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2012

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Articles 8461 - 8490 of 8503

Full-Text Articles in Physical Sciences and Mathematics

Technology In The Classroom: Effect Of Student Blogging On Learning Gains In A High School Classroom, Mandy Lynn Lebourgeois Jan 2012

Technology In The Classroom: Effect Of Student Blogging On Learning Gains In A High School Classroom, Mandy Lynn Lebourgeois

LSU Master's Theses

This study explores the benefits of student use of web logs (blogs) in a high school Biology classroom. Students were assigned to blog by answering questions on topics from the Miller and Levine (2010) Biology textbook, which correlated to the Louisiana Grade-Level Expectations (GLEs), benchmarks that should be familiar to students at the end of a course. Raw gains (from pretest to posttest) were compared for the study group of 124 ninth and tenth grade students to determine if blogging increased student learning gains by increasing student accountability. The Louisiana Enhanced Assessment of Grade-Level Expectations (EAGLE) test bank was used …

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A 2-D, Variable-Density Numerical Model Of Subsurface Fluid Flow Through The Edwards Aquifer, New Braunfels, Tx: Mechanisms Inhibiting Flow Across The Freshwater/Saline-Water Interface, Scott Ryan Tipple Jan 2012

A 2-D, Variable-Density Numerical Model Of Subsurface Fluid Flow Through The Edwards Aquifer, New Braunfels, Tx: Mechanisms Inhibiting Flow Across The Freshwater/Saline-Water Interface, Scott Ryan Tipple

LSU Master's Theses

The Edwards aquifer in south-central Texas, U.S., composed of faulted carbonate bedrock, contains freshwater and saline water. In aquifers that are used as a source of drinking water and that contain fresh and saline waters, saline-water intrusion can result in degradation of water quality. Yet, in the Edwards aquifer, limited saline-water intrusion has occurred. The questions addressed are “Why is the saline-water intrusion less than expected,” and “Is there a trigger that will result in saline-water intrusion into the freshwater reservoir?” Three hypotheses were tested. One: an extremely saline water density might prevent mixing across the interface. Two: faults could …

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The Effects Of Teaching Style On Student Learning Of Dna, Rebecca Branton Jan 2012

The Effects Of Teaching Style On Student Learning Of Dna, Rebecca Branton

LSU Master's Theses

New methods and practices are constantly being introduced in education due to new research that emerges as a push for student achievement increases. We as teachers must adapt to these new ideas to ensure student success. This study was completed to determine if inquiry-based teaching methods would be more beneficial in learning Biology concepts than traditional lecture instruction. The students were divided into two groups, which differed based solely on their instructional format. The activities involved in this study included inquiry-based activities and traditional activities, i.e. PowerPoints, guided notes, experiments and worksheets. The participants in this study, students in a …

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Assessing Effectiveness Of Concept Map As Instructional Tool In High School Biology, Ritchie Adlaon Jan 2012

Assessing Effectiveness Of Concept Map As Instructional Tool In High School Biology, Ritchie Adlaon

LSU Master's Theses

This thesis emphasizes on an alternate instructional tool called “Concept Map”. The goal of this study was to determine the effectiveness of using concept maps in improving the science achievement of 10th -grade students and compare it with a traditional approach for a Biology unit. Furthermore, the interaction of the student’s concept mapping ability and their learning gains was investigated. Both the control and the experimental groups were required to take a pre test before instruction and a posttest at the end of three weeks. The test consisting of 31 questions was used to assess learning gains on a Biology …

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Comprehensive Planning And Resilience: A Study Of Louisiana Parishes After Hurricane Katrina, Mary Paille Jan 2012

Comprehensive Planning And Resilience: A Study Of Louisiana Parishes After Hurricane Katrina, Mary Paille

LSU Master's Theses

When hurricanes Katrina and Rita hit in 2005, widespread devastation was felt in over half of the parishes in the state. More than 200,000 homes were damaged and more than 1500 people lost their lives. During this transitionary period, communities were vulnerable and looked for rebuilding leadership. As part of a post-catastrophe resilience movement, the Louisiana Recovery Authority formulated a 50-year regional plan for recovering south Louisiana called Louisiana Speaks. This planning process opened up an opportunity to reach those communities that otherwise may not have considered planning or how it could help them prepare for future events. This places …

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The Distribution And Diversity Of Functional Gene Pathways Controlling Sulfur Speciation In Lower Kane Cave, Wyoming, Audrey Tarlton Paterson Jan 2012

The Distribution And Diversity Of Functional Gene Pathways Controlling Sulfur Speciation In Lower Kane Cave, Wyoming, Audrey Tarlton Paterson

LSU Master's Theses

Defining the linkages between microbial metabolic activity and environmental geochemistry can be used to understand how carbonate dissolution in sulfidic karst systems proceeds. In Lower Kane Cave, Wyoming, sulfidic springs support taxonomically distinct microbial communities that are also associated with putative sulfur metabolisms (e.g., oxidation of reduced sulfur compounds, sulfate reduction, and sulfur disproportionation) that influence carbonate dissolution. The distribution of diverse microbial groups in other terrestrial subsurface environments is not well understood, making Lower Kane Cave ideal for study. Molecular genetics techniques were used to uncover diversity of 16S rRNA genes and bacterial soxB and aprA functional genes. Aqueous …

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Interventions In The Middle School Mathematics Classroom: Raising Standardized Test Scores By Diminishing Stereotype Threat, Elizabeth Stockwell Kirkindoll Jan 2012

Interventions In The Middle School Mathematics Classroom: Raising Standardized Test Scores By Diminishing Stereotype Threat, Elizabeth Stockwell Kirkindoll

LSU Master's Theses

Stereotype threat is a situational concern in which persons have uneasiness or worries about confirming a negative presumption about their social group. This apprehension affects the performance of those suffering this threat in recursive cycles, causing continuing underperformance in the threatened domain. This document reviews the research on stereotype threat, its causes, characteristics and effects, and describes how stereotype threat affects learning and undermines academic performance. Attention is focused on the role that stereotype threat plays in the underachievement of females in mathematics. A report on an experiment that attempted to reduce math-related stereotype threat among middle school females is …

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Composition And Physiological Characteristics Of The University Lake Ecosystem Phytoplankton Community: Impacts Of Seasonal And Episodic Events, Brianne Elizabeth Norris Jan 2012

Composition And Physiological Characteristics Of The University Lake Ecosystem Phytoplankton Community: Impacts Of Seasonal And Episodic Events, Brianne Elizabeth Norris

LSU Master's Theses

This research determined the changes in phytoplankton community composition in a shallow subtropical lake, influenced by urban surroundings. Specifically this research focused on the effects of seasonal progression and episodic events on the changing inorganic nutrient dynamics and the effects those dynamics had on the phytoplankton community composition and productivity. This research quantified gross primary production and respiration to determine if seasonality or episodic events were acting as forcing functions of the phytoplankton community composition. Water samples were collected weekly at three sites on the lake’s perimeter, as well as following episodic events, to monitor nitrate (NO3), phosphate (PO4-3), ammonium …

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Movements And Habitat Use Of Southeastern Blue Sucker Cycleptus Merdionalis In The Lower Pearl River, Devon Charles Oliver Jan 2012

Movements And Habitat Use Of Southeastern Blue Sucker Cycleptus Merdionalis In The Lower Pearl River, Devon Charles Oliver

LSU Master's Theses

Riverine fisheries management programs often do not focus on non-sport and non-commercial fishes, such as catostomids, yet many suckers have become threatened or endangered throughout river systems in the United States because of habitat alterations. In the Pearl River, sedimentation, dam construction, and other hydrologic modifications have negatively impacted habitats used by southeastern blue suckers Cycleptus meridionalis, a species of concern in both Louisiana and Mississippi. The principal objective of this project was to investigate habitat use of likely historically abundant southeastern blue suckers in the lower Pearl River. During electrofishing surveys in 2010 and 2011, we observed no southeastern …

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Writing In Geometry With The Common Core State Standards: Developing Mathematical Thinkers, Yvonne Mariki Chimwaza Jan 2012

Writing In Geometry With The Common Core State Standards: Developing Mathematical Thinkers, Yvonne Mariki Chimwaza

LSU Master's Theses

The newly released Common Core State Standards (CCSS) were adopted with the goal in mind that in the future our students will leave high school ready and better prepared for college and careers. In particular, the CCSS insists that a faithful implementation of the eight Standard of Mathematical Practices will lead to a generation of mathematical thinkers who have learned how to read, write, model, reason, and solve problems in mathematical terms. Unfortunately, at present, my students and others do not know how to write and reason mathematically. By way of this thesis, I searched for ways to help forty-five …

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Evaluation Of Pleistocene To Holocene (Mis 5 To 1) Climatic Changes In Southwestern Black Sea: A Palynological Study Of Dsdp Site 380, Shannon Ferguson Jan 2012

Evaluation Of Pleistocene To Holocene (Mis 5 To 1) Climatic Changes In Southwestern Black Sea: A Palynological Study Of Dsdp Site 380, Shannon Ferguson

LSU Master's Theses

Site 380 of the Deep Sea Drilling Program [DSDP] is located in the southwestern region of the Black Sea (42°05.94’, 29°36.82’E). The location of this site is important due to its proximity to the narrow Bosphorus strait, the only present-day connection between the Black Sea and the Aegean Sea. Drops in eustatic sea level during extensive Pleistocene glacial episodes disconnected the Black Sea from the Aegean Sea at the Bosphorus strait, creating a change from brackish to freshwater within the Black Sea during these intervals. Organic-walled phytoplankton (dinoflagellate cysts, acritarchs, and fresh-water algae) are investigated to better constrain these glacio-eustatic …

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Unit Assessments For High School Geometry, Damayanthi Srimathi Jegart Jan 2012

Unit Assessments For High School Geometry, Damayanthi Srimathi Jegart

LSU Master's Theses

Abstract Eight unit tests closely aligned with the Louisiana Comprehensive Curriculum for high school geometry were developed. Five of these were administered, each to the same 115 students spanning all ability and attainment levels in a magnet school in a semi-rural Louisiana district. The results were analyzed to determine the quality of the questions as well as to glean information about student-learning. The test scores were compared to the results of the state-administered end-of-course test for high-school geometry. The main findings were as follows: a) most students do not communicate their reasoning or justification unless directed to do so, and …

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Proton Dose Calculations In Homogeneous Media, John Wesley Chapman, Jr. Jan 2012

Proton Dose Calculations In Homogeneous Media, John Wesley Chapman, Jr.

LSU Master's Theses

In this study, a proton pencil beam dose calculation algorithm was developed for a parallel, monoenergetic beam incident on a homogeneous water phantom. Fermi-Eyges theory (Eyges 1948) was used to transport pencil beams, and the characteristic width of elastic scatter events was modeled using the differential Moliere scattering power (Gottschalk 2010). The incorporation of this scattering power formalism allowed our model to account for multiple Coulomb scattering, single scattering, plural scattering, and rigorously accounted for material effects on scatter. Nonelastic nuclear interactions were incorporated into an additional pencil beam model. The attenuation of primary fluence due to nuclear events was …

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Educational Looping And Retention In The Middle School Setting, Mary Elizabeth Feighery Jan 2012

Educational Looping And Retention In The Middle School Setting, Mary Elizabeth Feighery

LSU Master's Theses

Educational looping is an educational method where teachers remain with the same core group of students over multiple academic years. The current research on this topic shows a strong positive correlation between the effects of looping and the growth of personal relationships between students and teachers, but neglects to examine the connection between looping and student educational growth. This paper explores the relationship between looping and academic gains, as well as between looping and retention of content material over time. This paper explores both the relationship between looping and academic gains and between looping and retention of content material, and …

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Opportunistic Lookahead Routing Procedure For Delay Tolerant Networks, Priyanka Rotti Jan 2012

Opportunistic Lookahead Routing Procedure For Delay Tolerant Networks, Priyanka Rotti

LSU Master's Theses

Delay Tolerant Networks are wireless networks that have sporadic network connectivity, thus rendering the existence of instantaneous end-to-end paths from a source to a destination difficult or impossible. Hence, in such networks, message delivery relies heavily on the store-and-forward paradigm to route messages. However, limited knowledge of the contact times between the nodes poses a big challenge to effective forwarding of messages. In this thesis, we discuss several aspects of routing in DTNs and present one algorithm and three variants for addressing the routing problem in DTNs: (i) the Look-ahead Protocol, in which the forwarding decision at each node to …

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The Effects Of Carbon On Nitrogen Transformations In Restored Wetland And Wastewater Soils, Jared M. Theriot Jan 2012

The Effects Of Carbon On Nitrogen Transformations In Restored Wetland And Wastewater Soils, Jared M. Theriot

LSU Master's Theses

Since the industrialization of the Haber-Bosch process in the 1940’s, anthropogenic activity has nearly doubled the Earth’s nitrogen fixation. Furthermore, nitrate has become the number one groundwater contaminant in the United States and has harmful effects such as eutrophication, algal blooms, and pollution of drinking water. Soils from two sites influenced by high nitrate loading were examined to determine their biogeochemical integrity. First, the Loosahatchie Bar, located northwest of Memphis, Tennessee, is influenced by excess surface water nitrate loading by the Mississippi River. The Loosahatchie Bar is a newly restored wetland that now has similar hydrologic influence to an upstream …

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U-Pb Geochronology Of Detrital Zircon In Quartzites Of The Sawtooth Metamorphic Complex, Sawtooth Range, Idaho, Usa, Philip Gerard Bergeron Jan 2012

U-Pb Geochronology Of Detrital Zircon In Quartzites Of The Sawtooth Metamorphic Complex, Sawtooth Range, Idaho, Usa, Philip Gerard Bergeron

LSU Master's Theses

In southwest Laurentia, the Paleoproterozoic Selway terrane has been proposed to extend as basement from the Wyoming Province to the Proterozoic rifted margin of Laurentia primarily based on limited exposures. The Sawtooth Metamorphic Complex (SMC), Idaho, a series of high-grade metasupracrustal rocks lies within the proposed region of the Selway terrane and may represent remnants of this terrane. Alternatively, it may represent another basement terrane of cratonic North America. To test the hypothesis that the SMC belongs to the Selway terrane, detrital zircon U/Pb ages of five quartzite samples were analyzed by LA-ICP-MS to establish age, possible provenance, and age …

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Design Of Electron Dual Foil Scattering Systems For Elekta Infinity Radiotherapy Accelerators, Justin Deloy Leblanc Jan 2012

Design Of Electron Dual Foil Scattering Systems For Elekta Infinity Radiotherapy Accelerators, Justin Deloy Leblanc

LSU Master's Theses

Purpose: To design a dual foil scattering system within Elekta Infinity radiotherapy accelerator constraints that results in clinical electron beams that meet flatness criteria of ±3% (±4%) along its principal axes (diagonal axes) for the 25x25cm2 applicator and most probable surface energies of 7-20 MeV (1 MeV increments). Methods: An analytical electron dual scattering foil system simulator was commissioned and verified using Monte Carlo (MC) simulations. Verification required comparing analytical simulator with MC-calculated electron fluence profiles for identical geometries: (1) only primary foil and (2) both primary and secondary foils in the beam. Also, simulator-calculated bremsstrahlung dose was validated by …

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The Effects Of Oyster Harvest On Resident Oyster Reef Communities And Reef Structure In Coastal Louisiana Proper, Steven Lee Beck Jan 2012

The Effects Of Oyster Harvest On Resident Oyster Reef Communities And Reef Structure In Coastal Louisiana Proper, Steven Lee Beck

LSU Master's Theses

Harvest of the eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) is a primary contributor to oyster reef habitat disturbance in the northern Gulf of Mexico. The impacts of oyster dredging on reef substrate and resident fauna have not been thoroughly examined on the extensive sub-tidal oyster reefs of Louisiana. Several reef structure and resident community metrics were compared on unharvested and harvested reefs during the spring, summer, and fall of 2010. Unharvested reefs had higher amounts of oyster clusters, solid reef substrate, and more large oysters, while harvested reefs had higher amounts of loose shell, mixed shell/mud substrate, and elevated chlorophyll-a levels. Overall, …

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Synthesis Of Fluorescent Poly(Styrene Sulfonate), Wayne Alfred Huberty Jan 2012

Synthesis Of Fluorescent Poly(Styrene Sulfonate), Wayne Alfred Huberty

LSU Master's Theses

In 1978, Lee found an increase and then a large decrease in the diffusion coefficient of poly(lysine) as the concentration of salt is decreased (Lin, S. C.; Lee, W. I.; Schurr, J. M. Biopolymers 1978, 17, (4), 1041-1064). Since the “slow mode” discovery, many have studied it without finding a fully satisfactory answer. Additional dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements have been the main experimental technique used for reinvestigating the slow mode decay. Although DLS is a powerful characterization tool, it depends on thermodynamic interactions. As complicated as they can be, thermodynamic interactions are much worse for polyelectrolytes because of the …

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Using A Collaborative Inquiry Process And Data To Affect Curriculum In An Independent School, Sheri Lyn Pastor Goings Jan 2012

Using A Collaborative Inquiry Process And Data To Affect Curriculum In An Independent School, Sheri Lyn Pastor Goings

LSU Master's Theses

Literature clearly supports the use of data to support and drive school policy. Data can be immensely informative; however test scores are not the sole indicator of school effectiveness. To successfully implement a plan for data use, it is imperative to a provide climate of teacher buy-in and collaboration. Multiple sources of data should be considered collectively prior to making any judgment(s) about students, teachers, curriculum, or schools. Data use for effective decision-making is an on-going process that requires strategic planning and a long-term commitment. Over the past year, I have led the math department through a modified version of …

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Spatial Ability And Achievement In High School Physics, Michael Shawn Liner Jan 2012

Spatial Ability And Achievement In High School Physics, Michael Shawn Liner

LSU Master's Theses

This study investigates the relationship between a student’s spatial abilities and their success in high school physics. First, I investigate whether the success of students in high school physics class correlates with their spatial abilities before taking the class. Second, I investigate whether taking high school physics has an effect on student’s spatial abilities. No direct intervention was given to any of the students. Three instruments were administered to determine the student’s spatial abilities, The Perspective Taking/Spatial Orientation Test (Hegarty & Waller, 2004), The Mental Rotation Test (Peters & Laeng, 1995), and The Paper Folding Test (Ekstrom, French, Harmon, & …

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Mathematical Modeling In The High School Classroom, Selena Oswalt Jan 2012

Mathematical Modeling In The High School Classroom, Selena Oswalt

LSU Master's Theses

Mathematical modeling is the procedure whereby students apply mathematical concepts learned in class to new and unfamiliar situations. A modeling task is a mathematically-rich problem that engages students in mathematical thinking, drawing upon their previously learned knowledge and supporting their understanding of the mathematical concepts currently being covered. Modeling requires students to assign meaning to the mathematical concepts and to extend the concepts beyond rote learning. In order for students to be successful in a classroom that is centered around the idea of mathematical modeling, the students must be taught how to collaborate with other students, persevere through challenging problems, …

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Design And Analysis Of Peer 2 Peer Operating System, Anudeep Meka Jan 2012

Design And Analysis Of Peer 2 Peer Operating System, Anudeep Meka

LSU Master's Theses

The peer to peer computing paradigm has become a popular paradigm for deploying distributed applications. Examples: Kadmelia, Chord, Skype, Kazaa, Big Table. Multiagent systems have become a dominant paradigm within AI for deploying reasoning and analytics applications. Such applications are compute-intensive. In disadvantaged networks the ad-hoc architecture is the most suitable one. Examples: military scenarios, disaster scenarios. We combine the paradigms of peer-to-peer computing, multiagent systems, cloud computing, and ad-hoc networks to create the new paradigm of ad-hoc peer-to-peer mobile agent cloud (APMA cloud) that can provide the computing power of a cloud in “disadvantaged” regions (e.g., through RF using …

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A High-Resolution Palynological Analysis Of The St. Stephens Quarry, Alabama: Locating The Eocene-Oligocene Boundary And Characterizing The Environmental Changes Across The Margin, Kevin Jensen Jan 2012

A High-Resolution Palynological Analysis Of The St. Stephens Quarry, Alabama: Locating The Eocene-Oligocene Boundary And Characterizing The Environmental Changes Across The Margin, Kevin Jensen

LSU Master's Theses

The Eocene-Oligocene (E-O) transition is a key interval in geological history because it marks a major change in Earth’s climate and because these strata are also popular oil targets in the Gulf Coast. E-O sequences in Alabama are stratigraphically complex. The St. Stephens Quarry (SSQ) in Alabama is one of the few accessible quarries along the Gulf Coast where the E-O boundary is visible in outcrop. Despite the abundance of research projects conducted in the SSQ, many controversies still surround the E-O boundary placement and correlation to the Global Stratotype in the Massignano section in Italy that is based on …

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Nitrogen Biogeochemistry In A Restored Mississippi River Delta: A Modeling Approach, Benjamin Lee Branoff Jan 2012

Nitrogen Biogeochemistry In A Restored Mississippi River Delta: A Modeling Approach, Benjamin Lee Branoff

LSU Master's Theses

There is evidence that significant reductions (about 50%) in surface water nitrate concentrations within coastal deltaic wetlands receiving diverted Mississippi River water can be contributed to denitrification. Yet there is also contrasting evidence that other processes could be responsible for this nitrate reduction. As Louisiana plans the implementation of major Mississippi River sediment diversions, a thorough understanding of nitrogen dynamics is necessary to reduce risks of coastal eutrophication and offshore hypoxia. A mechanistic numerical computer model has been developed to simulate nitrogen biogeochemistry within the wetlands of the prograding Wax Lake Delta. This model is calibrated to observed fluxes within …

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Spatial Variation Analysis Of Salinity To Determine Fluid Flow Pathways And Reservoir Compartmentalization In A Deepwater Gulf Of Mexico Field, William Jacob Daugherty Jan 2012

Spatial Variation Analysis Of Salinity To Determine Fluid Flow Pathways And Reservoir Compartmentalization In A Deepwater Gulf Of Mexico Field, William Jacob Daugherty

LSU Master's Theses

Variations in salinity have been documented in previous studies onshore Louisiana in the Wilcox group (Funayama and Hanor 1995) as well as offshore Louisiana on the continental shelf (Bruno and Hanor 2003 and Steen et al. 2011). These studies were conducted using various methods to estimate pore water salinity and make inferences about possible fluid flow pathways and compartmentalization of reservoirs in order to better understand the complex hydrogeology of the Gulf of Mexico. Similar variations in salinity were documented in this study located in a deepwater salt withdrawal minibasin located on the upper slope of the Gulf of Mexico. …

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Minimizing Epicormic Branch Formation On Louisiana Leading Commercial Bottomland Red Oaks, Denton William Culpepper Jan 2012

Minimizing Epicormic Branch Formation On Louisiana Leading Commercial Bottomland Red Oaks, Denton William Culpepper

LSU Master's Theses

The goal of this study was to isolate biological, natural, and silvicultural factors that encourage the production of epicormic branches on bottomland red oak saw-timber trees and to use this information to help landowners and forest managers reduce epicormic branches in stands dominated by bottomland red oaks. Quercus nigra, Q. pagoda, Q. phellos, and Q. texana, the most common commercial bottomland red oaks in Louisiana, were evaluated in this study. Both qualitative and quantitative variables were assessed in this study. The following attributes were collected from each sample tree and primary competitor: site class, basal area, crown class DBH, presence …

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Effect Of Hurricane Forward Speed And Approach Angle On Coastal Storm Surge, Chenguang Zhang Jan 2012

Effect Of Hurricane Forward Speed And Approach Angle On Coastal Storm Surge, Chenguang Zhang

LSU Master's Theses

Hurricane induced storm surges can be destructive and can pose great threats to coastal communities. There are many factors affecting storm surges, including the hurricane’s intensity and movement, the bathymetry and coastline of affected area, rainfall, tide, and river stage. This thesis focuses on the effects of hurricane approach angle (θ) and forward speed (U), which together describe the hurricane’s motion. The problem is approached through several numerical experiments with increasing complexity. First are some process studies of long wave propagations near the coast, followed by examination of the generation of long waves by a traveling wind field. The central …

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An Extensible And Scalable Pilot-Mapreduce Framework For Data Intensive Applications On Distributed Cyberinfrastructure, Pradeep Kumar Mantha Jan 2012

An Extensible And Scalable Pilot-Mapreduce Framework For Data Intensive Applications On Distributed Cyberinfrastructure, Pradeep Kumar Mantha

LSU Master's Theses

The volume and complexity of data that must be analyzed in scientific applications is increasing exponentially. Often, this data is distributed; thus, the ability to analyze data by localizing it will yield limited returns. Therefore, an efficient processing of large distributed datasets is required, whilst ideally not introducing fundamentally new programming models or methods. For example, extending MapReduce - a proven effective programming model for processing large datasets, to work more effectively on distributed data and on different infrastructure (such as non-Hadoop, general-purpose clusters) is desirable. We posit that this can be achieved with an effective and efficient runtime environment …

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