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Articles 151 - 180 of 2636
Full-Text Articles in Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Gurevich's Quizani Dialogs As An Example Of Explainable Mathematics, And How This Is Related To Quantum Space-Time Ideas That Can Speed Up Computations, Olga Kosheleva, Vladik Kreinovich
Gurevich's Quizani Dialogs As An Example Of Explainable Mathematics, And How This Is Related To Quantum Space-Time Ideas That Can Speed Up Computations, Olga Kosheleva, Vladik Kreinovich
Departmental Technical Reports (CS)
Everyone talks about the need for Explainable AI -- when, to supplement a long difficult-to-understand sequence of computational steps leading to AI's decision, we are looking for a shorter and understandable more-informal explanation for this decision. In this paper, we argue that this need is a particular case of what we call Explainable Mathematics -- when we want to supplement a long sequence of arguments and/or computations with a shorter and understandable more-informal explanation. Important instances of Explainable Mathematics are Yuri Gurevich's Quizani dialogs that help explain complex results from theoretical computer science and physicists' more-informal explanations of complex physical …
Unfortunately, The Universal Predictor Cannot Be Made Constructive, Julio C. Urenda, Olga Kosheleva, Vladik Kreinovich
Unfortunately, The Universal Predictor Cannot Be Made Constructive, Julio C. Urenda, Olga Kosheleva, Vladik Kreinovich
Departmental Technical Reports (CS)
A recent article in the Notices of the American Mathematical Society reminded the mathematics community that, under the Axiom of Choice, it is possible to have a universal predictor: if we input, into this predictor, the values of a function for all moments t < to for some to, then, for almost all to, this predictor correctly predicts the next values of this function on some interval [to, to + ε). This predictor cannot be used for actual predictions: it is based on the Axiom of Choice and is, therefore, not constructive. A natural question is: maybe it is possible to have another universal predictor, which is constructive? In this paper we show that, unfortunately, it is not possible to have a constructive universal predictor. In other words, the above universal predictor result cannot be used for actual predictions.
Best Strategies For Bilingual Education: How Can We Explain Their Success?, Claudia Cabrera, Olga Kosheleva, Christian Servin, Vladik Kreinovich
Best Strategies For Bilingual Education: How Can We Explain Their Success?, Claudia Cabrera, Olga Kosheleva, Christian Servin, Vladik Kreinovich
Departmental Technical Reports (CS)
When designing AI-based tools for education, it is important to take into account the experience of human teachers. In this, it is necessary to distinguish between the education features that are justified by the general features of the corresponding education task -- these features should be taken into account in AI-based learning as well -- and features which are specific for traditional non-AI teaching. In this paper, on the important example of bilingual education, we show that several empirically successful teaching strategies can be explained in the general context -- and thus, should be implemented in AI-based teaching as well.
Ultrathin-Layer Strain-Based Electronic Devices: From-First-Principles Derivation Of The Corresponding Equation, Julio C. Urenda, Vladik Kreinovich
Ultrathin-Layer Strain-Based Electronic Devices: From-First-Principles Derivation Of The Corresponding Equation, Julio C. Urenda, Vladik Kreinovich
Departmental Technical Reports (CS)
Most information about the world comes from sensors -- and from the results of processing sensor data. In many practical situations -- e.g., in biomedical applications -- it is desirable to make sure that the sensors are as "invisible" as possible, in particular, that they are as small as possible. One way to achieve such small size is to use ultrathin-layer materials such as graphene. It is known that for such materials, strain causes electromagnetic effects -- which can be used to detect small strains. Interestingly, it turned out that the same equation describes the relation between strain and electric …
A Natural Extension Of F-Transform To Triangular And Triangulated Domains Necessitates The Use Of Triangular Membership Functions, Hana Zámečiková, Irina Perfilieva, Olga Kosheleva, Vladik Kreinovich
A Natural Extension Of F-Transform To Triangular And Triangulated Domains Necessitates The Use Of Triangular Membership Functions, Hana Zámečiková, Irina Perfilieva, Olga Kosheleva, Vladik Kreinovich
Departmental Technical Reports (CS)
In many practical situations when we process 1-D data, the method of F-transform turned out to be very useful. In this method, we can use either triangular membership functions or more complex ones. Because this method has been so successful in 1-D applications, a natural idea is to extend it to functions defined on 2-D and higher-dimensional domains -- e.g., to images. This method allows natural generalization to rectangular domains, where it indeed turned out to be very effective. A recent paper showed that it can extended to more general domains -- e.g., to triangular domains and to more general …
All We (And Llms) Need Is Fuzzy: An Argument, Olga Kosheleva, Vladik Kreinovich
All We (And Llms) Need Is Fuzzy: An Argument, Olga Kosheleva, Vladik Kreinovich
Departmental Technical Reports (CS)
Large Language Models (LLMs) like ChatGPT have spectacular successes -- but they also have surprising failures that an average person with common sense could easily avoid. It is therefore desirable to incorporate the imprecise ("fuzzy") common sense into LLMs. A natural question is: to what extent will this help? This way, we may avoid a few simple mistakes, but will it significantly improve the LLMs' performance? What portion of the gap between current LLMs and ideal perfect AI-based agents can be, in principle, covered by using fuzzy techniques? Judging by the fact that few researchers working on LLMs (and on …
How To Share A Success, How To Share A Crisis, And How All This Is Related To Fuzzy, Olga Kosheleva, Vladik Kreinovich
How To Share A Success, How To Share A Crisis, And How All This Is Related To Fuzzy, Olga Kosheleva, Vladik Kreinovich
Departmental Technical Reports (CS)
In many practical situations, a group of people needs to share a success. What is the fair way to share this success? Nobelist John Nash showed that under reasonable conditions, the group should select the alternative for which the product of utility gains is the largest possible. This solution makes perfect sense from the fuzzy-formalized commonsense viewpoint: it maximizes the degree of confidence that all participants are happy. A natural question is: can we extend this result to a different class of situations, when a group of people needs to share sacrifices caused by a crisis? In this paper, we …
How To Deal With High-Impact Low-Probability Events: Theoretical Explanation Of The Empirically Successful Fuzzy-Like Technique, Juan Ulloa, Aaron Velasco, Olga Kosheleva, Vladik Kreinovich
How To Deal With High-Impact Low-Probability Events: Theoretical Explanation Of The Empirically Successful Fuzzy-Like Technique, Juan Ulloa, Aaron Velasco, Olga Kosheleva, Vladik Kreinovich
Departmental Technical Reports (CS)
When making decisions, it is important to take into account high-impact low-probability events. For such events, traditional probability-based approach -- which considers the product of the probability p that this event happens and the probability P that a randomly selected building will be destroyed -- often underestimates risks. Available data has lead to an empirical table that provides a more adequate risk estimate. Most of the entries in this table correspond to the fuzzy-like formula min(p,P). This paper explains this empirical result. Specifically, it explains both the effectiveness of the min formula -- and also explains deviations from this formula.
Why Linear Faults Have Fewer Earthquakes: A Geometric Explanation, Julio C. Urenda, Aaron Velasco, Olga Kosheleva, Vladik Kreinovich
Why Linear Faults Have Fewer Earthquakes: A Geometric Explanation, Julio C. Urenda, Aaron Velasco, Olga Kosheleva, Vladik Kreinovich
Departmental Technical Reports (CS)
Earthquakes usually occur in the vicinity of fault lines. Until recently, geophysical analysis implied that the fault shape should not strongly affect the frequency of its earthquakes. However, recent statistical analysis has shown that faults whose shape is close to linear experience much fewer earthquakes than faults of more complex shape. Based on this empirical fact, researchers have adjusted the corresponding geophysical models, so the updated models do explain this newly discovered phenomenon. The experience of geophysics shows that the updated model will probably need to be updated again when new data appears. It is therefore desirable to come up …
Fair Economic Division: How To Modify Shapley Value To Take Into Account That Different People Have Different Productivity, Christian Servin, Vladik Kreinovich
Fair Economic Division: How To Modify Shapley Value To Take Into Account That Different People Have Different Productivity, Christian Servin, Vladik Kreinovich
Departmental Technical Reports (CS)
Purpose: When several participants, working together, gained some amount of money, what is the fair way to distribute this amount between them? This is the problem that the future Nobelist Lloyd Shapley was working on when he proposed what is now called the Shapley value -- a division uniquely determined by natural fairness assumptions. However, this solutions is not universal: it assumes that all participants are equal -- in particular, that they have equal productivity. In practice, people have different productivity levels, and these productivity levels can differ a lot: e.g., some software engineers are several times more productive than …
How Shapley Value And Its Generalizations Can Help In The Analysis Of Complex Engineering Systems And What Next, Niklas Winnewisser, Michael Beer, Olga Kosheleva, Vladik Kreinovich
How Shapley Value And Its Generalizations Can Help In The Analysis Of Complex Engineering Systems And What Next, Niklas Winnewisser, Michael Beer, Olga Kosheleva, Vladik Kreinovich
Departmental Technical Reports (CS)
For a complex engineering system -- such as a city's street network -- it is important to predict how its functionality is decreased when some of these components break down, and, if repairs are needed and repairs budget is limited, which subset of the set of components should be repaired first to maximize the resulting functionality. For systems with a large number of components, the number of possible subsets is astronomical, we cannot try to simulate all these subsets. So, the natural idea is to approximate the actual dependence of functionality on the subset by a simple expression -- linear …
What Is Optimal Granularity When Estimating Reliability Of A Complex Engineering Systems, Niklas Winnewisser, Michael Beer, Olga Kosheleva, Vladik Kreinovich
What Is Optimal Granularity When Estimating Reliability Of A Complex Engineering Systems, Niklas Winnewisser, Michael Beer, Olga Kosheleva, Vladik Kreinovich
Departmental Technical Reports (CS)
For complex engineering systems, the usual way to estimate their reliability is to run simulations. If the resulting estimate does not satisfy the desired reliability level, we must replace some components with more reliable and again run simulations. This can take several iterations, so the required computation time often becomes unrealistically long. It is known that it is possible to speed up computations if components belong to a few types, and components of each type are identical. So, a natural idea to deal with the general case is to use the general granularity idea, i.e., to group components with similar …
Is Energy Local? Counterintuitive Non-Locality Of Energy In General Relativity Can Be Naturally Explained On The Newtonian Level, Olga Kosheleva, Vladik Kreinovich
Is Energy Local? Counterintuitive Non-Locality Of Energy In General Relativity Can Be Naturally Explained On The Newtonian Level, Olga Kosheleva, Vladik Kreinovich
Departmental Technical Reports (CS)
From the physics viewpoint, energy is the ability to perform work. To estimate how much work we can perform, physicists developed several formalisms. For example, for the fields, once we know the Lagrangian, we can find the energy density and, by integrating it, estimate the overall energy of the field. Usually, this adequately describe how much work this field can perform. However, there is an exception -- gravitational field in General Relativity. The known formalism to compute its energy density leads to 0 -- and by integrating this 0, we get a counterintuitive conclusion that the overall energy of the …
Logarithmic Number System Is Optimal For Ai Computations: Theoretical Explanation Of Empirical Success, Olga Kosheleva, Vladik Kreinovich, Christoph Lauter, Kristalys Ruiz-Rohena
Logarithmic Number System Is Optimal For Ai Computations: Theoretical Explanation Of Empirical Success, Olga Kosheleva, Vladik Kreinovich, Christoph Lauter, Kristalys Ruiz-Rohena
Departmental Technical Reports (CS)
Everyone knows the success story of machine-learning AI. However, the current AI tools are not perfect. We know how to make them better: every time we increase the amount of computations by the order of magnitude, we get a drastic improvement in the performance of the resulting machine learning tools. Training modern AI system requires a tremendous amount of computations -- that already take a lot of time. So, to increase the number of computations, we need to make each computation step faster. One way to do that is to use low-precision arithmetic operations, e.g., with 1 byte per real …
Geology, Alteration And Mineralization At The Cerro Del Medio Porphyry Au-Cu Deposit, Santa Cecilia Project, Maricunga Belt, Northern Chile, Jose David Franco Moraga
Geology, Alteration And Mineralization At The Cerro Del Medio Porphyry Au-Cu Deposit, Santa Cecilia Project, Maricunga Belt, Northern Chile, Jose David Franco Moraga
Open Access Theses & Dissertations
The Cerro del Medio system, situated within the Santa Cecilia-Caspiche district in the southern segment of the Maricunga Belt, exhibits a complex sequence of magmatic and hydrothermal processes that align with regional geological activity during the late Oligocene to early Miocene (25.2â??24.7 Ma). This study highlights the temporal and spatial (i.e., genetic) relationship between subvolcanic diorite porphyry intrusions, hydrothermal alteration, and copper-gold mineralization, providing a framework for future exploration.The hydrothermal system at Cerro del Medio is defined by four main alteration zones: biotite-magnetite (potassic), chlorite-white mica (chlorite-sericite), white mica (sericitic), and aluminosilicate (advanced argillic lithocap). These zones display a halo …
An Integrated Study Of Aerosol Concentrations And Meteorological Conditions In El Paso Airshed Using Modeling And Instrumentation, Joscelyne Guzman-Gonzalez
An Integrated Study Of Aerosol Concentrations And Meteorological Conditions In El Paso Airshed Using Modeling And Instrumentation, Joscelyne Guzman-Gonzalez
Open Access Theses & Dissertations
Atmospheric aerosols are solid or liquid particles suspended in the atmosphere. Aerosols can be primary, which are directly emitted into the atmosphere, or secondary, which are formed when emitted gases undergo complex chemical reactions. Atmospheric aerosols can range from a few nanometers to tens of microns in diameter. Atmospheric aerosols play a significant role in climate; they can absorb or reflect heat, influencing temperature and weather patterns. Air quality is also affected by aerosols, which can have detrimental effects on human health, contributing to respiratory issues and other health problems. El Paso Texas is located at the south of the …
The New Anthropocentrism: The Problem Of Water Conservation And Water Justice, Benjamin Stuart Milam
The New Anthropocentrism: The Problem Of Water Conservation And Water Justice, Benjamin Stuart Milam
Open Access Theses & Dissertations
My objective with my thesis is to argue for and reinforce a type of anthropocentrism that is both environmentally conscious and consumable for an audience that is not necessarily well versed in philosophical literature. In the first chapter I go over philosophical frameworks, such as Anthropocentrism and Biocentrism, and why I believe they do not meet both of those criteria listed. After that I discuss New Anthropocentrism, coined by Clive Hamilton, and why I believe that a slightly modified version possesses qualities that I believe are needed for the crisis at hand. In chapter 2 I use that framework and …
Thermal Anharmonicity Of Transition Metals: A Case Study Of Tantalum, Bimal K C
Thermal Anharmonicity Of Transition Metals: A Case Study Of Tantalum, Bimal K C
Open Access Theses & Dissertations
Density functional theory (DFT) is commonly used for evaluating the thermal propertiesand equation of state of solids, usually within the quasi-harmonic approximation (QHA). In transition metals, thermodynamic quantities such as the thermal pressure and Gruneisen parameter are poorly reproduced compared with experimental values or with direct computational methods like quantum-molecular dynamics (QMD) simulations. Surprisingly, there has not been to date, a systematic study aimed at understanding the reasons for these discrepancies. Using Tantalum as a case study, we have evaluated the temperature dependence of the phonon frequencies employing Harmonic Ensemble Lattice Dynamics (HELD) combined with classical and quantum molecular dynamics. …
Environmental Impact Assessments (Eia): Analysis Of Transboundary Environmental Impact Assessments For The Development Of A Uniform Teia Model, Nicolas Chapa
Open Access Theses & Dissertations
This dissertation investigates the evolution, processes, and importance of Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs), focusing on transboundary EIAs and the need for a uniform framework. Originating from the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) of 1969 in the U.S., EIAs have become globally adopted instruments for assessing and mitigating environmental impacts of development projects. This work reiterates historical milestones, strengths, and current limitations of EIAs. Research also included a review of environmental regulations from Mexico, such as the General Law on Ecological Equilibrium and Environmental Protection (LGEEPA). Through several case studies requiring the use of transboundary EIAs, where shared resources and concerns …
D-Optimal Joint Best Linear Unbiased Predictors In Progressively Type-Ii Ordered Statistics, Tamim Alam
D-Optimal Joint Best Linear Unbiased Predictors In Progressively Type-Ii Ordered Statistics, Tamim Alam
Open Access Theses & Dissertations
Reliability and life-testing experiments play a crucial role in understanding the longevity and performance of systems and components, particularly in high-stakes applications such as engineering, manufacturing, and quality control. In this thesis, we focus on the prediction of future unobserved failure times by employing joint predictors based on progressively Type-II censored data obtained from such life-testing experiments. Specifically, we derive explicit analytical expressions for the joint best linear unbiased predictors (BLUPs) of two future order statistics under the D-optimality criterion. The derivation involves minimizing the determinant of the variance-covariance matrix of the predictors within the context of progressively Type-II censored …
Thermal Inequity Along The Us-Mexico Border: An Analysis Of El Paso, Texas, Mia Alexandra Trevino
Thermal Inequity Along The Us-Mexico Border: An Analysis Of El Paso, Texas, Mia Alexandra Trevino
Open Access Theses & Dissertations
The Urban Heat Island effect (UHI) combined with rising average global temperatures invariably results in thermal inequality, the unequal distribution of temperature patterns by different socioeconomic and sociodemographic groups, resulting in an array of negative public health impacts. This thesis research focused on the historical factors that contribute to UHI and tree cover in historically underserved neighborhoods in El Paso, Texas. The impact of maps from 1933-1954 created by the Home Ownerâ??s Loan Corporation (HOLC), a federal selective lending program, resulted in decades of disinvestment and inequality especially in redlined areas. Geospatial analyses of environmental and socioeconomic indicators such as …
Optimization And Purification Of Magnesium Borides Fabricated By Combustion Synthesis And By High-Temperature Sintering, Miguel Joaquin Camarena
Optimization And Purification Of Magnesium Borides Fabricated By Combustion Synthesis And By High-Temperature Sintering, Miguel Joaquin Camarena
Open Access Theses & Dissertations
Hydrogen as a fuel provides several benefits over the use of fossil fuels; however, one challenge in utilizing hydrogen as an energy carrier revolves around its storage. Achieving sufficient volumetric hydrogen density in a storage solution will facilitate hydrogenâ??s adoption for use in both stationary and mobile applications. Solid-state hydrogen storage provides a promising pathway to solving this problem. However, the hydrogenation of these materials is characterized by slow kinetics and extreme thermodynamic conditions. Magnesium borohydride (Mg(BH4)2) is a promising material in hydrogen storage due to its reversible properties and a theoretical hydrogen capacity of 14.9 wt.%. To synthesize this …
Functionalized Carbon Quantum Dots: A Promising Nanomaterial For Investigating Their Potential In Neurodegenerative Disease Treatment, Sherin M. El Morsy
Functionalized Carbon Quantum Dots: A Promising Nanomaterial For Investigating Their Potential In Neurodegenerative Disease Treatment, Sherin M. El Morsy
Open Access Theses & Dissertations
Neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's Disease (PD), Alzheimer's Disease (AD), and Huntington's Disease (HD) remain incurable, despite extensive research into therapeutic development. In the United States of America, the annual cost of PD and AD in terms of patient care and lost productivity is approximately $200 billion. Consequently, there is a critical and unaddressed need for the development of innovative drugs and drug delivery systems that can decelerate, stop, or ideally reverse neurodegenerative diseases. The dissertation presented here focuses on devising strategies to target PD through multiple mechanisms, including the inhibition of protein aggregation and the reduction of oxidative stress. …
Redefining Approaches For Measuring Landscape Subsidence And Permafrost Degradation In Arctic Tundra Environments, Tabatha Lynn Fuson
Redefining Approaches For Measuring Landscape Subsidence And Permafrost Degradation In Arctic Tundra Environments, Tabatha Lynn Fuson
Open Access Theses & Dissertations
As climate change accelerates in the Arctic, the degradation of permafrost is leading to significant landscape transformation in tundra landscapes. This dissertation investigates the multifaceted responses of permafrost systems to warming, focusing on the dynamics of surface elevation changes and active layer thickness (ALT) across the North Slope of Alaska. In this study, I explore the capacity of repeat Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) technology for modeling tundra features and detecting surface subsidence, specifically how different climate and landscape conditions during scanning impact TLS model precision. We also compare TLS model precision estimates to TLS model accuracy by comparing elevation values …
Assessing Sedimentation Impact Through Dem, Point Cloud, And Discharge Analysis, Shandell Thomas
Assessing Sedimentation Impact Through Dem, Point Cloud, And Discharge Analysis, Shandell Thomas
Open Access Theses & Dissertations
This study focused on five arroyos flowing into the Rio Grande, in the stretch between Caballo Dam and Las Cruces, New Mexico. Drone imagery was acquired from study areas in each arroyo. Photogrammetry was used to create high-resolution digital elevation models (DEMs), point clouds, drone imagery and potential discharges were acquired for each arroyo. Investigation of seven different methods resulted in the selection of the Terrain Ruggedness Map (TRM) as a predictor of surface roughness, along with high-resolution DEMâ??s to illustrate small and low-relief channel features. The five arroyos with varying sediment sizes and characteristics were studied to understand how …
Rockets, Rovers, And Rocks, Oh My!, Tara Lynn Sweeney
Rockets, Rovers, And Rocks, Oh My!, Tara Lynn Sweeney
Open Access Theses & Dissertations
This body of work undertakes three distinct projects, all with the ultimate goal of improving the future efforts of human space exploration.Chapter 2 is a seismic analysis of rocket launch and landing operations. Being able to identify and understand anthropogenically induced seismic signals in comparison to naturally occurring seismic signals is an important step in characterizing and monitoring both types of signals on the Moon. Relatively few terrestrial studies have been performed to explore this, but there is a growing opportunity to record, discern, and understand the differences between anthropogenic and naturally occurring seismic signals due to the increasing pace …
Enhancing Predictive Accuracy In Noisy Data: A Robust Gradient Boosting Approach, Gabriela Alexa Acuna
Enhancing Predictive Accuracy In Noisy Data: A Robust Gradient Boosting Approach, Gabriela Alexa Acuna
Open Access Theses & Dissertations
This thesis aims to enhance the gradient boosting technique, a well-known machine learning method, in a regression setup. Gradient boosting techniques implement sequential weak learners, in this case, shallow trees that contribute to the model with a small percentage. The traditional gradient boosting approach uses regression trees that choose thresholds based on minimizing variance and makes predictions based on the mean of the target variable for the observations contained within each node. The residual sum of squares (RSS) and mean metrics are sensitive to outliers, which makes the model's predictions less robust. Outliers influence the predictions, resulting in a model …
Advancing Grid Modernization Through Data-Driven Resilience Modeling And Hosting Capacity Of Distributed Energy Resources, Oscar Samuel Acosta
Advancing Grid Modernization Through Data-Driven Resilience Modeling And Hosting Capacity Of Distributed Energy Resources, Oscar Samuel Acosta
Open Access Theses & Dissertations
This Ph.D. dissertation focuses on advancing the integration of distributed energy resources (DERs) through concepts surrounding their impacts on power system stability, resilience, and hosting capacity (HC). This dissertation addresses crucial topics in renewable energy deployment, transient fault response, and dynamic modeling. The work begins with the development of renewable energy source (RES) models tailored for offsetting residential heating, ventilation, and air conditioning~(HVAC) and commercial cooling loads. These models utilize solar photovoltaic (PV) and wind energy systems to produce scalable frameworks adapted across diverse climates and building types in application of a partial-load targeting methodology. The dissertation then transitions from …
A Machine Learning Approach For Estimating Evapotranspiration For Urban Landscaping Vegetation In Semi-Arid Regions, Damian Lorenzo Gallegos Espinoza
A Machine Learning Approach For Estimating Evapotranspiration For Urban Landscaping Vegetation In Semi-Arid Regions, Damian Lorenzo Gallegos Espinoza
Open Access Theses & Dissertations
Water management is important for residents in semi-arid urban areas due to increasing demand, water scarcity, and rising costs. It is estimated that in semi-arid regions, 40-70% of the household water consumption is used in landscaping. Therefore, urban landscaping water use can substantially contribute to water conservation. This work aims to estimate the water needs of urban landscaping vegetation to inform residents in semi-arid regions.Evapotranspiration indicates water and energy exchange between the atmosphere, soil, and vegetation. This interaction depends on solar radiation, evaporation, transpiration, and other biophysical parameters. Evapotranspiration has become a reference for water management in agriculture (e.g., crop …
Efficient Anomaly Detection Driven By Different Machine Learning Architectures And Models, William Marfo
Efficient Anomaly Detection Driven By Different Machine Learning Architectures And Models, William Marfo
Open Access Theses & Dissertations
The rapid growth and ubiquitous adoption of the internet and cyber-physical systems (CPS) have fundamentally transformed modern communication, work, and human-system interactions. While networks now form the backbone of critical digital ecosystems, enabling seamless data transmission across diverse, interconnected systems, this increased connectivity also expands the attack surface, making real-time detection of network intrusions and anomalies a pressing challenge. Detecting unusual activities within network infrastructure requires advanced data traffic analysis to differentiate between legitimate and malicious interactions. Traditional approaches to network anomaly detectionâ??such as rule-based and signature-based systemsâ??often depend on predefined patterns to identify known anomalies, limiting their effectiveness against …