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2007

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Articles 5311 - 5340 of 5729

Full-Text Articles in Physical Sciences and Mathematics

Development Of Test Paradigms For Operant Conditioning Of Wild Norway Rats, Susan M. Jojola, Patrick W. Burke, Gary W. Witmer, Dale L. Nolte Jan 2007

Development Of Test Paradigms For Operant Conditioning Of Wild Norway Rats, Susan M. Jojola, Patrick W. Burke, Gary W. Witmer, Dale L. Nolte

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

Many eradication efforts to remove rats (Rattus spp.) from islands have been successful. Eradications are expensive and labor-intensive which makes early detection of, and response to, reinvasion by rats critical. A better understanding of rat behavior could facilitate early detection and rapid response to intercept invaders, such as with trap placement and design, and toxic bait presentation and dispersal. This was a methods development study of test paradigms to operantly condition wild rats to run on an activity wheel and to press a lever for use in future behavior studies. Operant conditioning is the process of associating specific responses …

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Formation Of In- (2×1) And In Islands On Si (100) - (2×1) By Femtosecond Pulsed Laser Deposition, M. A. Hafez, H. E. Elsayed-Ali Jan 2007

Formation Of In- (2×1) And In Islands On Si (100) - (2×1) By Femtosecond Pulsed Laser Deposition, M. A. Hafez, H. E. Elsayed-Ali

Electrical & Computer Engineering Faculty Publications

The growth of indium on a vicinal Si (100) - (2×1) surface at room temperature by femtosecond pulsed laser deposition (fsPLD) was investigated by in situ reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED). Recovery of the RHEED intensity was observed between laser pulses and when the growth was terminated. The surface diffusion coefficient of deposited In on initial two-dimensional (2D) In- (2×1) layer was determined. As growth proceeds, three-dimensional In islands grew on the 2D In- (2×1) layer. The RHEED specular profile was analyzed during film growth, while the grown In islands were examined by ex situ atomic force microscopy. The full …

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An Assessment Of Impediments To Low-Impact Development In The Virginia Portion Of The Chesapeake Bay Watershed, Rebecca V'Lent Lassiter Jan 2007

An Assessment Of Impediments To Low-Impact Development In The Virginia Portion Of The Chesapeake Bay Watershed, Rebecca V'Lent Lassiter

Theses and Dissertations

Stormwater runoff from urban and urbanizing areas poses a serious threat to water quality, and unless managed properly will impede efforts to restore the Chesapeake Bay.Water quantity, as well as quality, must be considered, and Low Impact Development(LID) is an innovative stormwater management approach that addresses both. LID seeks to mimic a site's predevelopment hydrologic regime by retaining and treating stormwater at the lot level using small, cost-effective landscape features.The purpose for this study was to identify and rank impediments to the implementation of LID in the Virginia portion of the Chesapeake Bay watershed. This was accomplished by going to …

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Repurposing A Roomba: Evaluating And Training Behavior In A Simple Agent, Donald Samuel Abbott-Mccune Jan 2007

Repurposing A Roomba: Evaluating And Training Behavior In A Simple Agent, Donald Samuel Abbott-Mccune

Theses and Dissertations

Recent attempts to reprogram a Roomba to be used as a simple agent have led to interesting behavior. Observation has shown that the behavior of the Roomba is not only dependent on the precepts of the Roomba, but also relies heavily on the uncontrollable environmental conditions that the Roomba is placed in. Ultimately this makes the Roomba a great platform to test and teach aspects of artificial intelligence. This paper will show how most of the tested environmental conditions are mitigated by a learning agent that will adjust behavior dependent on the precepts that are received.

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Book Review: Conquest In Cyberspace: National Security And Information Warfare, Gary C. Kessler Jan 2007

Book Review: Conquest In Cyberspace: National Security And Information Warfare, Gary C. Kessler

Publications

This document is Dr. Kessler's review of Conquest in Cyberspace: National Security and Information Warfare, by Martin C. Libicki. Cambridge University Press, 2007. ISBN 978-0-521-69214-4

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Fact Sheet, Yale University Office Of Institutional Research Jan 2007

Fact Sheet, Yale University Office Of Institutional Research

Fact Sheets

No abstract provided.

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Estimates Of Positive Solutions To A Boundary Value Problem For The Beam Equation, Bo Yang Jan 2007

Estimates Of Positive Solutions To A Boundary Value Problem For The Beam Equation, Bo Yang

Faculty Articles

We consider a two-point boundary value problem for the fourth order beam equation. New upper and lower estimates of positive solutions of the problem are obtained.

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Nearshore Surface Temperatures In Antofagasta Bay (Chile) And Adjacent Upwelling Centers, A. Piñones, J. C. Castilla, R. Guiñez, J. L. Largier Jan 2007

Nearshore Surface Temperatures In Antofagasta Bay (Chile) And Adjacent Upwelling Centers, A. Piñones, J. C. Castilla, R. Guiñez, J. L. Largier

CCPO Publications

Several years of sea surface temperature data (1997-2003) for the coast of Antofagasta Bay-a semi-enclosed bay in northern Chile-were analyzed in order to further exploring the nature of a warm-water retention pattern inside the bay. Based on time series techniques, we were able to confirm the persistence of warm water in the bay. This warm feature was found immediately downwind of the upwelling center at Jorgillo Point, where temperatures averaged 2-3 degrees C more than at the exposed upwelling sites outside and the bay. Temporal and spatial patterns in sea surface temperature were determined and showed being well associated with …

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Bottom-Up Forcing And The Decline Of Steller Sea Lions (Eumetopias Jubatus) In Alaska: Assessing The Ocean Climate Hypothesis, Andrew W. Trites, Arthur J. Miller, Michael A. Alexander, Steven J. Bograd, John A. Calder, Antonietta Capotondi, Kenneth O. Coyle, Emanuele Di Lorenzo, Bruce P. Finney, Edward J. Gregr, Chester E. Grosch, Thomas C. Royer Jan 2007

Bottom-Up Forcing And The Decline Of Steller Sea Lions (Eumetopias Jubatus) In Alaska: Assessing The Ocean Climate Hypothesis, Andrew W. Trites, Arthur J. Miller, Michael A. Alexander, Steven J. Bograd, John A. Calder, Antonietta Capotondi, Kenneth O. Coyle, Emanuele Di Lorenzo, Bruce P. Finney, Edward J. Gregr, Chester E. Grosch, Thomas C. Royer

CCPO Publications

Declines of Steller sea lion ( Eumetopias jubatus) populations in the Aleutian Islands and Gulf of Alaska could be a consequence of physical oceanographic changes associated with the 1976–77 climate regime shift. Changes in ocean climate are hypothesized to have affected the quantity, quality, and accessibility of prey, which in turn may have affected the rates of birth and death of sea lions. Recent studies of the spatial and temporal variations in the ocean climate system of the North Pacific support this hypothesis. Ocean climate changes appear to have created adaptive opportunities for various species that are preyed upon …

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Baroclinic Effects And Tides On The Cape Hatteras Continental Shelf, Dana K. Savidge, Catherine R. Edwards, Mark Santana Jan 2007

Baroclinic Effects And Tides On The Cape Hatteras Continental Shelf, Dana K. Savidge, Catherine R. Edwards, Mark Santana

CCPO Publications

Seasonal variability has been identified on the shelf near Cape Hatteras in the semidiurnal and diurnal frequency bands. Large summertime semidiurnal currents appear to be an M2 internal tide whose propagation shoreward is supported by strong Middle Atlantic Bight (MAB) seasonal stratification. At the southern limit of the MAB, strong MAB stratification gives way to weaker seasonal stratification in the South Atlantic Bight (SAB), and the M2 internal tide propagates shoreward less effectively. Strong diurnal variability appears in K1 and O1 components in summer, achieving magnitudes as large as the M2. The diurnal components are typically much smaller than M2 …

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Assessment Of Skill And Portability In Regional Marine Biogeochemical Models: Role Of Multiple Planktonic Groups, Marjorie A. M. Friedrichs, Jeffery A. Dusenberry, Laurence A. Anderson, Robert A. Armstrong, Fei Chai, James R. Christian, Scott C. Doney, John Dunne, Masahiko Fujii, Jerry D. Wiggert Jan 2007

Assessment Of Skill And Portability In Regional Marine Biogeochemical Models: Role Of Multiple Planktonic Groups, Marjorie A. M. Friedrichs, Jeffery A. Dusenberry, Laurence A. Anderson, Robert A. Armstrong, Fei Chai, James R. Christian, Scott C. Doney, John Dunne, Masahiko Fujii, Jerry D. Wiggert

CCPO Publications

[1] Application of biogeochemical models to the study of marine ecosystems is pervasive, yet objective quantification of these models' performance is rare. Here, 12 lower trophic level models of varying complexity are objectively assessed in two distinct regions (equatorial Pacific and Arabian Sea). Each model was run within an identical one-dimensional physical framework. A consistent variational adjoint implementation assimilating chlorophyll-a, nitrate, export, and primary productivity was applied and the same metrics were used to assess model skill. Experiments were performed in which data were assimilated from each site individually and from both sites simultaneously. A cross-validation experiment was also conducted …

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Response Of Eelgrass Zostera Marina To Co2 Enrichment: Possible Impacts Of Climate Change And Potential For Remediation Of Coastal Habitats, Sherry L. Palacios, Richard C. Zimmerman Jan 2007

Response Of Eelgrass Zostera Marina To Co2 Enrichment: Possible Impacts Of Climate Change And Potential For Remediation Of Coastal Habitats, Sherry L. Palacios, Richard C. Zimmerman

OES Faculty Publications

Projected increases in dissolved aqueous concentrations of carbon dioxide [CO2(aq)] may have significant impacts on photosynthesis Of CO2-limited organisms such as seagrasses. Short-term CO2(aq) enrichment increases photosynthetic rates and reduces light requirements for growth and survival of individual eelgrass Zostera marina L. shoots growing in the laboratory under artificial light regimes for at least 45 d. This study examined the effects of long-term CO2(aq) enrichment on the performance of eelgrass growing under natural light-replete (33% surface irradiance) and light-limited (5% surface irradiance) conditions for a period of 1 yr. Eelgrass shoots were grown at …

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Climate Change: Alexandria - Egypt, Krishna B. Khatri, Peter Van Der Steen, Kala Vairavamoorthy Jan 2007

Climate Change: Alexandria - Egypt, Krishna B. Khatri, Peter Van Der Steen, Kala Vairavamoorthy

Egypt & Libya

Climatically, Alexandria is a semi-desert, characterized by hot dry summers, moderate winters and very little rainfall. It has only two seasons: a mild winter from November to April and a hot summer from May to October. The difference between the seasons is variations in daytime temperature and changes in prevailing wind. Average annual temperature ranges between minimum of 14˚C in winter and maximum of 30˚C in summer. The average annual temperature increases moving southward from the Delta to the Sudanese border, where temperature variation are similar to those of the open deserts. Alexandria is a one of the wettest area …

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Improving Pulsar Timing Through Interstellar Scatter Correction, Daniel Hemberger Jan 2007

Improving Pulsar Timing Through Interstellar Scatter Correction, Daniel Hemberger

Honors Papers

Though pulsar timing has confirmed the existence of gravitational waves, no technique has directly detected them. Jenet et al. state the requirements for the Parkes Pulsar Timing Array (PPTA) to make a significant detection of the stochastic gravitational wave background within five years. By employing the scintillation information in observations for each pulsar at every epoch, I believe interstellar scattering, an underestimated source of timing noise, can be corrected enough for the PPTA to meet these requirements. The improved detection threshold will help answer important questions about black hole mergers, galaxy evolution, and gravitation.

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Thermal Effectiveness Characteristics Of Low Approach Indirect Evaporative Cooling Systems In Buildings, Ben Costelloe, Donal Finn Jan 2007

Thermal Effectiveness Characteristics Of Low Approach Indirect Evaporative Cooling Systems In Buildings, Ben Costelloe, Donal Finn

Articles

Meteorological enthalpy analysis of temperate and maritime climates above latitude 45°N suggests that the water-side evaporative cooling technique has considerable unrealised potential with contemporary “high temperature” building cooling systems—such as chilled ceilings and displacement ventilation. As low approach conditions are the key to exploiting the cooling potential of the ambient air, thermal performance at such conditions needs to be investigated. To address the research issues, an industrial scale test rig, based on a low approach open cooling tower and plate heat exchanger and designed to maximise evaporative cooling potential, has been constructed. The thermal effectiveness of such systems (as a …

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Modelling Of Re-Absorption Losses In Quantum Dot Solar Concentrators, Manus Kennedy Jan 2007

Modelling Of Re-Absorption Losses In Quantum Dot Solar Concentrators, Manus Kennedy

Conference Papers

A Monte-Carlo ray-trace model has been developed which allows the calculation of the optical efficiency (ηopt) and concentration ratio (CR) values of a Quantum Dot Solar Concentrator (QDSC). In this paper, ηopt values have been calculated using a range of material refractive indices, material attenuation coefficients, and quantum dot (QD) quantum efficiencies (QE). Spectral overlap leads to reabsorption of light in the device which leads to increased escape cone losses and QD QE losses. Results have been obtained for ideal QD spectra, where there is 0% overlap between QD emission and absorption spectra (and hence no re-absorption), and for real …

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Valuing New Jersey's Natural Capital: An Assessment Of The Economic Value Of The State's Natural Resources, Robert Costanza Jan 2007

Valuing New Jersey's Natural Capital: An Assessment Of The Economic Value Of The State's Natural Resources, Robert Costanza

Institute for Sustainable Solutions Publications and Presentations

This report is divided into three main parts. Part I presents essential background information, summarizes the detailed findings of Parts II and III and their limitations, and explores in a preliminary way the policy implications of the natural capital project and the future research needs in this area. Part II focuses on ecosystem services and Part III deals with ecosystem goods.

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Middle Columbia River Aquatic Nuisance Species Survey, Robyn Draheim, Mark D. Sytsma, Rich Miller, Jeffery Cordell Jan 2007

Middle Columbia River Aquatic Nuisance Species Survey, Robyn Draheim, Mark D. Sytsma, Rich Miller, Jeffery Cordell

Center for Lakes and Reservoirs Publications and Presentations

Aquatic nonindigenous species (ANS) in the middle Columbia and lower Snake rivers were surveyed during the summer of 2006. The project area included eight reservoirs and the free-flowing, Hanford Reach on the Columbia River. We also conducted a literature review to create a complete list of ANS for the study area.

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The Latino Caregiver Experience Among Dementia And Non-Dementia Caregivers : Can Community Based Care Management Improve Caregiver Health?, Catherine Oliveros Jan 2007

The Latino Caregiver Experience Among Dementia And Non-Dementia Caregivers : Can Community Based Care Management Improve Caregiver Health?, Catherine Oliveros

Loma Linda University Electronic Theses, Dissertations & Projects

Purpose: This study provides an analysis of the Latino caregiving community in Southeast Texas and the role community based care management plays in influencing caregiver physical and emotional well-being. Design and Methods: A non-random sample of 63 Latino caregivers was interviewed by phone. Caregiver physical and emotional well-being was studied through burden, depression, perceived health status, and resourcefulness. Regression, correlation, and comparison analysis was performed with key variables. Results: Acculturation was positively correlated with care management use. In comparing dementia and non-dementia caregivers both groups had similar levels of depression and burden, however, the dementia group had significantly lower levels …

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Modeling The Dynamics Of Tritrophic Population Interactions, Andrew Paul Gutierrez, Johann Baumgärtner Jan 2007

Modeling The Dynamics Of Tritrophic Population Interactions, Andrew Paul Gutierrez, Johann Baumgärtner

All Peer-Reviewed Publications

Introduction Increasingly, population modeling and systems analysis are being used to examine the complex issues that are at the heart of CP/IPM (crop production and integrated pest management) and biological control. The design of economically sound and sustainable crop management strategies requires a thorough understanding of the whole production system including arthropod pests, pathogens, and weeds. More than three decades ago, Huffaker and Croft (1976) stressed the need to rely on systems analysis and interdisciplinary collaboration to accomplish this task. Soon the question arose as to how mathematical techniques employed in the analysis of physical systems could be adapted to …

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Larval Habitat Dynamics And Diversity Of Culex Mosquitoes In Rice Agro-Ecosystem In Mwea, Kenya, Ephantus J. Muturi, Josephat I. Shililu, Weidong Gu, Benjamin G. Jacob, John I. Githure, Robert J. Novak Jan 2007

Larval Habitat Dynamics And Diversity Of Culex Mosquitoes In Rice Agro-Ecosystem In Mwea, Kenya, Ephantus J. Muturi, Josephat I. Shililu, Weidong Gu, Benjamin G. Jacob, John I. Githure, Robert J. Novak

All Peer-Reviewed Publications

Introduction of irrigation projects in developing nations has often been blamed for aggravating the problem of mosquito-borne diseases by creating ideal larval habitats for vector mosquitoes. However, whereas several studies have demonstrated the relationship between malaria vectors and irrigation, little work has been done on culicine mosquitoes despite their potential in transmission of filariasis and arboviruses and their significant biting nuisance in these areas. This study examined the diversity of Culex mosquito fauna and their larval habitats at two sites (Murinduko and Kiamachiri) in Mwea, Kenya over a 12-month period. The habitat types present at each site within a 200-meter …

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Speleothems As Indicators Of Wet And Dry Periods, Ian John Fairchild, Emily Anne Mcmillan Jan 2007

Speleothems As Indicators Of Wet And Dry Periods, Ian John Fairchild, Emily Anne Mcmillan

International Journal of Speleology

Calcareous speleothems provide a record of dripwater composition which in turn is a function of climatic conditions. The historical focus of speleothem palaeoclimate studies has been on the derivation of palaeotemperatures through oxygen isotope studies. However, it is now realized that water availability is a more generally important control on their characteristics. Growth rate and growth morphology in principle should give rise to recognizable changes at low flow. However, accidental plumbing effects during aquifer evolution, can also lead to variations in water supply and it is not easy to distinguish these effects. In areas where there is a strong amount …

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An Experiment Using A Simple Photoassisted Fuel Cell Designed To Remediate Simulated Wastewater, John Cassidy, Faisa Touati, Kevin Mcguigan Jan 2007

An Experiment Using A Simple Photoassisted Fuel Cell Designed To Remediate Simulated Wastewater, John Cassidy, Faisa Touati, Kevin Mcguigan

Articles

Work in photochemistry work peaked in the 1980’s where there was the prospect of using sunlight shining on suspensions of titanium dioxide in order to catalytically cleave water into hydrogen and oxygen [1-5]. In this way a clean and efficient method of producing hydrogen as a fuel was envisaged. However, there was a requirement to use a rather high energy light to achieve the splitting and it was not as efficient with visible light[5]. Doped TiO2 layers have been used in a three electrode system for formic acid degradation[6]. In this work, the system uses an electrode coated with TiO2 …

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A Note On Clean Abelian Groups, Brendan Goldsmith, P. Vamos Jan 2007

A Note On Clean Abelian Groups, Brendan Goldsmith, P. Vamos

Articles

Nicholson defined a ring to be clean if every element is the sum of a unit and an idempotent. A module is clean if its endomorphism algebra is clean. We show that torsion-complete Abelian p-groups are clean and characterize the clean groups among the class of totally projective p-groups. An example is given of a clean p-group which is neither totally projective nor torsion- complete

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Optimising The Ratio Of Horseradish Peroxidase And Glucose Oxidase On A Bienzyme Electrode: Comparison Of A Theoretical And Experimental Approach, Dana Mackey, Anthony Killard, Adriano Ambrosi, Malcolm Smyth Jan 2007

Optimising The Ratio Of Horseradish Peroxidase And Glucose Oxidase On A Bienzyme Electrode: Comparison Of A Theoretical And Experimental Approach, Dana Mackey, Anthony Killard, Adriano Ambrosi, Malcolm Smyth

Articles

This study compares the behaviour of an electrochemical enzyme biosensor with a theoretical analysis based on a mathematical model and numerical simulation. The biosensor is based on a bi-enzyme channelling configuration, employing the enzymes glucose oxidase and horseradish peroxidase, with direct electron transfer of horseradish peroxidase at a conducting polymer electrode. This was modelled by a system of partial differential equations and boundary conditions representing convective and diffusive transport of the substrates glucose and hydrogen peroxide, as well as reaction kinetics of the bienzyme electrode. The main parameter investigated was the ratio of the two immobilised enzymes, with the aim …

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Conformal And Geometric Properties Of The Camassa-Holm Hierarchy, Rossen Ivanov Jan 2007

Conformal And Geometric Properties Of The Camassa-Holm Hierarchy, Rossen Ivanov

Articles

Integrable equations with second order Lax pair like KdV and Camassa-Holm (CH) exhibit interesting conformal properties and can be written in terms of the so-called conformal invariants (Schwarz form). These properties for the CH hierarchy are discussed in this ontribution. The squared eigenfunctions of the spectral problem, associated to the Camassa-Holm equation represent a complete basis of functions, which helps to describe the Inverse Scattering Transform (IST) for the Camassa-Holm hierarchy as a Generalised Fourier Transform (GFT). Using GFT we describe explicitly some members of the CH hierarchy, including integrable deformations for the CH equation. Also we show that solutions …

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Frequency Based Incremental Attribute Selection For Gre., John D. Kelleher Jan 2007

Frequency Based Incremental Attribute Selection For Gre., John D. Kelleher

Conference papers

The DIT system uses an incremental greedy search to generate descriptions, similar to the incremental algorithm described in (Dale and Reiter, 1995). The selection of the next attribute to be tested for inclusion in the description is ordered by the absolute frequency of each attribute in the training corpus. Attributes are selected in descending order of frequency (i.e. the attribute that occurred most frequently in the training corpus is selected first). Where two or more attributes have the same frequency of occurrence the first attribute found with that frequency is selected. The type attribute is always included in the description. …

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A Community-Based Social Marketing Campaign To Green The Offices At Pacific University: Recycling, Paper Reduction, And Environmentally Preferable Purchasing, Elaine Janet Cole Jan 2007

A Community-Based Social Marketing Campaign To Green The Offices At Pacific University: Recycling, Paper Reduction, And Environmentally Preferable Purchasing, Elaine Janet Cole

Antioch University Dissertations & Theses

This study describes a community-based social marketing (CBSM) research project to bring awareness and behavior change around paper reduction, recycling, and purchasing of environmentally preferred products (EPP) at a small liberal arts university in the Pacific Northwest. A university-wide green office campaign was designed and implemented over a semester. Components of the multiple methods research study were pre-post surveys, purchasing reports, a recycling study, and a waste audit. The results provide examples and insights into specific community-based social marketing tools that helped foster environmental behavior change. The paper also presents suggestions for future CBSM sustainability efforts at other universities. The …

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Gis-Based Integration Of Swat And Remm For Estimating Water Quality Benefits Of Riparian Buffers In Agricultural Watersheds, Y. Liu, Wanhong Yang, Xixi Wang Jan 2007

Gis-Based Integration Of Swat And Remm For Estimating Water Quality Benefits Of Riparian Buffers In Agricultural Watersheds, Y. Liu, Wanhong Yang, Xixi Wang

Civil & Environmental Engineering Faculty Publications

The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) is a process-based, watershed-scale model with a hydrologic response unit (HRU) as the basic computation element, which makes it difficult to accurately represent riparian buffers using their physical parameters (e.g., vegetation structure). On the other hand, the field-scale Riparian Ecosystem Management Model (REMM) provides the opportunity to consider details of hydrologic processes within a riparian buffer zone. However, the runoff and its associated constituents from the upland area that is hydraulically connected to the riparian buffer zone must be provided as inputs into REMM. The rationale proposed here is that the integration of …

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Kinetic Study Of Selective Co Oxidation Over Pt-Co-Ce/Al_2o_3 Catalyst In Hydrogen-Rich Streams, Göktuğ Nezi̇hi̇ Özyönüm, Ayşe Ni̇lgün Akin, Ramazan Yildirim Jan 2007

Kinetic Study Of Selective Co Oxidation Over Pt-Co-Ce/Al_2o_3 Catalyst In Hydrogen-Rich Streams, Göktuğ Nezi̇hi̇ Özyönüm, Ayşe Ni̇lgün Akin, Ramazan Yildirim

Turkish Journal of Chemistry

The kinetics of the selective CO oxidation was studied in a fixed-bed microreactor at atmospheric pressure over Pt-Co-Ce/Al_2O_3 catalyst, which was prepared using the incipient to wetness co-impregnation technique. Intrinsic kinetic data were obtained in the initial rate region using 8 different sets of CO and O_2 concentrations, each at 2 space times, i.e. 2 catalyst loadings, at 110 °C. The kinetic models based on elementary reaction steps were constructed and tested using nonlinear regression analysis with Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm. The alternative models proposed for the similar catalytic systems in the literature were also tested. It was found that Pt-Co-Ce/Al_2O_3 acts …

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