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Articles 1681 - 1710 of 1823

Full-Text Articles in Chemistry

Studies Of Surface Electrochemistry And Electrocatalysis At Atomic And Molecule Level, Shigang Sun Feb 1998

Studies Of Surface Electrochemistry And Electrocatalysis At Atomic And Molecule Level, Shigang Sun

Journal of Electrochemistry

The main progresses achieved during last few years in our research group concerning studies of surface electrochemistry and electrocatalysis were reviewed in this present paper. Four topics were described: 1) the surface electrochemistry and model electrocatalysis of metal single crystal planes, 2) the electrocatalytic reaction mechanism and the control of reaction pathways at molecule level, 3) the reaction kinetics of electrooxidation of small organic molecules, and 4) the relationship between the properties and the surface chemical states of electrocatalyst. This review lays in emphasis on the demonstration of the results as well as the research direction of surface electrochemistry and …

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A Preliminary Study On Thin Film Plasticizing Lithium Ion Battery, Quanfeng Dong, Hanxi Yang, Xinping Ai, Xiaohong Hu, Shengxian Li Feb 1998

A Preliminary Study On Thin Film Plasticizing Lithium Ion Battery, Quanfeng Dong, Hanxi Yang, Xinping Ai, Xiaohong Hu, Shengxian Li

Journal of Electrochemistry

A dry polymer electrolyte was made by plasticizing a copolymer matrix and further filling with liquid electrolyte. A thin-film lithium ion battery based on the dry polymer electrolyte was manufactured and its electrochemical properties were measured. It is found that the thin film lithium ion battery exhibits similar discharge properties to liquid electrolyte battery, and shows strong high rate capability.

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Microelectrode Studies On The Pitting Corrosion Process Of Stainless Steel, Changjian Lin, Lijian Chen, Ronggui Du, Zude Feng, Jianguang Tang, Hongping Dai Feb 1998

Microelectrode Studies On The Pitting Corrosion Process Of Stainless Steel, Changjian Lin, Lijian Chen, Ronggui Du, Zude Feng, Jianguang Tang, Hongping Dai

Journal of Electrochemistry

Differing with the scanning microelectrode techniques, which scan microelctrode closely to the interface of electrode/electrolyte and make electrochemical imaging in a lateral spatial resolution, the technique of microelectrode with a micron diameter is of very high time-resolution and ratio of signal/noise in electrochemical measurements. The microelectrode technique allows double-layer capacitance and background current for a microelectrode to be drastically reduced due to the exposed area of a microelectrode is usually 6～8 orders of magnetite lower than that of a conventional electrode with large-scale exposed area. Microelectrode was recently developed as a new powerful electrochemical technique and widely used in the …

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Gold Electrodeposition On Microelectrodes, Lihua Xiong, Caihui Shi, Xiaoqin Li, Bingwei Mao Feb 1998

Gold Electrodeposition On Microelectrodes, Lihua Xiong, Caihui Shi, Xiaoqin Li, Bingwei Mao

Journal of Electrochemistry

The initial stage electrodeposition behaviors of gold onto glassy carbon and platinum microelectrodes are studied in an acid solution containing AuCl3 using cyclic voltammetry and potential step techniques. The results suggest that gold nucleation on microelectrodes requires a higher driving force with high probability. Within the range of the microelectrode dimension that have been used in the present work, large amount of gold nucleus could be formed at short time scale at overpotentials higher than a threshole value. The It curves from the platinum microelectrode are in consistence with the continuous nucleation model. It has been found that …

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Study On The Synthesis And Electrochemical Behavior Of Poly (Quinonoid-Disulfide), Xiaohui Tang, Xiuwu Sun, Yongfang Li, Shibi Fang Feb 1998

Study On The Synthesis And Electrochemical Behavior Of Poly (Quinonoid-Disulfide), Xiaohui Tang, Xiuwu Sun, Yongfang Li, Shibi Fang

Journal of Electrochemistry

Organic polydisulfide containing quinonoid structure was synthesized by chloromethylation, oxidation by nitric acid, and condensation polymerization with sodium disulfide. The effect of quinonoid structure on the electrochemical behavior of organic polydisulfide was investigated with cyclic voltammetry and chargedischarge measurement. The result shows that quinonoid struture mainly affects the positions of redox peaks of organic polydisulfide, open circuit voltage and discharge platform voltage of cell with the organic polydisulfide as cathode.

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The Investigations Of Surface Treatment Methods And Characterization Of Oxide Films On Ab5 Based Metal Hydride Electrodes Ⅰ. New NiRich Treatment Methods And Photoelectrochemical Characterization Of Oxide Films, Junmin Nan, Yong Yang, Jun Li, Zugeng Lin Feb 1998

The Investigations Of Surface Treatment Methods And Characterization Of Oxide Films On Ab5 Based Metal Hydride Electrodes Ⅰ. New NiRich Treatment Methods And Photoelectrochemical Characterization Of Oxide Films, Junmin Nan, Yong Yang, Jun Li, Zugeng Lin

Journal of Electrochemistry

Two simple and efficient surface treatment methods for AB5 type hydrogen storage alloys were developed. The results of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and cyclic voltammetric (CV) experiments showed that the hydrogen storage alloys treated by two different methods had Ni rich surface layer so that the performances of the electrodes were improved after treatment. The characterization of the oxide films which formed on the surface of electrodes through potentiodynamic oxidation with the help of photoelectrochemical microscopy (PEM) were done. The anodic photocurrent and the cathodic photocurrent related to the oxidation of hydrogen and the reduction of oxygen on the …

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Electrochemical Impedance Of Molten Salts Induced Hot Corrosion, Chaoliu Zeng, Weitao Wu, Jianqing Zhang Feb 1998

Electrochemical Impedance Of Molten Salts Induced Hot Corrosion, Chaoliu Zeng, Weitao Wu, Jianqing Zhang

Journal of Electrochemistry

Electrochemical impedance technique was employed to study corrosion behaviors of Ni-3Al, IN100 and IN738 alloys in molten (Na, K, Li)2SO4 at 700 ℃. The Nyquist plots for Ni-3Al and IN100 alloys have the characteristics of diffusion controlled reaction. But, the corrosion reaction for IN738 alloy is not controlled by the diffusion of oxidants. The equivalent circuits were proposed, and the parameters in circuits were also calculated. Ni-3Al and IN100 alloys suffer from catastrophic corrosion due to the formation of a porous corrosion layer. IN738 alloy has excellent corrosion resistance because of the formation of a protective oxide …

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A Study Of Adsorption Kinetics Of Β-Phenylaminopropiophenone On Iron In Acid Solution, Dihua Wang, Xianzhang Bu, Jinyun Zou, Fuxing Gan Feb 1998

A Study Of Adsorption Kinetics Of Β-Phenylaminopropiophenone On Iron In Acid Solution, Dihua Wang, Xianzhang Bu, Jinyun Zou, Fuxing Gan

Journal of Electrochemistry

The adsorption kinetics of β-phenylaminopropiophenone (PAP) on iron electrode in 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 solution with or without Cl- were investigated by chronoamperometry.

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A Study On Heterogeneous Indirect Electrosynthesis Of Benzaldehyde, Daobao Chu, Changjian Lin, Huashui Lin, Jianguang Tan Feb 1998

A Study On Heterogeneous Indirect Electrosynthesis Of Benzaldehyde, Daobao Chu, Changjian Lin, Huashui Lin, Jianguang Tan

Journal of Electrochemistry

Heterogeneous indirect electrosynthesis process of benzaldehyde has been investigated using cyclic voltammetry and polarization curves. An optimum condition for preparation of benzaldehyde by indirect electrooxidation of toluenc with redox Mn3+/Mn2+ is given in this paper. Electrolytic regeneration Mn3+ are made at Pt/Ti anode in “slurry” MnSO4/H2SO4 medium. Current efficiency for electrolytic regeneration Mn3+  was maintained over 88% by “double cyclic way”.

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Investigation Of Methanol Anode Electrooxidation Catalysts, Gangyao Wen, Ying Zhang, Zhenglong Yang, Changzhi Li Feb 1998

Investigation Of Methanol Anode Electrooxidation Catalysts, Gangyao Wen, Ying Zhang, Zhenglong Yang, Changzhi Li

Journal of Electrochemistry

A series of catalysts, Pt-WO3/C, Pt/Ru/C and Pt-Ru-WO3/C were prepared by chemical reduction deposition. Electrocatalytic oxidation of methanolon different catalyst/Nafion membrane electrodes was studies by voltammetry and current-potential polarization. The results indicated that the catalytic activity order of different catalysts is as follows: Pt-Ru-WO3/C > Pt-Ru/C > Pt-WO3/C. At the same time, influences of methanol concentrations and catalyst proportion on performances of anodes were also studies.

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Progresses In Surface Electrochemistry And Electrocatalysis ——A Review On The 1997 Joint International Meeting Of Electrochemistry And 97' International Meeting Of Surface Electrochemistry, Shigang Sun Feb 1998

Progresses In Surface Electrochemistry And Electrocatalysis ——A Review On The 1997 Joint International Meeting Of Electrochemistry And 97' International Meeting Of Surface Electrochemistry, Shigang Sun

Journal of Electrochemistry

The progresses in surface electrochemistry and electrocatalsis reported in the 1997 joint international meeting of electrochemistry and in the 97′ international meeting of surface electrochemistry were reviewed. The main trends described in this paper consisted of 7 aspects: 1) the studies employing single crystal electrodes, 2) the development of in situ methods of diverse spectroscpoy, 3) the innovation of new research techniques, 4) the preparaton of electrocatalyst of high performances, 5) the quantitative studies on kinetics of electrocatalytic reactions, 6) the investigation on the dynamic processes of surface by timeresolved methods, and 7) the theoretical modeling and simulation of surface …

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Anchor Effect Of Iron And Cobalt To Platinum On Carbon Substrates, Zidong Wei, Hetong Guo, Zhiyuan Tan Feb 1998

Anchor Effect Of Iron And Cobalt To Platinum On Carbon Substrates, Zidong Wei, Hetong Guo, Zhiyuan Tan

Journal of Electrochemistry

The cathodic reduction of oxygen is studied on porous carbonbased electrodes carrying platinumiron and/or cobalt alloy catalysts. Electrodes using such electrocatalysts, particularly when used as cathodes in acidic electrolytes, remain stable for longer periods. The cathodic polarization of oxygen reduction on such electrodes is 20 mV to 40 mV lower than that on the conventional electrode on which only platinum alone is used as an electrocatalysts. An accelerated aging test (AAT) is used to evaluate the corrosion resistance and sintering resistance of each catalyst. The dissolution of the catalyst in the AAT filtrate is analysed and provides a measure of …

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Study On Nano Electrode Material Of Lithium Ion Batteries, Jinkua You, Yong Yang, Dong Shu, Shenghui Wu, Yingchun Zhang, Zugeng Lin Feb 1998

Study On Nano Electrode Material Of Lithium Ion Batteries, Jinkua You, Yong Yang, Dong Shu, Shenghui Wu, Yingchun Zhang, Zugeng Lin

Journal of Electrochemistry

In this paper, the structure and morphology of the nano phase electrode materials have been characterized with XRD and TEM. The performances of electrochemical intercalation and deintercalation of lithium ions have been studied by using cyclic voltammograms and galvanostatic charge discharge techniques. The results show that the nano materials posses advantage of micro structure and Li+ ions intercalation performances. The observed high capacity and large charge discharge current density of the nano phase materials seem to have resulted from three kinds of effects: 1) an increase in the space for Li+ ions intercalation; 2) a decrease in the …

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Preparation Of High Rate Discharge Foamed Ni-Cd Battery, Yuming Wang, Jinsheng Chen Nov 1997

Preparation Of High Rate Discharge Foamed Ni-Cd Battery, Yuming Wang, Jinsheng Chen

Journal of Electrochemistry

A novel device of SC type foamed NiCd battery is presented, in which, the innerresistance of battery is appeared to be reduced, and the electrode performance is gained to very improved, and so, this battery can be suited to using of the powerdrive pistol drill.

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Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell Materials And Technology, Naichao Li, Baolian Yi Nov 1997

Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell Materials And Technology, Naichao Li, Baolian Yi

Journal of Electrochemistry

Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell materials are reviewed, and the technology of Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell are discussed.

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Mechanism Of Electrodeposition Of Cu/Co Multilayer Thin Films, Jiangyun Xue, Jixun Wu, Dejun Yang Nov 1997

Mechanism Of Electrodeposition Of Cu/Co Multilayer Thin Films, Jiangyun Xue, Jixun Wu, Dejun Yang

Journal of Electrochemistry

The mechanism of electrodeposition of Cu/Co multilayer thin films has been studied by means of potentodynamic sweep, cyclic voltammetry sweep and AC impendance. The results indicated that the copper deposition is mass transfer controlled process and the cobalt deposition is related to the absorbed intermediate species such as Co(OH)ads. The cobalt ions first form Co(OH)ads, then was deoxygenated to cobalt on the electrode surface.

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Study On Perchlorate Produced By Electrolysis With Oxygen Cathode, Zhigang Shao, Baolian Yi, Naichao Li, Ming Han Nov 1997

Study On Perchlorate Produced By Electrolysis With Oxygen Cathode, Zhigang Shao, Baolian Yi, Naichao Li, Ming Han

Journal of Electrochemistry

A new method of measuring the flow capacity of cell gas in the perchlorate cell process equipped with an oxygen cathode is applided to investigate the influence of changes in the concentration of solution (chloride, chlorate, perchlorate and metal ion) and changes in the operation parameters (current density, temperature and pH) on perchlorate current efficiency. The main abstacle that the oxygen cathode is used in the perchlorate cell process is put forward and a method is provided to resolve it.

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The Effect Of Solution Composition On The Corrosion Behavior Of Electrodeposited Zinc Powder, Qingwen Li, Qin Yang, Xi Xia Nov 1997

The Effect Of Solution Composition On The Corrosion Behavior Of Electrodeposited Zinc Powder, Qingwen Li, Qin Yang, Xi Xia

Journal of Electrochemistry

Zinc powder as a widely anode material can be electrowon from ZnCl2 or ZnO+KOH media. The properties of zinc powder are likely to be modified with electrolytic conditions such as the composition of bath solution, electrolysis manner, current density and additives etc.. In this paper, we have discussed the effect of the compositions of bath solution on the microstructure and corrosion resistance of zinc powder.

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The Activity Of Alloy Cu-Ni Electrode In Electroreduction Of Aromatic Nitro-Compounds, Chunan Ma, Shaoping Tong, Xiaojun Cheng, Hui Wang Nov 1997

The Activity Of Alloy Cu-Ni Electrode In Electroreduction Of Aromatic Nitro-Compounds, Chunan Ma, Shaoping Tong, Xiaojun Cheng, Hui Wang

Journal of Electrochemistry

Cu-Ni alloy on the basis of copper at different ratio Cu/Ni are prepared by codepostion. The cathode activtiy of film are studied by steady-state polarization for electroreduction nitro-benzene (NB) and 1,5-dinitroanthraquinone (1,5-DNA) to p-aminophenol and 1,5-diamino-4,8-dihydroanthraquinone respectly. The results show that the alloy cathodes at different ratio Cu/Ni have different exchange current density (io) and apparent activition energy (EA). The alloy (CN-30) has maximal io and minimal EA by codeposition at the following conditions: electrolyte: 0.05 mol/L CuSO4·5H2O+0.6 mol/L NiSO4·6H2O+0.25 mol/L Na3Cit·2H2O; …

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Photoluminescence Of Photoelectrochemically Etched N+-Si, Guozheng Li, Chengqian Zhang, Xiumei Yang Nov 1997

Photoluminescence Of Photoelectrochemically Etched N+-Si, Guozheng Li, Chengqian Zhang, Xiumei Yang

Journal of Electrochemistry

PS layer on n+-Si with (111) orientation prepered by means of photoelectrochemically etched has photo-luminescent (PL) ability like PS layer on usual n-Si. The data of PL spectra and quenching are given.

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Study On The Oxygen Electrodes Of Alkaline Fuel Cells Effect Of Dopant On The Activity Of Ag/C Catalyst, Jiawei Teng, Linhua Jin, Luncheng Tang Nov 1997

Study On The Oxygen Electrodes Of Alkaline Fuel Cells Effect Of Dopant On The Activity Of Ag/C Catalyst, Jiawei Teng, Linhua Jin, Luncheng Tang

Journal of Electrochemistry

A new kind of nonnoble catalyst for the oxygen electrodes of Alkaline Fuel Cells was investigated. The AgNiBiHg/C catalyst, which was prepared by chemical reduction, was active for the cathodic reduction of oxygen in alkaline fuel cells. It was found that the catalytic activity was improved by adding Ni, Bi, Hg to Ag/C catalyst, and the maximum activity was observed at Ag50%-Ni2%-Bi3%-Hg3%-C42%(wt%). XRD inconjunction with SEM indicated that the crystalline silver turned into amorphous in the presence of doping agents and the grain size of silver was reduced. No dramatic deactivation of the catalyst occured after 5200 hours of service.

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Development Of A New Type Ni-S Evolution Hydrogen Electrode For Water Electrolysis, Xiaoyou Yuan, Jinyu Wang Nov 1997

Development Of A New Type Ni-S Evolution Hydrogen Electrode For Water Electrolysis, Xiaoyou Yuan, Jinyu Wang

Journal of Electrochemistry

A new type evolution hydrogen electrode NiS(N) has been made from nickel plating electrode in NiSO4CS(NH2)2 bath by electrodeposition. It is analyzed by SEM and X-ray energy spectrum. The NiS(N) electrode is different from the NiS(O) electrode (which is used in plant at present time) in surface metallograph configuration and surfer content. The results of measurement polarization curves and water electrolysis 480 hours at 5 000 A·m-2 show that the evolution hydrogen overpotential of NiS(N) electrode is decreased at least 160 mV relative to NiS(O) electrode and the stablisum of NiS(N) electrode is better …

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Study On The Diffusion Of Electroactive Molecules In Polymer Electrolyte By Microelectrode Voltammetry, Liming Ding, Shaojun Dong, Erkang Wang Aug 1997

Study On The Diffusion Of Electroactive Molecules In Polymer Electrolyte By Microelectrode Voltammetry, Liming Ding, Shaojun Dong, Erkang Wang

Journal of Electrochemistry

The ten years study on the diffusion of electroactive molecules in polymer electrolyte by microelectrode voltammetry was reviewed by considering the development background of polymer electrolyte materials. The classification, fabrication, applications and electrochemical measurements of microelectrode were introduced concisely. The several important factors influencing the diffusion of electroactive molecules were stressed. In the final part of this paper, some new reports on the diffusion of labeled molecules were introduced.

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Behavior Of Copper In Hydrogen Storage Alloy Microencapsulated By Copper, Dawei Zhang, Huatang Yuan, Huabin Yang, Zuoxiang Zhou, Yunshi Zhang Aug 1997

Behavior Of Copper In Hydrogen Storage Alloy Microencapsulated By Copper, Dawei Zhang, Huatang Yuan, Huabin Yang, Zuoxiang Zhou, Yunshi Zhang

Journal of Electrochemistry

Negative electrode made from Cu microencapsulated hydrogen storage alloy was studied by using cyclic voltammetry method. The results showed that copper as a coating material was of a certain stability in 5 mol/L KOH solution within the range of charge and discharge voltage. But when expanding the sweep voltage, the CV curve showed a pair of distinct oxidation reduction current peaks of Cu2O formation at E = -0.3 V and Cu2O reduction at E =-0.6 V. With charging discharging cycles, copper is liable to be oxidized to Cu2O and further oxidized into CuO2 …

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Corrosion Behaviour Of Copper Covered With Ion Selective Phenolic Coatings By Eis, Zhoucheng Wang, Yingzhou Zhang, Shaomin Zhou Aug 1997

Corrosion Behaviour Of Copper Covered With Ion Selective Phenolic Coatings By Eis, Zhoucheng Wang, Yingzhou Zhang, Shaomin Zhou

Journal of Electrochemistry

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS) technique was employed to study the corrosion behaviour of copper painted with the anion selective, cation selective and bipolar phenolic coatings in 3% NaCl solution. From the impedance spectrum characteristics, the models of equivalent circuit for these different coating systems were established, and the methods for the analysis of experimental impedance diagrams in terms of coating and interface properties were discussed. The research results show that the composition and structure of ion selective coatings have significant influence on corrosion behaviour of copper. The bipolar coating consisting of an anion selective inner layer and a cation selective outer …

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The Electrode Process Of Some Organic Dyes Studied By Spectroelectrochemical Technique In Situ, Yinxuan Tang, Hangsheng Yang, Baoen Shen Aug 1997

The Electrode Process Of Some Organic Dyes Studied By Spectroelectrochemical Technique In Situ, Yinxuan Tang, Hangsheng Yang, Baoen Shen

Journal of Electrochemistry

Spectroelectrochemistry especially with in situ measurement in a cell provides a very useful mthodology for measuring the parameters of electrode process. In this paper, we report the determination of formal potentials, the number of electron transfer, the diffusion coefficient, the heterogeneous electron transfer rate constant and the transfer coefficient of some organic dyes (Methyelene blue, Neutral red, Indigo carmine) using spectroelectro chemical technique in situ.

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Electrocatalytic Oxidation Of Methanol On The Stearate Nickel L-B Film, Benzeng Hua, Wenyan Hu, Yanzhen Chen, Yanhong Zhang Aug 1997

Electrocatalytic Oxidation Of Methanol On The Stearate Nickel L-B Film, Benzeng Hua, Wenyan Hu, Yanzhen Chen, Yanhong Zhang

Journal of Electrochemistry

The stearate nickel L-B films is good electroacatlyst for the oxidation of methanol MeOH in alkaline. The electrochemical behaviors of stearate nickel L-B films is affected by the concentration of KOH. The rate of quantity of mickel ion and stearic acid in L-B films is 1∶1, which means that the nickel ion may exist in -COONi(OH) form. The electrocatalytic process is influenced by the concentration of OH-, it involves the penetration of MeOH into the films. The oxidative currents of MeOH are linearly dependent on the bulk concentration.

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Surface Modifications Of Carbon Materials Used As Anode Of Lithium Ion Battery Ⅲ. Improvement Of Artificially Imposed Solid Electrolyte Film On Cell Performance, Shuhua Ma, Xiabin Jing, Fosong Wang Aug 1997

Surface Modifications Of Carbon Materials Used As Anode Of Lithium Ion Battery Ⅲ. Improvement Of Artificially Imposed Solid Electrolyte Film On Cell Performance, Shuhua Ma, Xiabin Jing, Fosong Wang

Journal of Electrochemistry

The improving effect of solid electrolyte film artificially imposed on carbon electrode was investigated. The result showed that both the charge/discharge capacity and first charge/discharge efficiency, to a certain extent, were enhanced, and the result also suggested the effectiveness of the substitution of the artificially imposed solid electrolyte film for the inherent passivating film which was formed on the surface of the carbon electrode while inserted in the electrolyte during charging or discharging. The Scanning Electron Microscope result displayed the compact and well-defined morphology of the artificially imposed crystalline film.

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Investigation On Electro Reduction Behaviour Of Copper Anodic Products In Concentrated Naoh Solutions Ⅱ. Electro Reduction Of Cu(Ⅱ) Products, Jianbo He, Hanhe Chen, Jianxin Lin Aug 1997

Investigation On Electro Reduction Behaviour Of Copper Anodic Products In Concentrated Naoh Solutions Ⅱ. Electro Reduction Of Cu(Ⅱ) Products, Jianbo He, Hanhe Chen, Jianxin Lin

Journal of Electrochemistry

Potentiostatic oxidation potentiodynamic or galvanostatic reduction methods have been used to study the cathodic reduction behaviour of various products anodically formed on the second stage of copper oxidation in concentrated NaOH solutions. Seven cathodic current peaks and the corresponding cathodic potential plateaus are observed on the potentiodynamic E/i curves and the galvanostatic E/t curves, respectively. In the negative potential scan, there are three couples of voltammetric peaks which have been attributed to the formation and reduction of CuO, Cu(OH)2 and Cu(Ⅱ) ion, respectively. The complicated mechanism for the electro formation of the three Cu(Ⅱ) species are discussed.

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Studies On The Failure Modes Of Stationary Vrla Batteries, Yibo Tong, Xiangming Qiu Aug 1997

Studies On The Failure Modes Of Stationary Vrla Batteries, Yibo Tong, Xiangming Qiu

Journal of Electrochemistry

In order to improve the reliability and the quality of stationary valve-regulated lead-acid (VRLA) batteries, the failure modes of the stationary VRLA batteries which caused by the water loss and the thermal runaway are studied. The water loss may be solved by increasing the Oxygen-recombination efficiency, choosing the suitable grid material and the additives of megative paste, decreasing the corrosion of the positive plates. The thermal runaway may be solved by decreasing the inner ohmic resistance of VRLA batteries, improving the outside condition of batteries such as putting into the absorbing-heat material between the abtteries etc..

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