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Articles 151 - 180 of 740
Full-Text Articles in Chemistry
Follicular Dendritic Cells And Activation Of T Cells Bearing Latent Hiv, Jared Huber, Dr. Gregory F. Burton
Follicular Dendritic Cells And Activation Of T Cells Bearing Latent Hiv, Jared Huber, Dr. Gregory F. Burton
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Determine the pathway by which FDC cytokines activate HIV transcription in CD4+ T‐cells harboring latent HIV.
Searching For Nascent Peptides That Cause Ribosome Stalling, Shankar Parajuli, Dr. Allen Buskirk
Searching For Nascent Peptides That Cause Ribosome Stalling, Shankar Parajuli, Dr. Allen Buskirk
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Ribosomes are molecular machines that synthesize all the proteins for all living cells. Ribosomes sometimes stall and cannot complete the synthesis of a given protein. Some peptides interact with the ribosome during their own translation and induce stalling.1 The SecM and TnaC peptides in E. coli, for example, have been found to play a key regulatory role in translation of genes found on the same mRNA.2
Electrospray Of Bacteria Intact And Viable, Sara Pratt, Dr. Daniel Austin
Electrospray Of Bacteria Intact And Viable, Sara Pratt, Dr. Daniel Austin
Journal of Undergraduate Research
In this project we wanted to see if bacteria can survive a process called electrospray ionization (ESI). While bacteria survival of ESI has not previously been demonstrated, viruses survivability has1. The process of ESI consists of spraying a solution of the desired analyte in a strong electric field. Solution flowing through a capillary forms a Taylor cone at the end from which charged droplets emit. As solvent evaporates, the droplets break apart. As solvent continues to evaporate, that process is repeated and eventually forms individually charged particles once all the solvent is evaporated. The ESI in this experiment is done …
Characterization Of Peptides That Cause Ribosome Stalling, Diana Valverde, Dr. Allen Buskirk
Characterization Of Peptides That Cause Ribosome Stalling, Diana Valverde, Dr. Allen Buskirk
Journal of Undergraduate Research
The ribosome is a macromolecular machine found in all living cells. It catalyzes protein synthesis through a process known as translation. The ribosome reads messenger RNA that carries the blueprint for a protein product and brings in the appropriate amino acids to build a specific protein. Ribosomes are composed of two subunits (50S and 30S) that form three binding sites for transfer RNA. The A site of the ribosome accepts the incoming tRNA charged with an amino acid. This tRNA transfers its amino acid to a growing polypeptide chain held in the P site. After the transfer, the tRNA exits …
Bioactive Lipid Analysis Of Asthma-Induced Lung Tissue With A Focus On Biomarker Identification, Mackay Merrill, Dr. John Prince
Bioactive Lipid Analysis Of Asthma-Induced Lung Tissue With A Focus On Biomarker Identification, Mackay Merrill, Dr. John Prince
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Initially, the goal of my project was to search for biologically active lipids in the lung tissue of mice with and without asthma (as opposed to those which simply form the membranes of cells) and determine if any of these lipids could serve as indicators of the disease. Over the course of experimentation, the focus shifted to these membrane (or structural) lipids. I planned to find indicative lipids (biomarkers) using mass spectrometry and statistical analysis.
Design And Synthesis Of (-)- Englerin A Mimics, Kayleen Thompson, Dr. Merritt Andrus
Design And Synthesis Of (-)- Englerin A Mimics, Kayleen Thompson, Dr. Merritt Andrus
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Englerin A, which comes from an East African plant, Phyllantus englari, has been found to be an impressive anti-renal cancer agent. It is even more promising than another leading natural anticancer agent, Taxol.1 Englerin A has a unique, complex structure, and its exact mode of action is currently unknown. The key features of englerin A are the cinnamate ester and glycolate ester with an intervening lipophilic cyclic hydrocarbon core. The englerin structure can be effectively mimicked with a more simplified core structure. For this project, I worked on synthesizing an analog of the anticancer agent (-)-englerin A that contains key …
Reactivation Of Latent Hiv In Cd4+ T Cells Through Fdc Costimulation, Matthew Greer, Dr. Greg Burton
Reactivation Of Latent Hiv In Cd4+ T Cells Through Fdc Costimulation, Matthew Greer, Dr. Greg Burton
Journal of Undergraduate Research
I received an ORCA grant for a project entitled “Reactivation of latent HIV in CD4+ T cells through FDC costimulation.” The original hypothesis of this research was that the factor FDCs (follicular dendritic cells) produce to reactivate latent HIV in T cells is a protein signaling molecule that can be identified through analyzing the proteins FDCs produce. While this project is still proceeding, my resources during the last year since I received an ORCA grant have been dedicated to ironing out a few preliminary wrinkles to this project. Specifically, I have troubleshot and optimized the method our lab group uses …
Analysis Of The Kinetics Of Atmospherically Important Reactions, Marie Killian Chilton, Dr. Jaron Hansen
Analysis Of The Kinetics Of Atmospherically Important Reactions, Marie Killian Chilton, Dr. Jaron Hansen
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Organic peroxy radicals react to form tropospheric ozone, which harms the health of humans and vegetation and is considered the most significant pollutant in rural areas.1 Many of the individual reactions in the overall mechanism for ozone formation involve radicals. Radicals are highly reactive and therefore it is challenging to measure their fundamental properties directly. Particularly, it is difficult to determine an accurate reaction rate constant for reactions involving radicals. This rate constant is largely dependent on the atmospheric conditions. Dr. Jaron Hansen is currently studying the effect of water vapor on the kinetic rate constant for the reaction of …
Genetic Rescue Of The Irk 2 Knockout Phenotype By Ectopic Expression Of Irk 2 Wt, Brandon Gassaway, Dr. Emily Bates
Genetic Rescue Of The Irk 2 Knockout Phenotype By Ectopic Expression Of Irk 2 Wt, Brandon Gassaway, Dr. Emily Bates
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Anderson-Tawil Syndrome (ATS) is characterized by morphological defects including clinodactyly (abnormal curvature of digits), syndactyly (fused digits), micrognathia (small jaw), cleft palate, and hypertelorism (wide-set eyes) as well as periodic paralysis and heart arrhythmia. Mutations in inwardly rectifying potassium (Irk) channels are found in patients with ATS. Expression of mutant Irk channels causes similar physiological and morphological defects in mice.1
The Total Synthesis Of S-Equol Using Phase Transfer Catalysis, Eric Bready, Dr. Merritt Andrus
The Total Synthesis Of S-Equol Using Phase Transfer Catalysis, Eric Bready, Dr. Merritt Andrus
Journal of Undergraduate Research
The purpose of this project was completion of the total organic synthesis of the anti-cancer compound (S)-equol. My goal was to carry out our planned synthesis of this molecule using Phase Transfer Catalysts, (PTCs), which promote the formation of the S enantiomer as opposed to the R enantiomer of equol (S and R enantiomers are like right and left hands, which are mirror images of each other—in organic synthesis usually only one form is desired) (1). In using PTCs it was our hope that we would be able to form (S)-equol with high yield and in a timely manner. Successful …
Synthesis Of S-Equol Using Heck Coupling Reaction And Phase-Transfer Catalysis, Chelsey Hancock
Synthesis Of S-Equol Using Heck Coupling Reaction And Phase-Transfer Catalysis, Chelsey Hancock
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Please list all accomplishments, achievements, publications, presentations, or other scholarly productivity that resulted from your ORCA project. This may include submissions to peer-reviewed journals, conference presentations or papers, performances, exhibitions, internships, scholarships, graduate school opportunities, local presentations, or awards that followed your mentoring experience.
In Vitro Activation Of Human Follicular Dentritic Cells And Its Effects On Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection, Sean Llewellyn, Dr. Gregory F. Burton
In Vitro Activation Of Human Follicular Dentritic Cells And Its Effects On Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection, Sean Llewellyn, Dr. Gregory F. Burton
Journal of Undergraduate Research
HIV is known to survive on follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) for many months and is believed to contribute to persisting HIV infection. FDCs protect HIV from degradation, thereby prolonging the infectivity of the virus. Moreover, when virus is trapped on FDCs, it escapes the ability of neutralizing antibodies (NtAb) to block infection of CD4+ T cells and subsequent removal of virus from the body. We postulate that FDC CD32 and/or CD21 contribute to maintaining virus infectivity and permitting infection in the presence of NtAb. Furthermore, when HIV forms an immune complex with antibodies and binds to CD32 and/or CD21, the …
The Roles Of Phosducin-Like Protein 1 And Programmed Cell Death Protein 5 As Molecular Co-Chaperones Of The Cytosolic Chaperonin Complex, Christopher M. Tracy
The Roles Of Phosducin-Like Protein 1 And Programmed Cell Death Protein 5 As Molecular Co-Chaperones Of The Cytosolic Chaperonin Complex, Christopher M. Tracy
Theses and Dissertations
A fundamental question in biology is how proteins, which are synthesized by the ribosome as a linear sequence of amino acids, fold into their native functional state. Many proteins require the assistance of molecular chaperones to maneuver through the folding process to protect them from aggregation and to help them reach their native state in the very concentrated protein environment of the cell. This study focuses on the roles of Phosducin-like Protein 1 (PhLP1) and Programmed Cell Death Protein 5 (PDCD5) as molecular co-chaperones of the Cytosolic Chaperonin Complex (CCT).Signaling in retinal photoreceptors is mediated by canonical G protein pathways. …
Desorption Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry Imaging: Instrumentation, Optimization And Capabilities, Manan Dhunna
Desorption Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry Imaging: Instrumentation, Optimization And Capabilities, Manan Dhunna
Theses and Dissertations
Desorption Electrospray Ionization Mass spectrometry Imaging (DESI-MSI) is an area of great interest and a promising tool in the field of chemical imaging. It is a powerful, label-free technique, which can determine, map and visualize different molecular compounds on a sample surface. The amount of information acquired in a single DESI-MSI experiment is enormous compared to other techniques, as it can simultaneously detect different compounds with their spatial distribution on the surface. The experiment can be used to produce two-dimensional and three-dimensional images. Chapter 2 focuses on the design and optimization of the setup for performing DESI-MS imaging on various …
Facile Synthesis And Characterization Of A Thermally Stable Silica-Doped Alumina With Tunable Surface Area, Porosity, And Acidity, Maryam Khosravi Mardkhe
Facile Synthesis And Characterization Of A Thermally Stable Silica-Doped Alumina With Tunable Surface Area, Porosity, And Acidity, Maryam Khosravi Mardkhe
Theses and Dissertations
Mesoporous γ-Al2O3 is one of the most widely used catalyst supports for commercial catalytic applications. The performance of a catalyst strongly depends on the combination of textural, chemical and physical properties of the support. Pore size is essential since each catalytic system requires a unique pore size for optimal catalyst loading, diffusion and selectivity. In addition, high surface area and large pore volume usually result in higher catalyst loading, which increases the number of catalytic reaction sites and decreases reaction time. Therefore, determination of surface area and porosity of porous supports is critical for the successful design and optimization of …
Multivariate Factor Analysis Of A Rocky Mountain Lichen Set, S. Aaron Ross, Dr. Nolan F. Mangelson
Multivariate Factor Analysis Of A Rocky Mountain Lichen Set, S. Aaron Ross, Dr. Nolan F. Mangelson
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Lichens are a symbiotic relationship between a fungus and an alga. They have no root system, so although they grow off rocks and trees, they need to gather their nutrients from the air. Their great dependence on the atmosphere makes them very susceptible to changes in the air. For instance, a high ambient level of pollution particulates could cause the lichens to collect an increased amount of those particles. Because of this sensitivity to the environment, lichens have become a focus point of scientists to determine ambient pollution levels.1
Nascent Peptides That Induce Translational Arrest, Christopher J. Woolstenhulme
Nascent Peptides That Induce Translational Arrest, Christopher J. Woolstenhulme
Theses and Dissertations
Although the ribosome is a very general catalyst, it cannot synthesize all protein sequences equally well. Certain proteins are capable of stalling the ribosome during their own synthesis. Stalling events are used by both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells to regulate gene expression. Characterization of natural stalling peptides shows that only a few strategically placed amino acids are needed to inactivate the ribosome. These motifs share little sequence similarity suggesting that there are more stalling motifs yet to be discovered. Here we use two genetic selections in E. coli to discover novel stalling peptides and detail their subsequent characterization. Kinetic studies …
Mentoring Undergraduates Via Organic Synthesis, Steven L. Castle
Mentoring Undergraduates Via Organic Synthesis, Steven L. Castle
Journal of Undergraduate Research
This report summarizes the results of the mentoring environment in my laboratory that were generated from January 2012 to present. During this period, a total of seven undergraduates performed research in my laboratory. Their names and accomplishments are listed below.
Mimics Of Antimicrobial Peptides And Glycolipid Immunology, Paul Savage
Mimics Of Antimicrobial Peptides And Glycolipid Immunology, Paul Savage
Journal of Undergraduate Research
The primary objective of this project was to provide a research experience for as many undergraduate students as possible in a laboratory involved in research in fields spanning chemical, immunological and microbiological disciplines. By working closely with senior graduate students and postdoctoral researchers, undergraduate researchers learned how research is conducted in academic laboratories and were able to contribute to this research.
Thermodynamic Studies Of Technologically Significant Silicides, Rebecca Stevens, Dr. Juliana Boerio-Goates
Thermodynamic Studies Of Technologically Significant Silicides, Rebecca Stevens, Dr. Juliana Boerio-Goates
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Vanadium, molybdenum, and tungsten silicides are inorganic materials that have many practical applications at high temperatures and high pressures1. Eight compounds which are of particular interest are found in Table 1. Accurate thermodynamic data aids in the synthesis of high purity, single phase materials. For example, knowledge of the Gibbs free energies as a function of temperature and pressure allows one to predict relative stabilities of the binary compounds. Calculation of this thermodynamic property requires the enthalpy of formation of these materials as well as their entropies and heat capacities. The enthalpies have been reported for many of these compounds …
Isolation And Structural Elucidation Of Cancer Therapeutic Agents In Rhamnaecae Ziziphus Obtusifolia, Matthew Woll, Dr. Noel Owen
Isolation And Structural Elucidation Of Cancer Therapeutic Agents In Rhamnaecae Ziziphus Obtusifolia, Matthew Woll, Dr. Noel Owen
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Many important and useful biological compounds are found in plants. Extensive work has been done on evaluating anti-cancer 1, 2, anti-malarial 3, and anti-viral 4 properties of plants. The Yaqui Indians of northern Mexico have traditionally used many natural products to cure various diseases. Gloria Moroyoqui, the daughter of a Yaqui Indian shaman (medicine man) explained to us some of the plants and their uses as medicine. The Yaqui Indians have used Rhamnacae ziziphus obtusifolia, commonly known as graythorn, as a cancer chemotherapeutic agent.
Cyclooxygenase 1 And 2: Development Of Canine Invitro And Whole Blood Assays For Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs, Nicole L. Hatch, Dr. Daniel L. Simmons
Cyclooxygenase 1 And 2: Development Of Canine Invitro And Whole Blood Assays For Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs, Nicole L. Hatch, Dr. Daniel L. Simmons
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) are the basis for a multi-billion dollar pharmaceutical market. Their target, Cyclooxygenase (COX), might from an economic standpoint be considered the most important enzyme known to man (1). NSAIDS inhibit COX from producing arachdonic acid, a precursor to prostaglandins (2). Prostaglandins have been indicated in platelet aggregation, cancer, the processing of pain information in the spinal cord, septic shock, smooth muscle contraction during ovulation, cell proliferation, rheumatoid arthritis and inflammation.
Photodynamic Therapy As A Cure For Ick, Spencer C. Davis, Dr. James Thorne
Photodynamic Therapy As A Cure For Ick, Spencer C. Davis, Dr. James Thorne
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) is a new technique currently used to treat malignant cancer tumors in humans. This treatment uses the principles of light in a manner similar to types of radiation therapy. In PDT a photosensitizing dye is injected intraveneously diffusing to all cells. Tumor cell absorption of the dye is targeted by tailoring chemical properties of the photosensitizer, concentrating it in the tumor. The sensitizers absorb light energy, producing an excited singlet oxygen that readily reacts with double bonds and oxidizes adjacent molecules. PDT is very effective because the extremely reactive singlet oxygen travels only a short distance before …
Synthesis Of Bioconjugate Dimers Used To Probe The Structure Of Pglycoprotein, Emily Parker, Dr. Merritt B. Andrus
Synthesis Of Bioconjugate Dimers Used To Probe The Structure Of Pglycoprotein, Emily Parker, Dr. Merritt B. Andrus
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Chemotherapy is one of the primary treatments for cancer today. A patient’s life may depend on its efficacy, so when he or she develops multi-drug resistance (MDR) the results can be devastating. MDR, a clinical condition manifested by the failure of chemotherapy, is primarily due to the expression of P-glycoprotein (Pgp), a membrane-bound small molecule transport protein which is found normally in some cells but is greatly over expressed in drug resistant cancer cells1. It is believed that after chemotherapy drugs diffuse into the cell, Pgp effluxes them out using energy from ATP hydrolysis, thus imparting drug resistance.
The Process Of Creating Microsolvated Ions Using Electrospray Ionization And Fourier-Transform Ion Cycoltron Resonance Mass Spectrometry, Laura Cunningham, Dr. David V. Dearden
The Process Of Creating Microsolvated Ions Using Electrospray Ionization And Fourier-Transform Ion Cycoltron Resonance Mass Spectrometry, Laura Cunningham, Dr. David V. Dearden
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Microsolvation is the process of attaching solvent molecules to a host molecule in the gas phase, creating a system which exhibits characteristics between that of gas-phase and solution-phase systems. Study of these microsolvated systems can help us to understand the difference between gas-phase and solution-phase behavior, and uncover the conditions under which an ion may be considered solvated. Using electrospray ionization and Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry, our team studied the best methods for creating microsolvated systems between alkali metals and various solvents.
An Efficient Reductive Amination Protocol Using Benzylamine-Borane As Reducing Agent, Adam M. Bowman, Dr. Matt A. Peterson
An Efficient Reductive Amination Protocol Using Benzylamine-Borane As Reducing Agent, Adam M. Bowman, Dr. Matt A. Peterson
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Reductive amination is an important method used to generate amines from aldehydes or ketones. This process occurs in a two-step in situ reaction. First, an iminium intermediate is formed when the carbonyl compound condenses with ammonia or a primary or secondary amine. This intermediate is then reduced by a reducing agent already present in the reaction mixture (Scheme 1).
A Study Of Random Amplified Polymorphic Dna (Rapd) As Markers In A Linkage Map Of Peromvscus Using Two Inbred Strains, Dan Ririe
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Within the mouse genus Peromyscus there exists many pericentric inversions containing linkage groups, genes which do not recombine. It has been hypothesized that genes inherited together provide the selective pressure which has caused speciation within the genus. The purpose of this project was to aid ongoing research in the lab of Dr. Duke Rogers in finding genetic markers in the mouse genus Peromyscus. From these markers a linkage map will eventually be developed, It is this linkage map which can help answer several evolutionary questions concerning this genus.
Creation Of Mutations Of The Human Cdc34 Gene: A Regulator Of The Cell Division Cycle, Craig Rogers
Creation Of Mutations Of The Human Cdc34 Gene: A Regulator Of The Cell Division Cycle, Craig Rogers
Journal of Undergraduate Research
In the yeast strain Saccharomyces cerevlslae, the gene CDC34 encodes for a ubiquitln ligase necessary for the transition from GI to the S phase of the cell division cycle.
Thick Target Applications Of Particle Induced X-Ray Emission (Pixe), Renee Williams
Thick Target Applications Of Particle Induced X-Ray Emission (Pixe), Renee Williams
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Particle induced X-ray emission (PIXE) accomplishes simultaneous multiple- trace element analysis with samples weighing less than one milligram. Having such rare capabilities, PIXE has applications in many disciplines. Environmental, industrial and medical fields span only a few of the areas where PIXE has been used. Brigham Young University has conducted PIXE research in these disciplines and others for over 25 years. One of the current research projects involves the elemental analysis of lichens from Federal lands in the Intermountain west. During this project, weaknesses in the existing PIXE system became more apparent which sacrificed the precision of the method. Research …
Na+/K+ Atpase Concentrations In Pregnancy-Related Tissues, Sarah M. Buck, Dr. Steven Graves
Na+/K+ Atpase Concentrations In Pregnancy-Related Tissues, Sarah M. Buck, Dr. Steven Graves
Journal of Undergraduate Research
Na+/K+ ATPase, or sodium pump, is an integral protein that is essential in maintaining proper intracellular concentrations of Na+ and K+. The sodium pump exists in three isoforms which are present in varying numbers and relative distribution in different tissues. As the pump moves the ions in and out of the cell, it creates a cell membrane potential. When this potential decreases, muscle contracts. It is proposed that this may be a factor in the initiation or the sustaining of labor status. This study is concerned mainly with determining a possible correlation between sodium pump concentrations in pregnancy-related tissues and …