metabolic Rate On Muscle Cell Phospholipid Profile, Aaron Miller, Danny Sims, Dr. Steven Wood
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Animal and human cell membranes are composed primarily of phospholipids that form a bi-layer around the cell. Phospholipids play a crucial role in cell membrane function by regulating fluidity and structure. Alterations in the cell membrane composition can drastically affect cell function and metabolism. The purpose of our research study was to identify muscle cell membrane compositional changes due to exercise and muscular dystrophy. Also, we sought to identify the specific chemical changes occurring in the cell membrane by characterizing the structures of the cell membrane phospholipids using mass spectrometry.
Strategic Isolation Of A Putative Cox Enzyme Honors Thesis, Jacob Orme, Dr. Daniel Simmons
Strategic Isolation Of A Putative Cox Enzyme Honors Thesis, Jacob Orme, Dr. Daniel Simmons
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Most of the results of my work are confidential pending publication. This also applies to the public availability of my honors thesis, which will not be printed until later this year as a result. This fact highlights two important points: 1) I will be unable to offer many specifics in this report-although I will offer as much information as possible1-and 2) more importantly, this ORCA project has been extraordinarily successful.
Diversity Of Hiv, Jacob Venesky, Dr. Greg F. Burton
Diversity Of Hiv, Jacob Venesky, Dr. Greg F. Burton
Journal of Undergraduate Research
My ORCA research project was designed to assess the level of diversity found in a patient’s body. When a doctor prescribes drugs to combat HIV, he or she must first assess whether the patient houses drug-resistant strains. This is usually done by extracting blood from the patient and sampling the HIV found within. There is a general assumption made that if there are no drugresistant strains of HIV found in the blood, then the prescribed drugs will be effective at controlling the virus. However, if the HIV found in the blood of the patient was not fully representative of the …
Finding Interactions Between Smpb And Tmrna During Trans-Translation, David Healey, Dr. Allen Buskirk
Finding Interactions Between Smpb And Tmrna During Trans-Translation, David Healey, Dr. Allen Buskirk
Journal of Undergraduate Research
During the last year, I have worked in collaboration with Allen Buskirk and DeAnna Cazier to study the interactions between SmpB and tmRNA during a process called bacterial trans-translation. To understand our experiments, it is necessary to know a little about what trans-translation is, and how it works.
Kurasoin B Analogues, Jason Nielson, Dr. Merritt Andrus
Kurasoin B Analogues, Jason Nielson, Dr. Merritt Andrus
Journal of Undergraduate Research
During the past year, I have actively worked at developing analogues of the anti-cancer agent kurasoin B. I have included the synthetic path that we have followed during the past year as a reminder of the proposed plan I submitted. Included in the general synthetic pathway are the percent yields that I was able to obtain for each reaction.