Physical Sciences and Mathematics Commons^™

Intrinsic Point Defects (Vacancies And Antisites) In Cdgep2 Crystals, Timothy D. Gustafson, Nancy C. Giles, Peter G. Schunemann, Kevin T. Zawilski, Kent L. Averett, Jonathan E. Slagle, Larry E. Halliburton

Faculty Publications

Cadmium germanium diphosphide (CdGeP₂) crystals, with versatile terahertz-generating properties, belong to the chalcopyrite family of nonlinear optical materials. Other widely investigated members of this family are ZnGeP₂ and CdSiP₂. The room-temperature absorption edge of CdGeP₂ is near 1.72 eV (720 nm). Cadmium vacancies, phosphorous vacancies, and germanium-on-cadmium antisites are present in as-grown CdGeP₂ crystals. These unintentional intrinsic point defects are best studied below room temperature with electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and optical absorption. Prior to exposure to light, the defects are in charge states that have no unpaired spins. Illuminating a CdGeP_{2 …}

Optimal Estimation Inversion Of Ionospheric Electron Density From Gnss-Pod Limb Measurements: Part I-Algorithm And Morphology, Dong L. Wu, Nimalan Swarnalingam, Cornelius C. J. H. Salinas, Daniel J. Emmons, Tyler C. Summers, Robert Gardiner-Garden

Faculty Publications

GNSS-LEO radio links from Precise Orbital Determination (POD) and Radio Occultation (RO) antennas have been used increasingly in characterizing the global 3D distribution and variability of ionospheric electron density (Ne). In this study, we developed an optimal estimation (OE) method to retrieve Ne profiles from the slant total electron content (hTEC) measurements acquired by the GNSS-POD links at negative elevation angles (ε < 0°). Although both OE and onion-peeling (OP) methods use the Abel weighting function in the Ne inversion, they are significantly different in terms of performance in the lower ionosphere. The new OE results can overcome the large Ne oscillations, sometimes negative values, seen in the OP retrievals in the E-region ionosphere. In the companion paper in this Special Issue, the HmF2 and NmF2 from the OE retrieval are validated against ground-based ionosondes and radar observations, showing generally good agreements in NmF2 from all sites. Nighttime hmF2 measurements tend to agree better than the daytime when the ionosonde heights tend to be slightly lower. The OE algorithm has been applied to all GNSS-POD data acquired from the COSMIC-1 (2006–2019), COSMIC-2 (2019–present), and Spire (2019–present) constellations, showing a consistent ionospheric Ne morphology. The unprecedented spatiotemporal sampling of the ionosphere from these constellations now allows a detailed analysis of the frequency–wavenumber spectra for the Ne variability at different heights. In the lower ionosphere (~150 km), we found significant spectral power in DE1, DW6, DW4, SW5, and SE4 wave components, in addition to well-known DW1, SW2, and DE3 waves. In the upper ionosphere (~450 km), additional wave components are still present, including DE4, DW4, DW6, SE4, and SW4. The co-existence of eastward- and westward-propagating wave4 components implies the presence of a stationary wave4 (SPW4), as suggested by other earlier studies. Further improvements to the OE method are proposed, including a tomographic inversion technique that leverages the asymmetric sampling about the tangent point associated with GNSS-LEO links.

Numerical Simulation Of The Korteweg–De Vries Equation With Machine Learning, Kristina O. F. Williams, Benjamin F. Akers

Faculty Publications

A machine learning procedure is proposed to create numerical schemes for solutions of nonlinear wave equations on coarse grids. This method trains stencil weights of a discretization of the equation, with the truncation error of the scheme as the objective function for training. The method uses centered finite differences to initialize the optimization routine and a second-order implicit-explicit time solver as a framework. Symmetry conditions are enforced on the learned operator to ensure a stable method. The procedure is applied to the Korteweg–de Vries equation. It is observed to be more accurate than finite difference or spectral methods on coarse …

Marine Anoxia Initiates Giant Sulfur-Bacteria Mat Proliferation And Associated Changes In Benthic Nitrogen, Sulfur, And Iron Cycling In The Santa Barbara Basin, California Borderland, David J. Yousavich, De'marcus Robinson, Xuefeng Peng, Sebastian J.E. Krause, Frank Wenzhoefer, Felix Janßen, Na Liu, Jonathan Tarn, Frank Kinnaman, David L. Valentine, Tina Treude

Faculty Publications

The Santa Barbara Basin naturally experiences transient deoxygenation due to its unique geological setting in the southern California Borderland and seasonal changes in ocean currents. Long-term measurements of the basin showed that anoxic events and subsequent nitrate exhaustion in the bottom waters have been occurring more frequently and lasting longer over the past decade. One characteristic of the Santa Barbara Basin is the seasonal development of extensive mats of benthic nitrate-reducing sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, which are found at the sediment–water interface when the basin's bottom waters reach anoxia but still provide some nitrate. To assess the mat's impact on the benthic …

A Bit-Parallel Tabu Search Algorithm For Finding Es2 -Optimal And Minimax-Optimal Supersaturated Designs, Luis B. Morales, Dursun A. Bulutoglu

Faculty Publications

We prove the equivalence of two-symbol supersaturated designs (SSDs) with N (even) rows, m columns, s_max=4t+i, where i ∈ {0,2}, t ∈ Z^≥0 and resolvable incomplete block designs (RIBDs) whose any two blocks intersect in at most (N+4t+i)/4 points. Using this equivalence, we formulate the search for two-symbol E(s²)-optimal and minimax-optimal SSDs with s_max ∈ {2,4,6} as a search for RIBDs whose blocks intersect accordingly. This allows developing a bit-parallel tabu search (TS) algorithm. The TS algorithm found E(s²)-optimal and minimax-optimal SSDs achieving the sharpest known E(s²) lower bound with …

Perturbative Aspects Of Cpt-Even Lorentz-Violating Scalar Chromodynamics, Brett Altschul, L. C.T. Brito, J. C.C. Felipe, S. Karki, A. C. Lehum, A. Yu Petrov

Faculty Publications

In this work, we formulate the theory of Lorentz-violating scalar quantum chromodynamics with an arbitrary non-Abelian gauge group. This theory belongs to the class of models encompassed by the standard model extension framework. At the lowest order in the theory's Lorentz violation parameters, we calculate the divergent quantum corrections, including the renormalization group β-functions of the theory. The Lorentz-violating sector is shown to be scale invariant if there is a particular relation between the couplings.

Modeling Potential Damages Of Hurricanes At The Facility Scale: A Case Study Of Eglin Air Force Base, Alexander J. Baldwin, Christopher M. Chini, Steven J. Schuldt, Justin D. Delorit

Faculty Publications

Tropical cyclones have intensified and are expected to strengthen throughout the 21st century due to climate change impacts. Storm intensification poses a serious threat to coastal municipalities and infrastructure that are not designed to withstand future wind and storm surge potential. Coupled modeling software has been widely used to replicate extreme weather events and simulate climate change effects to understand the magnitude of vulnerability coastal regions face. However, these studies are often conducted at too coarse resolutions to provide decision makers with actionable information for facility-level adaptation. This study addresses this limitation using a coupled modeling approach by simulating climate-intensified …

Ten‐Year Cardiovascular Disease Risk Score And Cognitive Function Among Older Adults: The National Health And Nutrition Examination Survey 2011 To 2014, Jingkai Wei, Hanzhang Xu, Angela D. Liese, Anwar T. Nerchant Sc.D, Mph, Dmd, Liang Wang, Chih-Hsiang Yang, Matthew C. Lohman, Monique J. Brown Ph.D., Mph, Tiansheng Wang, Daniela B. Friedman Ph.D.

Faculty Publications

BACKGROUND: The Framingham 10-year cardiovascular disease risk score, which is based on age, sex, smoking, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, blood pressure, and diabetes, has been found to be associated with cognitive health, but these findings have not been validated in a representative sample in the United States. We aimed to examine the associations of Framingham risk score with cognitive function among older adults in a nationally representative sample, as well as by race or ethnicity, education, and family income.

METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 2254 older adults ≥60years (57% female, 79% non-Hispanic White) in the National Health and Nutrition …

Patterns Of Hiv Disclosure And Its Impact On The Hiv Care Continuum Among Black Men Who Have Sex With Men In South Carolina, Xueying Yang Ph.D., Titilayo A. James, Monique J. Brown Ph.D., Mph, Tony Brown, Sydney Zarsadias, Ran Zhang, Fanghui Shi, Xiaoming Li Ph.D.

Faculty Publications

Addressing the psychosocial concerns of Black men who have sex with men (MSM), such as HIV disclosure, is critical for effective HIV treatment efforts. Black MSM living with HIV experience multiple psychosocial challenges, such as “triple stigma” due to their sexual orientation, racial minority status, and HIV status, which hinder their HIV disclosure and subsequent HIV care-seeking behavior. Our study sought to examine the HIV disclosure patterns and their impact on the HIV care continuum among Black MSM using a qualitative approach. Semi-structured interviews were carried out among 28 Black MSM aged ≥18 years old living in South Carolina. A …

Fate And Transport Of Per- And Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (Pfas) At Aqueous Film Forming Foam (Afff) Discharge Sites: A Review, Jeffery T. Mcgarr, Eric G. Mbonimpa, Drew C. Mcavoy, Mohamad R. Soltanian

Faculty Publications

Per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) are an environmentally persistent group of chemicals that can pose an imminent threat to human health through groundwater and surface water contamination. In this review, we evaluate the subsurface behavior of a variety of PFAS chemicals with a focus on aqueous film forming foam (AFFF) discharge sites. AFFF is the primary PFAS contamination risk at sites such as airports and military bases due to use as a fire extinguisher. Understanding the fate and transport of PFAS in the subsurface environment is a multifaceted issue. This review focuses on the role of adsorbent, adsorbate, and …

Microbial Carbon Use Efficiency Promotes Global Soil Carbon Storage, Feng Tao, Yuanyuan Huang, Bruce A. Hungate, Stefano Manzoni, Serita D. Frey, Michael W. I. Schmidt, Markus Reichstein, Nuno Carvalhais, Philippe Ciais, Lifen Jiang, Johannes Lehmann, Ying-Ping Wang, Benjamin Z. Houlton, Bernhard Ahrens, Umakant Mishra, Gustaf Hugelius, Toby D. Hocking, Xingjie Lu, Zheng Shi, Kostiantyn Viatkin, Ronald Vargas, Yusuf Yigini, Christian Omuto, Ashish A. Malik, Guillermo Peralta, Rosa Cuevas-Corona, Luciano E. Di Paolo, Isabel Luotto, Cuijuan Liao, Yi-Shuang Liang, Vinisa S. Saynes, Xiaomeng Huang, Yiqi Luo

Faculty Publications

Soils store more carbon than other terrestrial ecosystems1,2. How soil organic carbon (SOC) forms and persists remains uncertain1,3, which makes it challenging to understand how it will respond to climatic change3,4. It has been suggested that soil microorganisms play an important role in SOC formation, preservation and loss5,6,7. Although microorganisms affect the accumulation and loss of soil organic matter through many pathways4,6,8,9,10,11, microbial carbon use efficiency (CUE) is an integrative metric that can capture the balance of these processes12,13. Although CUE has the potential to act as a predictor of variation in SOC storage, the role of CUE in SOC …

Trends In Resources For Neonatal Intensive Care At Delivery Hospitals For Infants Born Younger Than 30 Weeks' Gestation, 2009-2020, Nansi S. Boghossian, Marco Geraci, Ciaran S. Phibbs, Scott A. Lorch, Erika M. Edwards, Jeffrey D. Horbar

Faculty Publications

Importance: In an ideal regionalized system, all infants born very preterm would be delivered at a large tertiary hospital capable of providing all necessary care. Objective: To examine whether the distribution of extremely preterm births changed between 2009 and 2020 based on neonatal intensive care resources at the delivery hospital. Design, Setting, and Participants: This retrospective cohort study was conducted at 822 Vermont Oxford Network (VON) centers in the US between 2009 and 2020. Participants included infants born at 22 to 29 weeks' gestation, delivered at or transferred to centers participating in the VON. Data were analyzed from February to …

Seasonal And Diurnal Variations Of Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability At Terrestrial Magnetopause, S. Kavosi, J. Raeder, Jay R. Johnson, K. Nykyri, C. J. Farrugia

Faculty Publications

Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability is ubiquitous at Earth’s magnetopause and plays an important role in plasma entry into the magnetosphere during northward interplanetary magnetic fields. Here, using one solar cycle of data from NASA THEMIS (Time History of Events and Macro scale Interactions during Substorms) and MMS (Magnetospheric Multiscale) missions, we found that KHI occurrence rates show seasonal and diurnal variations with the rate being high near the equinoxes and low near the solstices. The instability depends directly on the Earth’s dipole tilt angle. The tilt toward or away from the Sun explains most of the seasonal and diurnal variations, while the …

Search For B Mesogenesis At Babar, J. P. Lees, V. Poireau, E. Grauges, A. Palano, G. Eigen, D. N. Brown, Yu. G. Kolomensky, M. Fritsch, H. Koch, R. Cheaib, C. Hearty, T. S. Mattison, J. A. Mckenna, R. Y. So, V. E. Blinov, A. R. Buzykaev, V. P. Druzhinin, E. A. Kozyrev, Milind Purohit, Et. Al.

Faculty Publications

A new mechanism has been proposed to simultaneously explain the presence of dark matter and the matter-antimatter asymmetry in the Universe. This scenario predicts exotic B-meson decays into a baryon and a dark-sector antibaryon (ψD) with branching fractions accessible at B factories. We present a search for B→Λψ_D decays using data collected by the BABAR experiment at SLAC. This reaction is identified by fully reconstructing the accompanying B meson and requiring the presence of a single Λ baryon in the remaining particles. No significant signal is observed, and bounds on the B→Λψ …

Decision Support Issues In Automated Driving Systems, William N. Caballero, David Ríos Insua, David Banks

Faculty Publications

Machine learning and computational processing have advanced such that automated driving systems (ADSs) are no longer a distant reality. Many automobile manufacturers have developed prototypes; however, there exist numerous decision support issues requiring resolution to ensure mass ADS adoption. In the coming decades, it is likely that production ADSs will only be partially autonomous. Such ADSs operate within predetermined conditions and require driver intervention when they are violated. Since forecasts of their 20-year market penetration are relatively low, ADSs will likely operate in heterogeneous traffic characterized by vehicles of varying autonomy levels. Under these conditions, effective decision support must consider …

A Predator-Prey Biological Model With Combined Birth Rates, Self-Limitation And Competition Terms, Joon Hyuk Kang, Lucinda Ford

Faculty Publications

The purpose of this paper is to give sufficient conditions for the existence and uniqueness of positive solutions to a rather general type of elliptic system of the Dirichlet problem on a bounded domain Ω in Rⁿ. Also considered are the effects of perturbations on the coexistence state and uniqueness. The techniques used in this paper are super-sub solutions method, eigenvalues of operators, maximum principles, spectrum estimates, inverse function theory, and general elliptic theory. The arguments also rely on some detailed properties for the solution of logistic equations. These results yield an algebraically computable criterion for the positive …

Information Horizon Of Solar Active Regions, Jay R. Johnson, Simon Wing, Carson O'Ffill, Bishwa Neupane

Faculty Publications

Information theory is used to characterize the solar active region periodicities and memories from the Carrington map images 1974–2021. The active regions typically evolve and move from one map to the next. In order to track these active region structures in sequences of images, an innovative method based on information theory is developed. Image entropy provides a measure of the organization of structures in the images. The entropy can also be used as a filter to identify structures and partition the active regions, which are then registered for each image. The partitions are used to compute the mutual information and …

Measuring Radiation Protection: Partners From Across The Nuclear Enterprise Evaluate The Radiation Protection Of Us Army Vehicles, Andrew W. Decker, Robert Prins

Faculty Publications

Recent mounting nuclear threats and postures from adversary nation-states, such as Russia, China, North Korea, and Iran, represent a clear danger to the interests and security of the United States of America and its Allies. To meet these threats, the 2022 Nuclear Posture Review requires the Department of Defense (DoD) to design, develop, and manage a combat-credible U.S. military which, among other prioritizations, is survivable. A survivable force can generate combat power despite adversary attacks. As such, the US Army must prepare today to set the conditions for successful conventional warfare on the nuclear battlefields of tomorrow. Our Army cannot …

Traffic Lights For Catalysis: Stimuli-Responsive Molecular And Extended Catalytic Systems, Grace C. Thaggard, Johanna Haimeri, Roland A. Fischer Prof. Dr., Kyoung Chul Park, Natalia B. Shustova Prof. Dr.

Faculty Publications

The advances made in the field of stimuli-responsive catalysis during the last five years with a focus on the novel recently-emerged directions and applications have been surveyed. Metal-free catalysts and organometallic complexes, as well as biomimetic systems and extended structures, which display switchable catalytic activity for a variety of organic transformations, are discussed. Light-activated systems comprised of photochromic molecules capable of modulating reaction rate, yield, or enantioselectivity based on geometric and electronic changes associated with photoisomerization are the focus of the detailed discussion. Alternative stimuli, including pH and temperature, which could be applied either alone or in combination with light, …

Trait-Based Assembly Of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal Communities Determines Soil Carbon Formation And Retention, Caitlyn C. A. Horsch, Pedro M. Antunes, Catherine Fahey, A. Stuart Grandy, Cynthia M. Kallenbach

Faculty Publications

Fungi are crucial for soil organic carbon (SOC) formation, especially for the more persistent mineral-associated organic C (MAOC) pool. Yet, evidence for this often overlooks arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) communities and how their composition and traits impact SOC accumulation.

We grew sudangrass with AMF communities representing different traits conserved at the family level: competitors, from the Gigasporaceae family; ruderals, from the Glomeraceae family; or both families combined. We labeled sudangrass with 13C-CO2 to assess AMF contributions to SOC, impacts on SOC priming, and fungal biomass persistence in MAOC.

Single-family AMF communities decreased total SOC by 13.8%, likely due to fungal …

Off-Shell Effects In Bound Nucleons And Parton Distributions From 1H, 2H, 3H, And 3He Data, S. I. Alekhin, S. A. Kulagin, Roberto Petti

Faculty Publications

We report the results of a new global QCD analysis including deep-inelastic scattering data off ¹H, ²H, ³H, and ³He targets. Nuclear corrections are treated in terms of a nuclear convolution approach with off-shell bound nucleons. The off-shell (OS) corrections responsible for the modification of the structure functions (SFs) of bound nucleons are constrained in a global fit along with the proton parton distribution functions (PDFs) and the higher-twist (HT) terms. We investigate the proton-neutron difference for the OS correction and discuss our predictions for the SF ratio F ⁿ ₂ / F ^p ₂ and …

Measurement Of The Double-Differential Muon-Neutrino Charged-Current Inclusive Cross Section In The Nova Near Detector, M. A. Acero, P. Adamson, L. Aliaga, N. Anfimov, A. Antoshkin, E. Arrieta-Diaz, L. Asquith, A. Aurisano, A. Back, M. Baird, N. Balashov, P. Baldi, B. A. Bambah, S. Bashar, K. Bays, B. Behera, R. Bernstein, V. Bhatnagar, D. Bhattarai, B. Bhuyan, Roberto Petti, Et. Al.

Faculty Publications

We report cross-section measurements of the final-state muon kinematics for ν_μ charged-current interactions in the NOvA near detector using an accumulated 8.09×10²⁰ protons on target in the NuMI beam. We present the results as a double-differential cross section in the observed outgoing muon energy and angle, as well as single-differential cross sections in the derived neutrino energy, E_ν, and square of the four-momentum transfer, Q². We compare the results to inclusive cross-section predictions from various neutrino event generators via χ² calculations using a covariance matrix that accounts for bin-to-bin correlations of systematic uncertainties. …

Toward A Simulation Model Complexity Measure, J. Scott Thompson, Douglas D. Hodson, Michael R. Grimaila, Nicholas Hanlon, Richard Dill

Faculty Publications

Is it possible to develop a meaningful measure for the complexity of a simulation model? Algorithmic information theory provides concepts that have been applied in other areas of research for the practical measurement of object complexity. This article offers an overview of the complexity from a variety of perspectives and provides a body of knowledge with respect to the complexity of simulation models. The key terms model detail, resolution, and scope are defined. An important concept from algorithmic information theory, Kolmogorov complexity, and an application of this concept, normalized compression distance, are used to indicate the possibility of measuring changes …

Search For Heavy Neutral Leptons Using Tau Lepton Decays At Babar, J. P. Lees, V. Poireau, V. Tisserand, E. Grauges, A. Palano, G. Eigen, D. N. Brown, Yu. G. Kolomensky, M. Fritsch, H. Koch, R. Cheaib, C. Hearty, T. S. Mattison, J. A. Mckenna, R. Y. So, V. E. Blinov, A. R. Buzykaev, V. P. Druzhinin, E. A. Kravchenko, Milind Purohit, Et. Al.

Faculty Publications

This article presents a model-independent search for an additional, mostly sterile, heavy neutral lepton (HNL), that is capable of mixing with the Standard Model τ neutrino with a mixing strength of |U_τ4| 2, corresponding to the absolute square of the extended Pontecorvo-Maki-Nakagawa-Sakata matrix element. Data from the BABAR experiment, with a total integrated luminosity of 424 fb⁻¹, are analyzed using a kinematic approach that makes no assumptions on the model behind the origins of the HNL, its lifetime or decay modes. No significant signal is found. Upper limits on |U_τ4|² at the 95% …

Synthetic Strategies Of Supported Pd-Based Bimetallic Catalysts For Selective Semi-Hydrogenation Of Acetylene: A Review And Perspectives, Xinxiang Cao, Ben W.-L. Jang, Jiaxue Hu, Lei Wang

Faculty Publications

Selective semi-hydrogenation of acetylene is an extremely important reaction from both industrial and theoretical perspectives. Palladium, due to its unique chemical and physical properties, is the most active and currently irreplaceable metal for this reaction in industry, but the poor catalytic selectivity towards ethylene is also its inherent shortcoming. Introducing a secondary metal to tune a geometric and electronic structures of Pd nanoparticles and to create a synergistic effect is the most widely used strategy to effectively improve the overall catalytic performance of Pd-based catalysts. Thus, various supported Pd-based bimetallic catalysts for selective semi-hydrogenation of acetylene have been exploited in …

Numerical Simulation Of Steady-State Thermal Blooming With Natural Convection, Jeremiah S. Lane, Justin Cook, Martin Richardson, Benjamin F. Akers

Faculty Publications

This work investigates steady-state thermal blooming of a high-energy laser in the presence of laser-driven convection. While thermal blooming has historically been simulated with prescribed fluid velocities, the model introduced here solves for the fluid dynamics along the propagation path using a Boussinesq approximation to the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations. The resultant temperature fluctuations were coupled to refractive index fluctuations, and the beam propagation was modeled using the paraxial wave equation. Fixed-point methods were used to solve the fluid equations as well as to couple the beam propagation to the steady-state flow. The simulated results are discussed relative to recent experimental …

Meridional Survey Of The Central Pacific Reveals Iodide Accumulation In Equatorial Surface Waters And Benthic Sources In The Abyssal Plain, Rintaro Moriyasu, Kenneth M. Bolster, Dalton S. Hardisty, David C. Kadko, Mark P. Stephens, James W. Moffett

Faculty Publications

The distributions of iodate and iodide were measured along the GEOTRACES GP15 meridional transect at 152°W from the shelf of Alaska to Papeete, Tahiti. The transect included oxygenated waters near the shelf of Alaska, the full water column in the central basin in the North Pacific Basin, the upper water column spanning across seasonally mixed regimes in the north, oligotrophic regimes in the central gyre, and the equatorial upwelling. Iodide concentrations are highest in the permanently stratified tropical mixed layers, which reflect accumulation due to light-dependent biological processes, and decline rapidly below the euphotic zone. Vertical mixing coefficients (K …

Evolution Of Coronal Magnetic Field Parameters During X5.4 Solar Flare, Seth H. Garland, Benjamin F. Akers, Vasyl B. Yurchyshyn, Robert D. Loper, Daniel J. Emmons

Faculty Publications

The coronal magnetic field over NOAA Active Region 11,429 during a X5.4 solar flare on 7 March 2012 is modeled using optimization based Non-Linear Force-Free Field extrapolation. Specifically, 3D magnetic fields were modeled for 11 timesteps using the 12-min cadence Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager photospheric vector magnetic field data, spanning a time period of 1 hour before through 1 hour after the start of the flare. Using the modeled coronal magnetic field data, seven different magnetic field parameters were calculated for 3 separate regions: areas with surface |Bz| ≥ 300 G, areas of flare brightening seen …

Simple Mathematical Equations For Calculating Oxidation Number Of Organic Carbons, Number Of Transferred Electrons, Oxidative Ratio, And Mole Of Oxygen Molecule In Combustion Reactions, Pong Yuen, Cheng Man Diana Lau

Faculty Publications

The oxidation number and number of transferred electrons are two paramount parameters in the study of redox reactions. Their calculations are both important and challenging. The oxidation number of organic carbons is used in organic chemistry, biochemistry, and applied chemistry. Combustion reaction is a classical type of redox reaction, in which the oxygen molecule (O2) is the oxidizing agent. In this article, the integration of three sets of relations is explored by using the method of balancing organic combustion: (i) number of transferred electrons and oxidation number of organic carbons, (ii) mole of oxygen molecule and number of transferred electrons, …

How Noise Thresholds Affect The Information Content Of Stellar Flare Sequences, Elmer C. Rivera, Jay R. Johnson, Jonathan Homan, Simon Wing

Faculty Publications

Systems that exhibit discrete dynamics can be well described and reconstructed by considering the set of time intervals between the discrete events of the system. The Kepler satellite has cataloged light curves for many Sun-like stars, and these light curves show strong bursts in intensity that are associated with stellar flares. The waiting time between these flares describes the fundamental dynamics of the stars and is driven by physical processes, such as flux emergence. While it is rather straightforward to identify large flares, the identification of weaker flares can be challenging because of the presence of noise. A common practice …