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Articles 271 - 300 of 702
Full-Text Articles in Applied Mathematics
An Initial Value Technique Using Exponentially Fitted Non Standard Finite Difference Method For Singularly Perturbed Differential-Difference Equations, M. Adilaxmi, D. Bhargavi, Y. N. Reddy
An Initial Value Technique Using Exponentially Fitted Non Standard Finite Difference Method For Singularly Perturbed Differential-Difference Equations, M. Adilaxmi, D. Bhargavi, Y. N. Reddy
Applications and Applied Mathematics: An International Journal (AAM)
In this paper, an exponentially fitted non standard finite difference method is proposed to solve singularly perturbed differential-difference equations with boundary layer on left and right sides of the interval. In this method, the original second order differential difference equation is replaced by an asymptotically equivalent singularly perturbed problem and in turn the problem is replaced by an asymptotically equivalent first order problem. This initial value problem is solve by using exponential fitting with non standard finite differences. To validate the applicability of the method, several model examples have been solved by taking different values for the delay parameter δ …
Two Dimensional Mathematical Study Of Flow Dynamics Through Emphysemic Lung, Jyoti Kori, Pratibha _
Two Dimensional Mathematical Study Of Flow Dynamics Through Emphysemic Lung, Jyoti Kori, Pratibha _
Applications and Applied Mathematics: An International Journal (AAM)
There are various lung diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, fibrosis, emphysema etc., occurred due to deposition of different shape and size particles. Among them we focused on flow dynamics of viscous air through an emphysemic lung. We considered lung as a porous medium and porosity is a function of tidal volume. Two dimensional generalized equation of momentum is used to study the flow of air and equation of motion is used to study the flow of nanoparticles of elongated shape. Darcy term for flow in porous media and shape factor for nonspherical nanoparticles are used in mathematical …
Solitary And Periodic Exact Solutions Of The Viscosity-Capillarity Van Der Waals Gas Equations, Emad A. Az-Zo’Bi
Solitary And Periodic Exact Solutions Of The Viscosity-Capillarity Van Der Waals Gas Equations, Emad A. Az-Zo’Bi
Applications and Applied Mathematics: An International Journal (AAM)
Periodic and soliton solutions are derived for the (1+1)-dimensional van der Waals gas system in the viscosity-capillarity regularization form. The system is handled via the e-φ(ξ) -expansion method. The obtained solutions have been articulated by the hyperbolic, trigonometric, exponential and rational functions with arbitrary constants. Mathematical analysis and numerical graphs are provided for some solitons, periodic and kink solitary wave solutions to visualize the dynamics of equations. Obtained results reveal that the method is very influential and effective tool for solving nonlinear partial differential equations in applied mathematics.
Functional Dimension Of Solution Space Of Differential Operators Of Constant Strength, Morteza Shafii-Mousavi
Functional Dimension Of Solution Space Of Differential Operators Of Constant Strength, Morteza Shafii-Mousavi
Applications and Applied Mathematics: An International Journal (AAM)
A differential operator with constant coefficients is hypoelliptic if and only if its solution space is of finite functional dimension. We extend this property to operators with variable coefficient. We prove that an equally strong differential operator with variable coefficients has the same property. In addition, we extend the Zielezny’s result to operators with variable coefficients; prove that an operator with analytic coefficients on ℝn is elliptic if and only if locally the functional dimension of its solution space is the same as the Euclidean dimension n.
Resonance In The Motion Of A Geocentric Satellite Due To Poynting-Robertson Drag And Equatorial Ellipticity Of The Earth, Charanpreet Kaur, Binay K. Sharma, Sushil Yadav
Resonance In The Motion Of A Geocentric Satellite Due To Poynting-Robertson Drag And Equatorial Ellipticity Of The Earth, Charanpreet Kaur, Binay K. Sharma, Sushil Yadav
Applications and Applied Mathematics: An International Journal (AAM)
In this paper, the problem of resonance in a motion of a geocentric satellite is numerically investigated under the consolidated gravitational forces of the Sun, the Earth including Earth’s equatorial ellipticity parameter and Poynting-Robertson (P-R) drag. We are presuming that bodies lying on an ecliptic plane are the Sun and the Earth, and satellite on orbital plane. Resonance is monitored between satellite’s mean motion and average angular velocity of the Earth around the Sun, and also between satellite’s mean motion and equatorial ellipticity parameter of the Earth. We also perform a systematic and thorough analysis in an attempt to understand …
A New Successive Linearization Approach For Solving Nonlinear Programming Problems, Inci Albayrak, Mustafa Sivri, Gizem Temelcan
A New Successive Linearization Approach For Solving Nonlinear Programming Problems, Inci Albayrak, Mustafa Sivri, Gizem Temelcan
Applications and Applied Mathematics: An International Journal (AAM)
In this paper, we focused on general nonlinear programming (NLP) problems having m nonlinear (or linear) algebraic inequality (or equality or mixed) constraints with a nonlinear (or linear) algebraic objective function in n variables. We proposed a new two-phase-successive linearization approach for solving NLP problems. Aim of this proposed approach is to find a solution of the NLP problem, based on optimal solution of linear programming (LP) problems, satisfying the nonlinear constraints oversensitively. This approach leads to novel methods. Numerical examples are given to illustrate the approach.
Study Of Specially And Temporally Dependent Adsorption Coefficient In Heterogeneous Porous Medium, Dilip K. Jaiswal, Gulrana _
Study Of Specially And Temporally Dependent Adsorption Coefficient In Heterogeneous Porous Medium, Dilip K. Jaiswal, Gulrana _
Applications and Applied Mathematics: An International Journal (AAM)
One-dimensional advection-dispersion equation (ADE) is studied along unsteady longitudinal flow through a semi-infinite heterogeneous medium. Adsorption coefficient is considered temporally and spatially–dependent function i.e., expressed in degenerate form. The dispersion parameter is considered as inversely proportional to adsorption coefficient. The input source is of pulse type. The Laplace Transformation Technique (LTT) is used to obtain the analytical solution by introducing certain new independent variables through separate transformations. The effects of adsorption, heterogeneity and unsteadiness are investigated and discussed with the help of various graphs.
Training And Development Need Ranking Of A Hotel Manager Using Fuzzy Technique For Order Preference By Similarity To Ideal Solution, Trupti Thakre, Onkar Chaudhari, Nita Dhawade
Training And Development Need Ranking Of A Hotel Manager Using Fuzzy Technique For Order Preference By Similarity To Ideal Solution, Trupti Thakre, Onkar Chaudhari, Nita Dhawade
Applications and Applied Mathematics: An International Journal (AAM)
Regular training and development programs are necessary to learn or improve skills and knowledge of the employees, as it has long term positive effect on the prosperity or success of the organization. For this, organization searches out the employees to whom training may be given as per their need. As every organization has different needs, various criteria and alternatives are determined by the group of decision makers. In this paper, multi-criteria group decision making model is considered, where various training and development needs of a hotel manager have been identified by group of decision makers and ranked with simplified fuzzy …
On Nonlinear Contractions In New Extended 𝒃-Metric Spaces, Hassen Aydi, Abdelbasset Felhi, Tayyab Kamran, Erdal Karapınar, Muhammad U. Ali
On Nonlinear Contractions In New Extended 𝒃-Metric Spaces, Hassen Aydi, Abdelbasset Felhi, Tayyab Kamran, Erdal Karapınar, Muhammad U. Ali
Applications and Applied Mathematics: An International Journal (AAM)
Very recently, the notion of extended 𝑏-metric spaces was introduced by replacing the modified triangle inequality with a functional triangle inequality and the analog of the renowned Banach fixed point theorem was proved in this new structure. In this paper, continuing in this direction, we further refine the functional inequality and establish some fixed point results for nonlinear contractive mappings in the new setting. A nontrivial example for the new extended 𝑏-metric space is given.
Spectral Tau-Jacobi Algorithm For Space Fractional Advection-Dispersion Problem, Amany S. Mohamed, Mahmoud M. Mokhtar
Spectral Tau-Jacobi Algorithm For Space Fractional Advection-Dispersion Problem, Amany S. Mohamed, Mahmoud M. Mokhtar
Applications and Applied Mathematics: An International Journal (AAM)
In this paper, we use the shifted Jacobi polynomials to approximate the solution of the space fractional advection-dispersion. The method is based on the Jacobi operational matrices of fractional derivative and integration. A double shifted Jacobi expansion is used as an approximating polynomial. We apply this method to solve linear and nonlinear term FDEs by using initial and boundary conditions.
Summation Formulas For The Confluent Hypergeometric Function , Φ_ 2^(2r) Of Several Variables, Ahmed A. Atash
Summation Formulas For The Confluent Hypergeometric Function , Φ_ 2^(2r) Of Several Variables, Ahmed A. Atash
Applications and Applied Mathematics: An International Journal (AAM)
In this paper, we establish a general summation formula for the confluent hypergeometric function Φ2(2r) of several variables by applying the generalized Kummer’s summation theorem due to Lavoie et al. As an applications of our main result, we obtain certain new summation formulas for the confluent hypergeometric function Φ24 . Also some summation and transformation formulas including a results obtained recently by Choi and Rathie have been obtained as special cases.
Transient Thermal Stresses Due To Axisymmetric Heat Supply In A Semi-Infinite Thick Circular Plate, S. D. Warbhe, K. C. Deshmukh
Transient Thermal Stresses Due To Axisymmetric Heat Supply In A Semi-Infinite Thick Circular Plate, S. D. Warbhe, K. C. Deshmukh
Applications and Applied Mathematics: An International Journal (AAM)
The present paper deals with the determination of thermal stresses in a semi-infinite thick circular plate of a finite length and infinite extent subjected to an axisymmetric heat supply. A thick circular plate is considered having constant initial temperature and arbitrary heat flux is applied on the upper and lower face. The governing heat conduction equation has been solved by using integral transform technique. The results are obtained in terms of Bessel’s function. The thermoelastic behavior has been computed numerically and illustrated graphically for a steel plate.
Generalized Growth And Faber Polynomial Approximation Of Entire Functions Of Several Complex Variables In Some Banach Spaces, Devendra Kumar, Manisha Vijayran
Generalized Growth And Faber Polynomial Approximation Of Entire Functions Of Several Complex Variables In Some Banach Spaces, Devendra Kumar, Manisha Vijayran
Applications and Applied Mathematics: An International Journal (AAM)
In this paper the relationship between the generalized order of growth of entire functions of many complex variables m(m ≥ 2) over Jordan domains and the sequence of Faber polynomial approximations in some Banach spaces has been investigated. Our results improve the various results shown in the literature.
Qualitative Analysis Of A Modified Leslie-Gower Predator-Prey Model With Weak Allee Effect Ii, Manoj K. Singh, B. S. Bhadauria
Qualitative Analysis Of A Modified Leslie-Gower Predator-Prey Model With Weak Allee Effect Ii, Manoj K. Singh, B. S. Bhadauria
Applications and Applied Mathematics: An International Journal (AAM)
The article aims to study a modified Leslie-Gower predator-prey model with Allee effect II, affecting the functional response with the assumption that the extent to which the environment provides protection to both predator and prey is the same. The model has been studied analytically as well as numerically, including stability and bifurcation analysis. Compared with the predator-prey model without Allee effect, it is found that the weak Allee effect II can bring rich and complicated dynamics, such as the model undergoes to a series of bifurcations (Homoclinic, Hopf, Saddle-node and Bogdanov-Takens). The existence of Hopf bifurcation has been shown for …
Unified Ball Convergence Of Inexact Methods For Finding Zeros With Multiplicity, Ioannis K. Argyros, Santhosh George
Unified Ball Convergence Of Inexact Methods For Finding Zeros With Multiplicity, Ioannis K. Argyros, Santhosh George
Applications and Applied Mathematics: An International Journal (AAM)
We present an extended ball convergence of inexact methods for approximating a zero of a nonlinear equation with multiplicity m; where m is a natural number. Many popular methods are special cases of the inexact method.
Numerical Solution Of 3rd Order Ode Using Fdm: On A Moving Surface In Mhd Flow Of Sisko Fluid, Manisha Patel, Jayshri Patel, M. G. Timol
Numerical Solution Of 3rd Order Ode Using Fdm: On A Moving Surface In Mhd Flow Of Sisko Fluid, Manisha Patel, Jayshri Patel, M. G. Timol
Applications and Applied Mathematics: An International Journal (AAM)
A Similarity group theoretical technique is used to transform the governing nonlinear partial differential equations of two dimensional MHD boundary layer flow of Sisko fluid into nonlinear ordinary differential equations. Then the resulting third order nonlinear ordinary differential equation with corresponding boundary conditions is linearised by Quasi linearization method. Numerical solution of the linearised third order ODE is obtained using Finite Difference method (FDM). Graphical presentation of the solution is given.
Comparative Analysis On Angular Flow And Mass Transfer In Haemodialysis, J. K. Misra, Pradeep K. Singh, Naseem Ahmad, Pankaj Sharma
Comparative Analysis On Angular Flow And Mass Transfer In Haemodialysis, J. K. Misra, Pradeep K. Singh, Naseem Ahmad, Pankaj Sharma
Applications and Applied Mathematics: An International Journal (AAM)
Healthy kidney cleans blood and removes unwanted materials in the form of urine. When the kidney does not work properly, dialysis is one of the best solutions. Dialysis required if unhealthy kidney does not remove enough wastes and fluid from the blood. This usually happens when only 10 - 15 % of kidney’s function left. A dialyzer is used to clean blood. In an attempt to address clinical and experimental discrepancies, compartmental theoretical models have been used. Noda et al. (1979) were among the first to introduce a theoretical model on mass transfer using countercurrent flows. Their proposed model assumes …
Transient Analysis Of A Markovian Single Vacation Feedback Queue With An Interrupted Closedown Time And Control Of Admission During Vacation, A. Azhagappan, T. Deepa
Transient Analysis Of A Markovian Single Vacation Feedback Queue With An Interrupted Closedown Time And Control Of Admission During Vacation, A. Azhagappan, T. Deepa
Applications and Applied Mathematics: An International Journal (AAM)
This paper analyzes the transient behavior of an M/M/1 queueing model with single vacation, feedback, interrupted closedown time and control of admission during vacation. The time-dependent system size probabilities for the proposed model are obtained using generating function in the closed form. Further, the system performance measures like mean and variance of system size are also obtained for the time-dependent case. Finally, numerical illustrations are presented to understand the effect for various system parameters.
Environmental Balance Through Optimal Control On Pollutants, Nita H. Shah, Foram A. Thakkar, Moksha H. Satia
Environmental Balance Through Optimal Control On Pollutants, Nita H. Shah, Foram A. Thakkar, Moksha H. Satia
Applications and Applied Mathematics: An International Journal (AAM)
Pollution, which is a very common term has been divided as primary pollutants and secondary pollutants. Primary pollutants are those who results directly from some process whereas secondary pollutants are caused due to intermixing and reaction of primary pollutants. These pollutants result into acid rain. In this paper, a mathematical model has been developed to study the environmental impact due to acid rain. Pollutants such as primary and secondary pollutants are the causes of acid rain. Control in terms of gases emitted by factories, smog, burning of coal and fossil fuels have been applied on primary pollutants, secondary pollutants and …
Associated Matrix Polynomials With The Second Kind Chebyshev Matrix Polynomials, M. S. Metwally, M. T. Mohamed, Ayman Shehata
Associated Matrix Polynomials With The Second Kind Chebyshev Matrix Polynomials, M. S. Metwally, M. T. Mohamed, Ayman Shehata
Applications and Applied Mathematics: An International Journal (AAM)
This paper deals with the study of the associated Chebyshev matrix polynomials. Associated matrix polynomials with the Chebyshev matrix polynomials are defined here. Some properties of the associated Chebyshev matrix polynomials are obtained here. Further, we prove that the associated Chebyshev matrix polynomials satisfy a matrix differential equation of the second order.
A Fuzzy Two-Warehouse Inventory Model For Single Deteriorating Item With Selling-Price-Dependent Demand And Shortage Under Partial-Backlogged Condition, S. K. Indrajitsingha, P. N. Samanta, U. K. Misra
A Fuzzy Two-Warehouse Inventory Model For Single Deteriorating Item With Selling-Price-Dependent Demand And Shortage Under Partial-Backlogged Condition, S. K. Indrajitsingha, P. N. Samanta, U. K. Misra
Applications and Applied Mathematics: An International Journal (AAM)
In this paper we have developed an inventory model for a single deteriorating item with two separate storage facilities (one is owned warehouse (OW) and the other a rented warehouse (RW)) and in which demand is selling- price dependent. Shortage is allowed and is partially backlogged with a rate dependent on the duration of waiting time up to the arrival of next lot. It is assumed that the holding cost of the rented warehouse is higher than that of owned warehouse. As demand, selling- price, holding- cost, shortage, lost- sale, deterioration- rate are uncertain in nature, we consider them as …
Chlodowsky Szász-Kantorovich Operators Via Dunkl Analogue, Nadeem Rao, Abdul Wafi
Chlodowsky Szász-Kantorovich Operators Via Dunkl Analogue, Nadeem Rao, Abdul Wafi
Applications and Applied Mathematics: An International Journal (AAM)
The main objective of the present article is to design a sequence of Chlodowsky Szasz-Kantorovich operators based on Dunkl analogue for the purpose to achieve faster rate of convergence in terms of two positive and unbounded real number sequences and the basic results are estimated. Further, the uniform approximation by means of Korovkin theorem using test functions ei(t) = ti ; i = 0; 1; 2 is investigated. Moreover, the local and global approximation results are discussed for these sequences of linear positive operators.
Laplace Adomian Decomposition Method To Study Chemical Ion Transport Through Soil, Poonam Soni, Arun Kumar, A. Rani
Laplace Adomian Decomposition Method To Study Chemical Ion Transport Through Soil, Poonam Soni, Arun Kumar, A. Rani
Applications and Applied Mathematics: An International Journal (AAM)
The paper deals with a theoretical study of chemical ion transport in soil under a uniform external force in the transverse direction, where the soil is taken as porous medium. The problem is formulated in terms of boundary value problem that consists of a set of partial differential equations, which is subsequently converted to a system of ordinary differential equations by applying similarity transformation along with boundary layer approximation. The equations hence obtained are solved by utilizing Laplace Adomian Decomposition Method (LADM). The merit of this method lies in the fact that much of simplifying assumptions need not be made …
Radiation Effect On Mixed Convection Flow Of Nanofluid Between Two Concentric Cylinders With Hall And Ion-Slip Effects, Md. Shafeeurrahman, D. Srinivasacharya
Radiation Effect On Mixed Convection Flow Of Nanofluid Between Two Concentric Cylinders With Hall And Ion-Slip Effects, Md. Shafeeurrahman, D. Srinivasacharya
Applications and Applied Mathematics: An International Journal (AAM)
This paper analyzes the effects of thermal radiation, Hall and ion slip parameter on mixed convective nanofluid flow in an annuli between two concentric cylinders in the existence of strong magnetic field. The nonlinear governing equations are non-dimensionalized and then solved by using homotopy analysis method. The influence of radiation, magnetic, Hall and ion slip parameters on the velocity, temperature, nanoparticle concentration, Nusselt number and nanoparticle Sherwood number are investigated and represented graphically.
Convergence Theorems For Common Fixed Point Of The Family Of Nonself And Nonexpansive Mappings In Real Banach Spaces, Mollalgn H. Takele, B. Krishna Reddy
Convergence Theorems For Common Fixed Point Of The Family Of Nonself And Nonexpansive Mappings In Real Banach Spaces, Mollalgn H. Takele, B. Krishna Reddy
Applications and Applied Mathematics: An International Journal (AAM)
In this paper, we construct cyclic-Mann type of iterative method for approximating a common fixed point of the finite family of nonself and nonexpansive mappings satisfying inward condition on a non-empty, closed and convex subset 𝐾 of a real uniformly convex Banach space 𝐸. We also construct the averaging algorithm to the class of nonexpansive mappings in 2-uniformly smooth Banach space. We prove weak and strong convergence results for the iterative method. The results of this work extend results in the literature.
Classification Of Solutions Of Non-Homogeneous Non-Linear Second Order Neutral Delay Dynamic Equations With Positive And Negative Coefficients, N. Sikender, P. Rami Reddy, M. Chenna Krishna Reddy, S. V. Sailaja
Classification Of Solutions Of Non-Homogeneous Non-Linear Second Order Neutral Delay Dynamic Equations With Positive And Negative Coefficients, N. Sikender, P. Rami Reddy, M. Chenna Krishna Reddy, S. V. Sailaja
Applications and Applied Mathematics: An International Journal (AAM)
In this paper we have studied the non-homogeneous non-linear second order neutral delay dynamic equations with positive and negative coefficients of the form classified all solutions of this type equations and obtained conditions for the existence or non-existence of solutions into four classes and these four classes are mutually disjoint. Examples are included to illustrate the validation of the main results.
Numerical Solution Of Mhd Bioconvection In A Porous Square Cavity Due To Oxytactic Microorganisms, Chandra S. Balla, Kishan Naikoti
Numerical Solution Of Mhd Bioconvection In A Porous Square Cavity Due To Oxytactic Microorganisms, Chandra S. Balla, Kishan Naikoti
Applications and Applied Mathematics: An International Journal (AAM)
The present paper investigates the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) bioconvection flow in a porous square cavity filled with oxytactic microorganism. The bioconvection flow and heat transfer in porous media is formulated using Darcy model of Boussinesq approximation. Finite element method based on Galerkin weighted residual scheme is used to solve the governing partial differential equations. The computational numerical results are illustrated in the form of streamlines, isotherms, isoconcentrations of oxygen and microorganisms, average Nusselt number and average Sherwood number. In the present study the effects of key parameters such as bioconvection Rayleigh number (Rb), Rayleigh number (Ra), Peclet number (Pe) magnetic field …
Mhd Flow Of Tangent Hyperbolic Nanofluid Over An Inclined Sheet With Effects Of Thermal Radiation And Heat Source/Sink, N. Saidulu, T. Gangaiah, A. Venkata Lakshmi
Mhd Flow Of Tangent Hyperbolic Nanofluid Over An Inclined Sheet With Effects Of Thermal Radiation And Heat Source/Sink, N. Saidulu, T. Gangaiah, A. Venkata Lakshmi
Applications and Applied Mathematics: An International Journal (AAM)
This article presents the effect of thermal radiation on MHD boundary layer flow of tangent hyperbolic fluid with nanoparticles past an inclined stretching sheet with heat source/sink and convective boundary condition. Condition of zero normal flux of nanoparticles at the wall is used for the concentration boundary condition, which is the current topic that have yet to be studied extensively. The partial differential systems are reduced to ordinary differential systems by using appropriate similarity transformations. The reduced systems are solved numerically by Runge-Kutta fourth order method with shooting technique. The velocity, temperature and nanoparticle volume fraction profiles are discussed for …
Mhd Boundary Layer Flow And Heat Transfer To Sisko Nanofluid Past A Nonlinearly Stretching Sheet With Radiation, Macha Madhu, B. J. Gireesha, Naikoti Kishan
Mhd Boundary Layer Flow And Heat Transfer To Sisko Nanofluid Past A Nonlinearly Stretching Sheet With Radiation, Macha Madhu, B. J. Gireesha, Naikoti Kishan
Applications and Applied Mathematics: An International Journal (AAM)
The steady flow of a Sisko fluid model in the presence of nanoparticles is studied. The governing partial differential equations are converted to a set of coupled non-linear ordinary differential equations by using suitable similarity transformations. Numerical solutions for the coupled non-linear ordinary differential equations are carried out by a variational finite element method. A suitable comparison has been made with previously published results in the literature as a limiting case of the considered problem. The comparison confirmed an excellent agreement. The results for the local Nusselt number are tabulated and discussed. Behavior of essential physical parameters are presented graphically …
The Influence Of Thermal Radiation On Mhd Tangent Hyperbolic Fluid Flow With Zero Normal Flux Of Nanoparticles Over An Exponential Stretching Sheet, T. Gangaiah, N. Saidulu, A. Venkata Lakshmi
The Influence Of Thermal Radiation On Mhd Tangent Hyperbolic Fluid Flow With Zero Normal Flux Of Nanoparticles Over An Exponential Stretching Sheet, T. Gangaiah, N. Saidulu, A. Venkata Lakshmi
Applications and Applied Mathematics: An International Journal (AAM)
This article presents the two-dimensional MHD flow of tangent hyperbolic fluid with zero normal flux of nano-particles over an exponentially stretching sheet in presence of thermal radiation. The governing system of non-linear partial differential equations along with boundary conditions for this fluid flow is converted into a system of non-linear ordinary differential equations by using appropriate similarity transformations. The reduced system is numerically solved by Runge-Kutta fourth order method with shooting technique. The effects of emerging non-dimensional parameters on velocity, temperature and nanoparticle volume fraction profiles have been discussed and presented graphically. Furthermore, the impacts of these parameters on skin …