Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
Physical Sciences and Mathematics Commons™
Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
- Discipline
-
- Chemistry (779)
- Engineering (637)
- Environmental Sciences (627)
- Physics (617)
- Computer Sciences (567)
-
- Mathematics (370)
- Life Sciences (336)
- Natural Resources and Conservation (332)
- Earth Sciences (325)
- Electrical and Computer Engineering (313)
- Optics (291)
- Electromagnetics and Photonics (270)
- Statistics and Probability (260)
- Social and Behavioral Sciences (175)
- Geology (132)
- Organic Chemistry (119)
- Analytical Chemistry (117)
- Applied Mathematics (102)
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology (102)
- Natural Resources Management and Policy (96)
- Artificial Intelligence and Robotics (85)
- Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences and Meteorology (85)
- Water Resource Management (85)
- Plant Sciences (70)
- Physical Chemistry (66)
- Soil Science (66)
- Paleontology (63)
- Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Structural Biology (61)
- Biostatistics (61)
- Institution
- Keyword
-
- College of Natural Science and Mathematics (125)
- Daniel Felix Ritchie School of Engineering and Computer Science (103)
- Chemistry and Biochemistry (57)
- Computer Science (54)
- Machine learning (52)
-
- Morgridge College of Education (51)
- Research Methods and Information Science (44)
- Research Methods and Statistics (43)
- Mathematics (42)
- Graph theory (38)
- Physics and Astronomy (35)
- Nanoparticles (26)
- Climate change (22)
- Artificial intelligence (21)
- Chemistry (19)
- GIS (19)
- Optics (19)
- Nonlinear optics (18)
- Remote sensing (18)
- Statistics (18)
- Catalysis (17)
- Geography and the Environment (17)
- Computer vision (16)
- Electrical and Computer Engineering (16)
- Machine Learning (16)
- Domination (15)
- Geology (15)
- Deep learning (14)
- Simulation (14)
- Spectroscopy (14)
- Publication Year
- File Type
Articles 1021 - 1050 of 3529
Full-Text Articles in Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Electro- And Photocatalytic Carbon Dioxide Reduction And Thermal Isomerization Of Highly Strained Tricyclocompounds, Weiwei Yang
Electro- And Photocatalytic Carbon Dioxide Reduction And Thermal Isomerization Of Highly Strained Tricyclocompounds, Weiwei Yang
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Anthracene-bridged dinuclear rhenium complexes are reported for electrocatalytic and photocatalytic carbon dioxide (CO2) reduction to carbon monoxide (CO). Related by hindered rotation of each rhenium active site to either side of the anthracene bridge cis and trans conformers have been isolated and characterized. Electrochemical studies reveal distinct mechanisms whereby the cis conformer operates via cooperative bimetallic CO2 activation and conversion and the trans conformer reduces CO2 through well-established single-site and bimolecular pathways analogous to Re(bpy)(CO)3Cl. Higher turnover frequencies are observed for the cis conformer (35.3 s−1) relative to the trans conformer (22.9 s−1) with both outperforming Re(bpy)(CO)3Cl (11.1 s−1). Photocatalytic …
Ni And Au Transition Metal Complexes In The Photocatalytic Co2 Reduction Reaction, Shakeyia Davis
Ni And Au Transition Metal Complexes In The Photocatalytic Co2 Reduction Reaction, Shakeyia Davis
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The production of renewable fuels by the conversion of solar energy into chemical energy is a challenge. Photocatalytic and electrocatalytic conversion of CO2 to usable fuel precursors are approaches to overcoming this challenge. The two-electron reduction of carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide is an appealing process because CO can be used as a commodity chemical in industrial processes. Many molecular CO2 reduction catalysts have been reported and commonly use expensive late transition metals. These systems are inspired by natural photosynthesis and generally combine a photosensitizer, a catalyst, and a sacrificial electron donor. This work focuses nickel and gold complexes as …
The Development Of Novel Rhenium- And Copper-Based Molecular Catalysts For Applications In Energy Conversion Chemistry, Joseph Michael Lee
The Development Of Novel Rhenium- And Copper-Based Molecular Catalysts For Applications In Energy Conversion Chemistry, Joseph Michael Lee
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Since the Industrial Revolution, the consumption of fossil fuels has increased dramatically worldwide. The combustion of fossil fuels leads to the generation of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. CO2 is a greenhouse gas, but also a C1 feedstock that could be utilized for the generation of renewable fuels and commodity chemicals. However, CO2 is chemically inert and typically demands strong chemical reductants or very negative potentials before it undergoes conversion into reduced carbon products. The desire to carry out CO2 conversion in the presence of water presents a significant challenge, as protons may be reduced to hydrogen gas rather than facilitating …
Collaborative Artificial Intelligence Algorithms For Medical Imaging Applications, Naji Khosravan
Collaborative Artificial Intelligence Algorithms For Medical Imaging Applications, Naji Khosravan
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
In this dissertation, we propose novel machine learning algorithms for high-risk medical imaging applications. Specifically, we tackle current challenges in radiology screening process and introduce cutting-edge methods for image-based diagnosis, detection and segmentation. We incorporate expert knowledge through eye-tracking, making the whole process human-centered. This dissertation contributes to machine learning, computer vision, and medical imaging research by: 1) introducing a mathematical formulation of radiologists level of attention, and sparsifying their gaze data for a better extraction and comparison of search patterns. 2) proposing novel, local and global, image analysis algorithms. Imaging based diagnosis and pattern analysis are "high-risk" Artificial Intelligence …
Approximate In-Memory Computing On Rerams, Salman Anwar Khokhar
Approximate In-Memory Computing On Rerams, Salman Anwar Khokhar
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Computing systems have seen tremendous growth over the past few decades in their capabilities, efficiency, and deployment use cases. This growth has been driven by progress in lithography techniques, improvement in synthesis tools, architectures and power management. However, there is a growing disparity between computing power and the demands on modern computing systems. The standard Von-Neuman architecture has separate data storage and data processing locations. Therefore, it suffers from a memory-processor communication bottleneck, which is commonly referred to as the 'memory wall'. The relatively slower progress in memory technology compared with processing units has continued to exacerbate the memory wall …
Correctness And Progress Verification Of Non-Blocking Programs, Christina Peterson
Correctness And Progress Verification Of Non-Blocking Programs, Christina Peterson
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The progression of multi-core processors has inspired the development of concurrency libraries that guarantee safety and liveness properties of multiprocessor applications. The difficulty of reasoning about safety and liveness properties in a concurrent environment has led to the development of tools to verify that a concurrent data structure meets a correctness condition or progress guarantee. However, these tools possess shortcomings regarding the ability to verify a composition of data structure operations. Additionally, verification techniques for transactional memory evaluate correctness based on low-level read/write histories, which is not applicable to transactional data structures that use a high-level semantic conflict detection. In …
Learning Internal State Memory Representations From Observation, Josiah Wong
Learning Internal State Memory Representations From Observation, Josiah Wong
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Learning from Observation (LfO) is a machine learning paradigm that mimics how people learn in daily life: learning how to do something simply by watching someone else do it. LfO has been used in various applications, from video game agent creation to driving a car, but it has always been limited by the inability of an observer to know what a performing entity chooses to remember as they act in an environment. Various methods have either ignored the effects of memory or otherwise made simplistic assumptions about its structure. In this dissertation, we propose a new method, Memory Composition Learning, …
Optimization Algorithms For Deep Learning Based Medical Image Segmentations, Aliasghar Mortazi
Optimization Algorithms For Deep Learning Based Medical Image Segmentations, Aliasghar Mortazi
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Medical image segmentation is one of the fundamental processes to understand and assess the functionality of different organs and tissues as well as quantifying diseases and helping treatment planning. With ever increasing number of medical scans, the automated, accurate, and efficient medical image segmentation is as unmet need for improving healthcare. Recently, deep learning has emerged as one the most powerful methods for almost all image analysis tasks such as segmentation, detection, and classification and so in medical imaging. In this regard, this dissertation introduces new algorithms to perform medical image segmentation for different (a) imaging modalities, (b) number of …
An Assessment Of Biosorption Activated Media For The Removal Of Pollutants In Up-Flow Stormwater Treatment Systems, Andrew Hood
An Assessment Of Biosorption Activated Media For The Removal Of Pollutants In Up-Flow Stormwater Treatment Systems, Andrew Hood
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Nitrogen and phosphorus are often the limiting nutrients for marine and freshwater systems respectively. Additionally, stormwater often contains elevated levels of pathogens which can pollute the receiving water body and impact reuse applications [1-4]. The reduction of limiting nutrients and pathogens is a common primary target for stormwater best management practices (BMPs) [5]. Traditional BMPs, such as retention/detention treatment ponds require large footprints and may not be practical in ultra-urban environments where above ground space is limited. Upflow filters utilizing biosorption activated media (BAM) that can be placed underground offer a small footprint alternative. Additionally, BAM upflow filters can be …
Automated Synthesis Of Memristor Crossbar Networks, Dwaipayan Chakraborty
Automated Synthesis Of Memristor Crossbar Networks, Dwaipayan Chakraborty
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The advancement of semiconductor device technology over the past decades has enabled the design of increasingly complex electrical and computational machines. Electronic design automation (EDA) has played a significant role in the design and implementation of transistor-based machines. However, as transistors move closer toward their physical limits, the speed-up provided by Moore's law will grind to a halt. Once again, we find ourselves on the verge of a paradigm shift in the computational sciences as newer devices pave the way for novel approaches to computing. One of such devices is the memristor -- a resistor with non-volatile memory. Memristors can …
Utilizing Edge In Iot And Video Streaming Applications To Reduce Bottlenecks In Internet Traffic, Kutalmis Akpinar
Utilizing Edge In Iot And Video Streaming Applications To Reduce Bottlenecks In Internet Traffic, Kutalmis Akpinar
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
There is a large increase in the surge of data over Internet due to the increasing demand on multimedia content. It is estimated that 80% of Internet traffic will be video by 2022, according to a recent study. At the same time, IoT devices on Internet will double the human population. While infrastructure standards on IoT are still nonexistent, enterprise solutions tend to encourage cloud-based solutions, causing an additional surge of data over the Internet. This study proposes solutions to bring video traffic and IoT computation back to the edges of the network, so that costly Internet infrastructure upgrades are …
A Study Of Perceptions On Incident Response Exercises, Information Sharing, Situational Awareness, And Incident Response Planning In Power Grid Utilities, Joseph Garmon
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The power grid is facing increasing risks from a cybersecurity attack. Attacks that shut off electricity in Ukraine have already occurred, and successful compromises of the power grid that did not shut off electricity to customers have been privately disclosed in North America. The objective of this study is to identify how perceptions of various factors emphasized in the electric sector affect incident response planning. Methods used include a survey of 229 power grid personnel and the use of partial least squares structural equation modeling to identify causal relationships. This study reveals the relationships between perceptions by personnel responsible for …
Fundamental Properties Of Metallic Nanolasers, William Hayenga
Fundamental Properties Of Metallic Nanolasers, William Hayenga
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The last two decades have witnessed tremendous advancements in the area of nanophotonics and plasmonics, which has helped propel the development of integrated photonic sources. Of central importance to such circuits is compact, scalable, low threshold, and efficient coherent sources that can be driven at high modulation frequencies. In this regard, metallic nanolasers offer a unique platform. Their introduction has enabled confinement of light at a subwavelength scale and the ultra-small size of the modes afforded by these structures allows for cavity enhancing effects that can help facilitate thresholdless lasing and large direct modulation bandwidths. In this report, I present …
Processing Of Advanced Infrared Materials, Daniel Mcgill
Processing Of Advanced Infrared Materials, Daniel Mcgill
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Infrared transparent glassy and crystalline materials often have unique and complex processing requirements but are an important class of materials for such applications as optical windows, lenses, waveplates, polarizers and beam splitters. This thesis investigates two specific materials, one amorphous and one crystalline, that are candidates for use in the short and midwave-infrared and mid and longwave infrared, respectively. It is demonstrated that an innovative uniaxial sintering process, which uses a sacrificial pressure-transmitting medium, can be used to fully densify a 70TeO2-20WO3-10La2O3 (TWL) glass powder. The characteristics of the sintered TWL glass is compared to that of a parent glass …
Nanoscale Functional Imaging By Tailoring Light-Matter Interaction To Explore Organic And Biological Systems, Negar Otrooshi
Nanoscale Functional Imaging By Tailoring Light-Matter Interaction To Explore Organic And Biological Systems, Negar Otrooshi
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Probing molecular systems with light has been critical to deepen our understanding of life sciences. However, conventional analytical methods fail to resolve small quantities of molecules or the heterogeneity in molecules assembled into complex systems. This bottleneck is mostly attributed to light diffraction limit. In recent years, the successful implementation of new approaches to achieve sub-wavelength chemical speciation with an Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) has paved the way to a deeper understanding of the effect of local composition and structure on the functional properties of a larger scale system. The combination of infrared light, to excite the vibrational modes of …
Spatial Models With Specific Error Structures, Nathaniel Adu
Spatial Models With Specific Error Structures, Nathaniel Adu
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The purpose of this dissertation is to study the first order autoregressive model in the spatial context with specific error structures. We begin by supposing that the error structure has a long memory in both the i and the j components. Whenever the model parameters alpha and beta equal one, the limiting distribution of the sequence of normalized Fourier coefficients of the spatial process is shown to be a function of a two parameter fractional Brownian sheet. This result is used to find the limiting distribution of the periodogram ordinate of the spatial process under the null hypothesis that alpha …
Isolation And Identification Of Potential Bioinoculants Based On Phosphate Solubilizing And Plant Growth Promoting Benefits, Rachel Raths
Isolation And Identification Of Potential Bioinoculants Based On Phosphate Solubilizing And Plant Growth Promoting Benefits, Rachel Raths
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Conservative models have shown that as populations rise, food production needs to double by 2050. Population increase and the green revolution have caused fertilizer inputs to increase since the 1960’s, increasing environmental issues and production costs. These intensive practices have led to degraded arable land and there has been an increase in urbanization meaning we need to make best use of the farming land that is available and ensure it is sustainable for future food production. Due to this, there has been a higher demand for research on more environmentally and economically friendly approaches to food production. Plant growth promoting …
Design, Synthesis And Biological Screening Of Novel Cucs-Inspired Estrone Analogs Towards Treatment Of Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma, Khaled Alseud
Design, Synthesis And Biological Screening Of Novel Cucs-Inspired Estrone Analogs Towards Treatment Of Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma, Khaled Alseud
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Pancreatic cancer is currently the fourth most deadly type of cancer globally. It is expected to become the second by 2030, due to its poor prognosis and its resistance to the current standard treatment, Gemcitabine. Moreover, the survival rate after treatment is low compared to other cancer types, which suggests an urgent need for new potent and safe treatment agents. Recently, the triterpenoid, cucurbitacin, has shown promising antiproliferative activity against human pancreatic cancer cells in a dose- and timedependent manner, and decreased pancreatic tumor size in combination with gemcitabine in vivo. However, the use of cucurbitacin in clinical studies has …
Greater Sage-Grouse Survival, Breeding Ecology, Resource Selection, And West Nile Virus Prevalence On The Eastern Fringe Of Their Range, Lindsey Anne Parsons
Greater Sage-Grouse Survival, Breeding Ecology, Resource Selection, And West Nile Virus Prevalence On The Eastern Fringe Of Their Range, Lindsey Anne Parsons
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) is a sagebrush (Artemisia spp.) obligate species that has experienced population declines over the past several decades. Sage-grouse are a species of conservation concern throughout the Intermountain West and are considered a species of greatest conservation need in South Dakota. Numerous studies have documented drivers of demographic performance at the core of their distribution; however, relatively few studies have examined sage-grouse inhabiting the eastern extent of their range, in South Dakota. We sought to examine sage-grouse space use in multiple seasons, estimate survival, and determine factors affecting nest success in South Dakota …
Rigid Equilibriums Of A Rotating String, Teddrick Schaffer
Rigid Equilibriums Of A Rotating String, Teddrick Schaffer
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
This paper describes some possible equilibrium configurations of a string rotating in a certain class of force fields, which have properties motivated by the inverse square gravitational force. Specifically it is shown that for a given number n, there exists a sufficient rotational rate such that any equilibrium configuration with no more than n zeros is guaranteed to exist for any force field in the class considered.
A Dynamic Fault Tolerance Model For Microservices Architecture, Hajar Hameed Addeen
A Dynamic Fault Tolerance Model For Microservices Architecture, Hajar Hameed Addeen
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Microservices architecture is popular for its distributive system styles due to the independent character of each of the services in the architecture. Microservices are built to be single and each service has its running process and interconnecting with a lightweight mechanism that called application programming interface (API). The interaction through microservices needs to communicate internally. Microservices are a service that is likely to become unreachable to its consumers because, in any distributed setup, communication will fail on occasions due to the number of messages passing between services. Failures can occur when the networks are unreliable, and thus the connections can …
Reducing The Large Class Code Smell By Applying Design Patterns, Bayan Turkistani
Reducing The Large Class Code Smell By Applying Design Patterns, Bayan Turkistani
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Software systems need continuous developing to cope and keep up with everchanging requirements. Source code quality affects the software development costs. In software refactoring object-oriented systems, Large Class, in particular, hinder the maintenance of a system by letting it difficult for software developers to understand and perform modifications. Also, it is making the development process labor-intensive and time-wasting. Reducing the Large Class code smell by applying design patterns can make the refactoring process more manageable, ease developing the system and decrease the effort required for the maintaining of software. To guarantee object-oriented software stays clear to read, understand and modify …
Application Of Analytical Techniques In Food Product Development, Sonali R. Pandey
Application Of Analytical Techniques In Food Product Development, Sonali R. Pandey
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Products are analyzed in major sectors of food industry to meet regulatory standards, food safety, quality control, and research and development. Analytical and extraction techniques have been applied for simultaneous investigation of multiple product characteristics. Food analysis faces critical challenges due to the complex composition of food, leading to matrix effects that result in loss of accuracy and reliability. The analytical techniques require an efficient sample preparation to avoid or minimize matrix effects. Solid-phase extraction has been widely used to address this issue. In this dissertation, the aim is to apply analytical techniques in food product development. To accomplish this, …
Winter Snow Depth In Arctic Alaska Results In Complex Changes In Caribou Forage Quality, Jessica C. Richert
Winter Snow Depth In Arctic Alaska Results In Complex Changes In Caribou Forage Quality, Jessica C. Richert
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Caribou (Rangifer tarandus) rely on the short growing season for much of their annual nutrition, making them susceptible to even small changes in forage quantity and quality. Body condition in the summer and fall is linked to winter survival rates and fecundity in cows, critical factors in the robustness of caribou populations. Due to a warmer, wetter climate, snowfall is predicted to increase over Alaska’s North Slope in the next several decades. Deeper snow results in higher soil temperatures, allowing microbial mineralization of nitrogen to continue throughout the winter and increasing the availability of nitrogen for plants in spring and …
Finite Mixture Of Regression Models For Complex Survey Data, Abdelbaset Abdalla
Finite Mixture Of Regression Models For Complex Survey Data, Abdelbaset Abdalla
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Over time, survey data has become an essential source of information for modern society. However, to be effective, the structures of survey data require sampling designs that are more complex than simple random sampling. The complex sampling data collected from enormous national surveys via these complex designs ideally include sample weights that allow analysis to take account of complicated population structures. When the target of inference is the parameters of a regression model, it is crucial to know whether these weights should be incorporated into the sampling weight when fitting the model to the survey data. The finite mixture models …
How Are Interannual Variations Of Land Surface Phenology In The Highland Pastures Of Kyrgyzstan Modulated By Terrain, Snow Cover Seasonality, And Climate Oscillations? An Investigation Using Multi-Source Remote Sensing Data, Monika Anna Tomaszewska
How Are Interannual Variations Of Land Surface Phenology In The Highland Pastures Of Kyrgyzstan Modulated By Terrain, Snow Cover Seasonality, And Climate Oscillations? An Investigation Using Multi-Source Remote Sensing Data, Monika Anna Tomaszewska
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
In the semiarid, continental climates of montane Central Asia, with its constant moisture deficit and low relative humidity, agropastoralism constitutes the foundation of the rural economy. In Kyrgyzstan, an impoverished, landlocked republic in Central Asia, herders of the highlands practice vertical transhumance—the annual movement of livestock to higher elevation pastures to take advantage of seasonally available forage resources. Dependency on pasture resource availability during the short mountain growing season makes herds and herders susceptible to changing weather and climate patterns. This dissertation focuses on using remote sensing observations over the highland pastures in Kyrgyzstan to address five interrelated topics: (i) …
The Impacts Of Land Use And Land Cover Change On Water Quality In The Big Sioux River: 2007-2016, Dinesh Shrestha
The Impacts Of Land Use And Land Cover Change On Water Quality In The Big Sioux River: 2007-2016, Dinesh Shrestha
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Between 2006 and 2012, conversion of 485,000 acres of grassland to cropland in eastern South Dakota was reported. In 2012, the Big Sioux River (BSR) running through most of eastern South Dakota was listed among the dirtiest rivers in the nation. This rating convinced state authorities to study trends of land cover changes in the BSR watershed and its association with BSR water quality with respect to increases in nitrate levels. This research i) quantifies spatial and temporal changes in the land cover types within the BSR watershed, and ii) identifies any correlation between these changes and changes in BSR …
A Study Of Several Applications Of Parallel Computing In The Sciences Using Petsc, Nicholas Stegmeier
A Study Of Several Applications Of Parallel Computing In The Sciences Using Petsc, Nicholas Stegmeier
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The importance of computing in the natural sciences continues to grow as scientists strive to analyze complex phenomena. The dynamics of turbulence, astrophysics simulations, and climate change are just a few examples where computing is critical. These problems are computationally intractable on all computing platforms except supercomputers, necessitating the continued development of efficient algorithms and methodologies in parallel computing. This thesis investigates the use of parallel computing and mathematical modeling in the natural sciences through several applications, namely computational fluid dynamics for impinging jets in mechanical engineering, simulation of biofilms in an aqueous environment in mathematical biology, and the solution …
Mass Spectrometry-Based Quantitative Proteomic Analysis Of Biological Fluids, Patience Akosua Afedi
Mass Spectrometry-Based Quantitative Proteomic Analysis Of Biological Fluids, Patience Akosua Afedi
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Proteomics is a high-throughput approach to study protein expression, structure, function, interaction, post-translational modifications, and localization in a cell or tissue. Proteomic shotgun approach was used to analyze changes in proteins in bovine follicular fluid (FF) and plasma (PL) from cows with high estradiol (HE2) or low E2 (LE2) during the preovulatory period. FF creates a unique microenvironment in follicles necessary for follicle growth and oocyte maturation, and pre-ovulatory concentrations of E2 have been reported to impact several processes involved with fertility. Initial steps in the analysis involved development of an immunodepletion protocol for high abundant proteins (HAPs) in bovine …
Identifying An Optimal Bald Eagle Monitoring Program For Southwest Alaska National Parks, Rebecca Kolstrom
Identifying An Optimal Bald Eagle Monitoring Program For Southwest Alaska National Parks, Rebecca Kolstrom
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The Southwest Alaska Inventory and Monitoring Network includes bald eagle monitoring as part of their Vital Signs Monitoring Plan. Lake Clark National Park and Preserve, Katmai National Park and Preserve, Kenai Fjords National Park, and Wrangell – St. Elias National Park and Preserve monitor bald eagles annually, albeit slightly differently among parks. Since monitoring decisions involve multiple objectives and stakeholders, there was a need for a structured approach to identify an optimal monitoring program. We used a structured decision making process and an iterative, four-round Delphi Process to collect information about long-term bald eagle monitoring from experts. We collected information …