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Articles 61 - 90 of 211
Full-Text Articles in Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Microbial Structures And Microencrusters In The Upper Jurassic - Lower Cretaceous Deposits From Buila-Vânturariţa Massif (South Carpathians), Andreea Ut̡A, Ioan I. Bucur
Microbial Structures And Microencrusters In The Upper Jurassic - Lower Cretaceous Deposits From Buila-Vânturariţa Massif (South Carpathians), Andreea Ut̡A, Ioan I. Bucur
Studia UBB Geologia
The Upper Jurassic – Lower Cretaceous limestones from Buila-Vânturariţa massif partly consisting of reef build-ups, are characterised by an important component of microbial organisms. This paper describes and illustrates some of the most important structures interpreted as having a microbial nature: “Tubiphytes” and Bacinella-type structures, cyanobacterial structures, micritic crusts, and peloidal structures. Most of these structures are related to different shallow-water environments, from intertidal, high-energy environment, to protected low energy subtidal environment.
Banatitic Magmatic And Metallogenetic Belt: Metallogeny Of The Romanian Carpathians Segment, Șerban-Nicolae Vlad, Tudor Berza
Banatitic Magmatic And Metallogenetic Belt: Metallogeny Of The Romanian Carpathians Segment, Șerban-Nicolae Vlad, Tudor Berza
Studia UBB Geologia
The Romanian Carpathians sector of the Late Cretaceous Banatitic Magmatic and Metallogenetic belt (BMMB) contains 1) plutons and volcano-plutonic complexes, i. e. calc-alkaline, I-type granitoids, with related ores; 2) shoshonitic plutons that lack economic interest. Two provinces have been delineated: the Apuseni Mts. Province in the North and the Western South Carpathians in the South. Apuseni Mts. Province is a non-porphyry environment related to more evolved (granodioritic-granitic) magmatism. It is subdivided into three zones: Vlădeasa (Pb-Zn ores of restricted metallogenetic potential); Gilău-Bihor (Fe, Bi, Mo, Cu, W, Au, Ni, Co, Pb, Zn, Ag, U, B ores / conspicuous peri-batholitic arrangement) …
The Mineralogical Characteristics Of The Hydrothermal Types Alteration From Nistru Ore Deposit, Baia Mare Metallogenetic District, Floarea Damian
The Mineralogical Characteristics Of The Hydrothermal Types Alteration From Nistru Ore Deposit, Baia Mare Metallogenetic District, Floarea Damian
Studia UBB Geologia
The hydrothermal alteration types, which have affected intrusive and volcanic rocks from Nistru ore deposit, are related to fluids composition varied in their evolution within hydrothermal systems. The early stage of the hydrothermal activity has produced extensive propylitisation and potassic alteration (orthoclase, biotite, sericite) associated with the central part of the quartz-micromonzodioritic porphyry stock. The late stage of the fluids differentiation is determined by the hydrogen-ion metasomatism (phyllic alteration, argillic alteration), characterized by a large vertical variation. The hydrogen-ion metasomatism is associated with the bor metasomatism, generated by acid solutions and at a high temperature. The vertical and lateral zoning …
The Genesis Of The Base Metal Ore Deposit From Herja, Gheorghe Damian
The Genesis Of The Base Metal Ore Deposit From Herja, Gheorghe Damian
Studia UBB Geologia
The Herja ore deposit is one of the most known of the Baia Mare Neogene metallogenetic district and is associated with a complex stock of Pannonian age. The hydrothermal alterations associated with the mineralizations are represented by: the propylitization, the argillization, the phyllic and potassic alteration. The monoascenedant character of the mineralizations is predominant. The magmatic intrusions have been sequential placed and have represented the heat, metals and hydrothermal solutions source. In the first stages of mineralization the hydrothermal solutions contain predominantly magmatic water and in the final stages the water is of connate and meteoric origin. According to the …
Preliminary Studies Of Airborne Particulate Emmisions From The Ampellum S.A. Copper Smelter, Zlatna, Romania, Ben J. Williamson, Nicolae Har, William O. Purvis, Ana Maria Rusu
Preliminary Studies Of Airborne Particulate Emmisions From The Ampellum S.A. Copper Smelter, Zlatna, Romania, Ben J. Williamson, Nicolae Har, William O. Purvis, Ana Maria Rusu
Studia UBB Geologia
Preliminary studies have been carried on the characterization of particulate emissions from the Ampellum S.A. copper smelter in the town of Zlatna, Romania. The particulates studied were collected on polycarbonate filters using air pump apparatus and on the surfaces of lichens. Mass of total suspended particulates (TSP) and PM10 varied from 19 to 230 μg/m3 and 3 to 146 μg/m3, respectively (PM10/TSP = 0.14 to 1.0), depending on wind direction and proximity to the smelter. Particulates on collection filters from a site directly downwind from the smelter have a mean equivalent spherical diameter (ESD) of 0.94 μm (s.d. 1.1) and …
Hydrothermal Breccia Pipe Structures: General Features And Genetic Criteria - Ii Phreatic Breccia, CăLin G. TăMaș, Jean-P. Milési
Hydrothermal Breccia Pipe Structures: General Features And Genetic Criteria - Ii Phreatic Breccia, CăLin G. TăMaș, Jean-P. Milési
Studia UBB Geologia
Phreatic and phreatomagmatic breccias are the two end-member styles of hydromagmatic breccias. A previous contribution deals with phreatomagmatic breccias with an emphasis on their general features and those genetic criteria that allow an accurate and rapid recognition. Phreatic breccias are presented here. Their general features, i.e. environment/ depth of formation, general form/geometry, dimensions, contacts with the host rocks, fragments, matrix, alteration, mineralization, surface connection, fluidization and facies changes were examined. Furthermore, genetic criteria, very useful in phreatic breccia recognition are summarized.
Secondary Sulfates Found In An Old Adit From Rosia Montana, Romania, Bogdan P. Onac, Daniel Vereș, Joe Kearns, Mirona Chirienco, Adrian Minuț, Radu Breban
Secondary Sulfates Found In An Old Adit From Rosia Montana, Romania, Bogdan P. Onac, Daniel Vereș, Joe Kearns, Mirona Chirienco, Adrian Minuț, Radu Breban
Studia UBB Geologia
Recent investigation on several secondary minerals formed in old mining galleries in the Cârnic district (Roşia Montană, Romania) enabled us to characterize ten minerals. Out of these ten identified minerals, the discovery of jokokuite is the first reported occurrence in the Carpathians. A second mineral identified as apjohnite represents a new occurrence in Romania. Along with these two rare minerals, some other species of the halotrichite group (pickeringite, halotrichite, apjohnite, and dietrichite), iron sulfates, and K-Al sulfates were identified. Minerals were identified using light microscopy, X-ray diffraction, infrared, and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy. The chemical composition of …
Petrology Of Badenian Ignimbrites, Gutai Mts. (Eastern Carpathians), Alexandrina FüLöP, Marinel Kovacs
Petrology Of Badenian Ignimbrites, Gutai Mts. (Eastern Carpathians), Alexandrina FüLöP, Marinel Kovacs
Studia UBB Geologia
Gutâi Mts., part of inner Carpathians volcanic arc, consist of products of felsic and intermediate volcanism. The previously known “Badenian Rhyodacitic Formation”, expression of the felsic explosive volcanism, is composed of a well-defined basal unit of ignimbrites, overlain by a sequence of resedimented volcaniclastics of similar origin, interlayered with mudstones. The petrography of ignimbrites shows matrix-supported lapilli tuffs having a heterogeneous composition with insignificant lateral variations. The juvenile components, pumice, glass shards and crystals of plagioclase, quartz and biotite are predominant; cognate nonvesicular glassy clasts are rare, unlike accidental clasts of sedimentary and metamorphic rocks which are abundant. Pyroxene andesite …
Evoluţia Omului În Cuaternar, Bogdan P. Onac, Iosif Viehmann
Evoluţia Omului În Cuaternar, Bogdan P. Onac, Iosif Viehmann
Studia UBB Geologia
No abstract provided.
The First Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) Dinosaur Footprints From Transylvania (Romania), Matei Vremir, Vlad A. Codrea
The First Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) Dinosaur Footprints From Transylvania (Romania), Matei Vremir, Vlad A. Codrea
Studia UBB Geologia
An Uppermost Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) site exposing dinosaur footprints is reported from the Sebes̡ area (Transylvanian Depression). This is the first dinoturbated layer discovered in our country, containing also numerous bones belonging to various dinosaurs. The track-site is located near Lancrăm village and provides only two quite well preserved footprints (one track). The medium sized (FL = 23,3 cm; FW = 17,8 cm; pace = 103 cm; ST = 200 cm) plantigrad-tridactyle footprints belong to Ornithopedoidei, according to their morphology. An assignment to the Iguanodontichnus CASAMIQUELA & FASOLA, 1968 group seems to be appropriate (tentatively, associated to the “Rhabdodon” iguanodontian dinosaur). …
New Remarks On The Lithology And Biostratigraphy Of The Cretaceous Deposits From Istria Depression (Black Sea Shelf), Larisa Tertiș, Ioan I. Bucur, Emanoil SăSăRan, Lucreția Ghergari
New Remarks On The Lithology And Biostratigraphy Of The Cretaceous Deposits From Istria Depression (Black Sea Shelf), Larisa Tertiș, Ioan I. Bucur, Emanoil SăSăRan, Lucreția Ghergari
Studia UBB Geologia
The lithological and micropaleontological study of samples collected from several boreholes drilled in the Mesozoic deposits of Istria Depression (Black See shelf) allowed the characterization of intersected Cretaceous successions. Berriasian - Valanginian deposits are terrigenous, represented mainly by sandstones in the lower parts, and clays above. It is impossible to document the presence of Hauterivian-Aptian deposits in the succession. The Albian deposits are still terrigenous (predominantly clays, sometimes with sponge spicules). The Cenomanian transgressive deposits are coarser, and contain Conicorbitolina conica (d’Archiac), Rotalipora cushmani (Morrow) and Hedbergella-Praeglobotruncana sp. The following Turonian?-Campanian-Maastrictian deposits are micritic limestones with planctonic foraminifera in specific …
Quelques Donnees Micropaleontologiques Qui Indiquent La Presence Du Badenien (Inferieur Et Superieur) A Cluj-Napoca (Roumanie), Anca-Andreea Suciu
Quelques Donnees Micropaleontologiques Qui Indiquent La Presence Du Badenien (Inferieur Et Superieur) A Cluj-Napoca (Roumanie), Anca-Andreea Suciu
Studia UBB Geologia
Some Micropaleontological data indicating the presence of (lower and upper) Badenian at Cluj-Napoca (Romania). In the central part of the city of Cluj-Napoca some excavations (in Cetăt̡uia Hill), drillings and waste-water collecting galery (at Abator Place) intercepted the Badenian deposits. The age of deposits from Cetăt̡uia Hill is lower Badenian. The analysis of the micropaleontological samples collected from the Badenian deposits (from Abator Place - drillings and waste - water collecting galery), revealed the presence of foraminifers and pteropods, of the lithostratigraphic unit “Spirialis marls”, indicating for the first time, at Cluj-Napoca, the presence of the upper Badenian.
Influence Des Travaux Miniers Sur L'Evolution Du Karst Developpe Sur Les Sulfates, De L'Ouest De L'Ukraine, Lesya Shkitsa
Influence Des Travaux Miniers Sur L'Evolution Du Karst Developpe Sur Les Sulfates, De L'Ouest De L'Ukraine, Lesya Shkitsa
Studia UBB Geologia
Dans la province riche en sulfates de l’ouest de l’Ukraine, les changements du régime hydrogéologique induites par les activités technologiques reviennent aux travaux miniers qui ont provoqué l’intensification de l’extension du karst et d’effondrements des terrains. On montre les conditions hydrochimiques et les facteurs qui contrôlent le développement du karst dans la région.
Ecological Safety Of The Carpathian Region As A Process Of Oil And Gas Complexes Functioning, Georgiy Rudko
Ecological Safety Of The Carpathian Region As A Process Of Oil And Gas Complexes Functioning, Georgiy Rudko
Studia UBB Geologia
There have been considered the main ecological problems of Western Ukraine and changes of geological environment under the influence of oil and gas complexes functioning. Ecochemical investigations of the environment give us a possibility to reveal the areas with abnormal hydrocarbon concentration in the near-surface layers and in ground waters. On the basis of the investigation results there have been worked out organizational, technological and environmental measures to eliminate pollution or to reduce its negative influence on geological environment.
A Rare Eocene Water Lily (Nymphaea) Fossil From Cheile Baciului (Cluj-Napoca, Romania), László Lo̒Ra̒Nt Fehér
A Rare Eocene Water Lily (Nymphaea) Fossil From Cheile Baciului (Cluj-Napoca, Romania), László Lo̒Ra̒Nt Fehér
Studia UBB Geologia
A rare water lily (Nymphaceae) fossil is reported from the Late Eocene (Priabonian) deposits from Cheile Baciului limestone quarry (Cluj-Napoca, Romania). The remains consist of a piece of rhizome and a few root impressions preserved on the bearing rock. The fossil was identified as belonging to Nymphaea cf. alba Linnaeus. The rhizome of this species has never been found together with root impressions in Transylvania, being a very rare find even in Central Europe.
A Review Of The Eocene Diodontids And Labrids From Transylvania, Emanuel Paul Dica
A Review Of The Eocene Diodontids And Labrids From Transylvania, Emanuel Paul Dica
Studia UBB Geologia
This paper reviews two diodontids and labrids species: Chylomicterus hilgendorfi and Lachnolaimus multidens. The paleontological material is represented only from jaws and pharyngeal bones, which had been recently collected from Cluj Limestone (Cluj Napoca and Turbut̡a areas), and Nis̡ului Valley Formation (Turnu Ros̡u) as well as from older collections. The holotypes of these species are reconsidered and the paleoecological significances are also discussed.
A Revision Of The Rona Member, Vlad A. Codrea, Emanoil SăSăRan
A Revision Of The Rona Member, Vlad A. Codrea, Emanoil SăSăRan
Studia UBB Geologia
Lacustrine deposits occurring in the Jibou Formation (Late Maastrichtian – Lutetian) were mentioned in the Rona village area since the first half of the 19th century. Hungarian and Romanian geologists also carried out several researches in the last century, referring to the so-call “Rona Limestone” or “Rona Member”. In the last years, new outcrops resulted as a consequence of works made for the Botanical Garden at Jibou, adding details concerning mainly the base of the lacustrine succession. The new geological section from Jibou Botanical Garden should complete the old stratotype of the "Rona Limestone”, as a hypostratotype.
New Lithostratigraphic And Structural Aspects In The Southern Part Of The Bihor Massif (Apuseni Mountains), I. Balintoni, A. Puște
New Lithostratigraphic And Structural Aspects In The Southern Part Of The Bihor Massif (Apuseni Mountains), I. Balintoni, A. Puște
Studia UBB Geologia
The Muncel Series (Ionescu, 1962), from the Bihor massif can be included in the Permian Pă ius̡eni Lithogroup, because it consists predominantly from weak metamorphosed granites and porphyres. In this idea, the Highis̡ Nappe correlates with the Muncel Nappe and does not with the Poiana Nappe. Consequently, the down to up succession of the Biharia Nappe System becomes: the Gârda Nappe; The Ravices̡ti scale; the Poiana Nappe; the Piatra Grăitoare scale; the Biharia nappe; the Highis̡-Muncel Nappe; the Baia de Aries̡ Nappe.
The Arieseni Nappe, Or The Moma And Poiana Nappes?, I. Balintoni, L. Ghergari, T. BăBuț
The Arieseni Nappe, Or The Moma And Poiana Nappes?, I. Balintoni, L. Ghergari, T. BăBuț
Studia UBB Geologia
The Arieseni Nappe was the single tectonic unit of the Biharia Nappe System involving unmetamorphosed, red Permian and metamorphosed, green Permian deposits. Deformational, microscopic and x-Ray diffraction studies, suggest a tectonic relationship between the two sequences. Consequently, the red Permian deposits have been attributed to the Moma Nappe, and the green Permian rocks to the Poiana Nappe. Thus, the Arieseni Nappe disappeared. The thrust between the red Permian and the green Permian deposits realized later during the emplacement of Apusenides, due to an east-verging movement.
Salt Works And Their Impact On Soil And Groundwater. The Cases Of Anghelohori And Kitros, Greece, Christodoulos Angelopoulos, Evangelos Nicolaou
Salt Works And Their Impact On Soil And Groundwater. The Cases Of Anghelohori And Kitros, Greece, Christodoulos Angelopoulos, Evangelos Nicolaou
Studia UBB Geologia
Contamination of soil and groundwater caused to salt works occurs due to infiltration of a part of seawater from the lakes of salt works through the soil and into phreatic aquifers and from there percolating to artesian aquifers. In the same time, while salt remaining in place is washed out by rain, contaminating soil and both phreatic and artesian aquifers. In the areas of Angelohori and Kitros this contamination of soil has been detected through chemical analysis while groundwater contamination has been suggested through pressure level contours.
Principii De Cristalografie; Cristalografie Geometrica (Caiet De Lucrari Practice), G. Udubașa
Principii De Cristalografie; Cristalografie Geometrica (Caiet De Lucrari Practice), G. Udubașa
Studia UBB Geologia
No abstract provided.
A Comparative Study Between Loss On Ignition And Total Carbon Analysis On Mineralogenic Sediments, Daniel Ș. Vereș
A Comparative Study Between Loss On Ignition And Total Carbon Analysis On Mineralogenic Sediments, Daniel Ș. Vereș
Studia UBB Geologia
The present study deals with a comparison between organic and carbonate content determinations based on loss-on-ignition and step-wise total carbon analysis, and a correlation to grain-size. Although loss-on-ignition can generally be regarded as an accurate measure of the organic mater content of a sediment, the amount of fine fraction in the sediments is a limiting factor for an absolute organic determination and influences directly the correction factor. The same holds true for carbonate content determinations based on loss on ignition. In order to provide accurate organic and carbonate content determinations for a sediment, loss-on-ignition data must be corroborated by standard …
Gold In Metamorphic Rocks: Facts And Fancy, Gheorghe Udubașa, Sorin Silviu Udubașa
Gold In Metamorphic Rocks: Facts And Fancy, Gheorghe Udubașa, Sorin Silviu Udubașa
Studia UBB Geologia
The characterization of shear zone related ores (SZRO) is still a matter of debate. In an attempt to attenuate the existing controversial points of view some classifications of the SZRO are here proposed, taking into account both their mineralogy and geochemistry (protore nature, ore minerals assemblages etc.) and their size. The small scale SZRO seem to depend on the existence of a protore, as a source of metals, whereas the large scale SZRO may have an epigenetic overprint and the source of metals can be multiple, juvenile included. Finally, a fractal-like classification of ore deposits is proposed, in which the …
Contributions On The Mineralogy Of The Corund Carbonate Deposit, Tóth Attila
Contributions On The Mineralogy Of The Corund Carbonate Deposit, Tóth Attila
Studia UBB Geologia
The carbonate deposit with aragonitic aspect from Corund (Harghita county) is the result of post-volcanic phenomena, and it is deposited from salty bicarbonatic springs. Mineralogically it consists of calcite, magnesium calcite and aragonite. Most of the calcite layers are in fact paramorphoses after aragonite, fact revealed by the diagenetic processes.
Hydrovolcanic Breccia Pipe Structures-General Features And Genetic Criteria. I. Phreatomagmatic Breccias, CăLin G. TăMaș, Jean P. Milési
Hydrovolcanic Breccia Pipe Structures-General Features And Genetic Criteria. I. Phreatomagmatic Breccias, CăLin G. TăMaș, Jean P. Milési
Studia UBB Geologia
Two types of hydrovolcanic breccias are generally accepted: phreatomagmatic and phreatic. Due to their specific characteristics generated during the brecciation, characteristics that control the ore deposition, these breccias represent favourable hosts for mineralization. The depth of formation, the general form and dimensions, the breccia - host rock contact, as well as fragments, matrix, and open spaces altogether control the position and the size of the breccia hosted ore bodies and contribute in different degrees to the rise of the ore grades in phreatomagmatic and phreatic structures. Consequently, the recognition of the genetic type of breccia allows an appropriate strategy in …
The Impact Of The Bituminous Coal Combustion From The Thermoelectric Power Plant From Paroseni On The Environment Of Jiu Valley, Mircea Rebrișoreanu, Eugen Traistă, Aronel Matei, Ovidiu Barbu, Vlad A. Codrea
The Impact Of The Bituminous Coal Combustion From The Thermoelectric Power Plant From Paroseni On The Environment Of Jiu Valley, Mircea Rebrișoreanu, Eugen Traistă, Aronel Matei, Ovidiu Barbu, Vlad A. Codrea
Studia UBB Geologia
The Jiu Valley Basin is one of the most important coal mining areas in Romania. Other industries, including a power plant, are also well developed in this area. Therefore, pollution is very high. One of the most polluted environmental compounds is the air. High mountains surround the Jiu Valley, which makes difficult the air refreshing. For this reason, it is very important to discuss the air pollution and especially that produced by dust. Since the industrial companies are concentrated in a small area, it is very difficult to identify and prosecute the polluting one. The present paper aims to identify …
Implications Resulting From The Study Of The Fluid Inclusions In The Shear Zone-Type Gold Mineralization From Bozovici (Banat) And Somesul Rece (Gilau Mountains), Vasile PomâRleanu, Ioan MâRza
Implications Resulting From The Study Of The Fluid Inclusions In The Shear Zone-Type Gold Mineralization From Bozovici (Banat) And Somesul Rece (Gilau Mountains), Vasile PomâRleanu, Ioan MâRza
Studia UBB Geologia
The paper presents the results of a study on fluid inclusions (petrography, chemistry, Th, Td) from the gold-containing quartz in the shear zone – type mineralizations from Bozovici (Banat) and Some¿ul Rece (Gil¾u Mountains). Four types of fluid inclusions were identified: A – aqueous, AS – aqueous with efflorescences and crystals of nahcolite, C – monophasic and biphasic containing CO2, and AC – aqueous solutions with CO2. Microthermometry (Th and Td) indicated homogenisation temperatures of nahcolite between 136-2600 C, total homogenisation temperatures of 283-3900 C, and a maximum temperature (Td) between 380-4200 C. The molar content of the CO2/H2O ratio …
Preliminary Data On The Mineralogy Of Limestone And Skarn-Hosted Caves From Baita (Bihor County, Romania), Bogdan P. Onac, Paul Damm
Preliminary Data On The Mineralogy Of Limestone And Skarn-Hosted Caves From Baita (Bihor County, Romania), Bogdan P. Onac, Paul Damm
Studia UBB Geologia
This paper presents the mineralization of five medium-size limestone-caves and eleven skarn-hosted caves from the upper part of Cri¿ul B¾ißei River (Bihor Mountains). Apart from berlinite – AlPO4, the other minerals reported from the limestone caves are common carbonates, phosphates or oxy-hydroxides. In turn, the skarn-hosted caves contain a diversity of minerals, including wittichenite, luzonite, natrolite, norsethite, rosasite, glaukosphaerite, aurichalcite, azurite, malachite and chalcanthite. Five of these minerals have never before been identified in a cave environment and moreover, three are new occurrences in Romania. Some of these minerals are hydrothermal in origin, whereas alteration and/or hydration of primary hydrothermal …
Arenite Concretions With Axial Channel From The Badenian Deposits Of Cheia (Turda) - A New Type Of Concretions, Ioan Mârza, Ciprian Constantina, Horea PâRlea
Arenite Concretions With Axial Channel From The Badenian Deposits Of Cheia (Turda) - A New Type Of Concretions, Ioan Mârza, Ciprian Constantina, Horea PâRlea
Studia UBB Geologia
The paper introduces a new type of arenite concretions (max. 40-50 cm in diameter). Spheroidal concretions with an axial cylindrical channel (1-6 cm in diameter) resulted from the levigation of the concretion centre consisting of soft fusiform clasts with a clayey-carbonate composition. The concretions are hosted by a level of Badenian sandstones and microconglomerates (about 10-m thick) which occur in the place called “Groapa cu Piersici” (Cheia, Turda).
Characterisation Of Some Clays Used For Whiteware Ceramics, Ii. Technological Characterization, Maria Gorea, Marcel Benea
Characterisation Of Some Clays Used For Whiteware Ceramics, Ii. Technological Characterization, Maria Gorea, Marcel Benea
Studia UBB Geologia
The paper investigates the mineral composition of four diferent clay types used for whiteware ceramics, correlated to the measured mineralogical and chemical composition, particle size distribution and technological characteristics (plasticity, drying, and firing shrinkage, dry resistance). According to their particle size distribution, the U-II, U-III and ESV3 clay types are almost identically, but the mineralogical composition is different. On the other hand, the CARO clay type has a very similar kaolinite and quartz content with U-II clay, but shows a completely different particle size distribution. Based on the mineralogical and particle size distribution, CARO clay type shows the most suitable …