Physical Sciences and Mathematics Commons^™

Origination Of Stone Forests In China, Lin Hua Song

International Journal of Speleology

The stone forests are widely distributed in the tropical and subtropical climatic areas. The stone forests may be divided into hilltop stone forest, hill slope stone forest and the stone forest in the depressions or valleys. The conditions for stone forest development should be (1) thick and pure limestone, (2) gentle dipping of limestone formation, generally less than 15°, (3) a lot of vertical joint and fissure networks, (4) the soil covering on the limestone surface inhomogeneous, thick in the fissures and thin on the rock top surface, and (5) the soil should be wet and contain rich organic materials …

Use Of Cave-Maps For Tectonic Surveys, Franz Jaskolla, Peter Volk

International Journal of Speleology

Results of the author’s investigations show the useful application of cave-map-data for tectonic assessment. Considering speleological features, cave genesis, and structural differences, it is possible to select of the cave map’s pattern various jointing and stress systems. By 7 selected cave maps, representing areas of different tectonic history (W-Germany, Austria and Switzerland) it will be demonstrated that three types of kinematic joint-systems can be identified (fundamental, orthogonal- fold- and shear-system). Therefore, tectonic models are expected to become more valuable. It must be stated that future tectonic investigations in karst-areas should include the additional use of cave maps.

Kurzbericht Der Ersten Deutschen Speläologischen Himalaya-Expedition, Herbert Daniel Gebauer

International Journal of Speleology

The first German speleological expedition to the Himalaya went to the terrace sediments of Pokhara, Nepal. New discoveries could be made in the longest cave of the Himalaya (Patalae Chhango or Harpan-River-Cave) and other caves were surveyed for the first time. Due to the observations the classification of conglomerate-caves as pseudokarst-appearances has to be questioned.

Hydrocarbon Levels In Tampa Bay Final Report, Larry J. Doyle, Edward S. Van Vleet, William M. Sackett, Norman J. Blake, Gregg R. Brooks

Reports

The primary purpose of this project was to establish and characterize, as far as possible, hydrocarbon base levels for the Tampa Bay Estuary. In addition, we were to characterize 1) hydrocarbon molecular compositions, 2) the isotopic composition of total and lipid sediment organic carbon, and 3) evaluate the potential for utilizing isotopic analyses to quantify and determine the extent of future oil spills.

Geophysical And Hydrogeological Effects Of Astorm-Water Retention Pond On The Floridan Aquifer, Hillsborough County, Florida, Abdullah M. Alamri

USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations

An integrated geologic, hydrologic, and geophysical investigation was conducted to determine the effect of a storm-water retention pond on the Floridan aquifer. Surface DC resistivity surveys were used to delineate the hydrostratigraphy. There are four distinct geoelectric layers: (1) Layer 1, high resistivity, 3 meters thick, fine to very fine unsaturated sand; (2) Layer 2, moderate resistivity, 1 to 2.5 meters thick, saturated sands and silts; (3) Layer 3, lower resistivity, 4 to 10 meters thick, silt and clay; (4) Layer 4, moderate resistivity, argillaceous limestone. Two fracture zones are defined by resistivity lows and marked by deep, V-shaped depressions …

Hillsborough Bay Macroalgae Study Final Report, Mangrove Systems, Inc.

Reports

Hillsborough Bay. the northeastern portion of the Tampa Bay estuarine system (Fig. 1) has long suffered from the problems caused by industry and urbanization (Simon 1974). The macroalgal community of this estuary has been identified as a source of nuisance odor problems for many years. A study by the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration (FWPCA 1969) indicated that these problems resulted from degraded water quality (primarily eutrophication) which led to large populations of one or two species of marine red algae (Gracilaria spp.). Seasonal freshwater input resulted in the death and decay of these quantities of algae, producing the odor …

Two New Genera Of Cave-Dwelling Millipedes (Diplopoda), With Remarks On The Millipede Fauna Of West Caucasian Caves, Sergei I. Golovatch

International Journal of Speleology

Two new genera and species of the Diplopoda from Caucasian caves are described: troglobitic Caucasodesmus inexpectatus n.g., n.sp. (family Macrosternodesmidae) from a cave in North Osetia, North Caucasus, and troglophilic Ratcheuma excorne n.g., n.sp. (family Antroleucosomatidae) from a cave in Racha, Georgia, Transcaucasia. Millipedes of the western Caucasian cavernicolous fauna are reviewed as regards their distribution, relationship with caves and zoogeographical connections.

Morphological Clines In Reduced Areas. The Case Of Henrotius Jordai (Reitter), Cave-Dwelling Beetle From Majorca Island, Xavier Bellés

International Journal of Speleology

The present paper shows a statistically significant correlation between the geographical latitude and the morphological variation of the pronotum of Henrotius jordai (Reitter) (Col. Caraboidea), cave-dwelling beetle from Majorca island, after studying the linear and curvilinear regression between these two variables. The existence of specimens situated at different heights of the regression lines leads to the conclusion that morphological variation is clinal. The phenomenon of “semi-isolation” to which the studied populations are subjected, because of their cavernicolous character, allows to explain the existence of a cline in such a restricted area as that occupied by this beetle (ca. 500 Km …

The Anatomy And Histology Of The Alimentary Tract Of The Blind Catfish Horaglanis Krishnai Menon, T. V. Anna Mercy, N. Krishna Pillai

International Journal of Speleology

H. krishnai is a blind catfish inhabiting the dug-out wells at Kottavam Kerala, South India. Studies on the alimentary tract of the fish show that, the alimentary tract, though typically teleostean, shows several adaptive modifications. The bulbous stomach helps in storing food which is helpful in an environment chronically deficient in food. The ileo-rectal sphincter helps in retaining the digested food in the intestine for a long duration to facilitate maximum absorption. This is very helpful as the intestine is short. The liver is well developed.

The Invertebrate Faunas Of Tropical American Caves, Part 6: Jumandi Cave, Ecuador, Stewart B. Peck

International Journal of Speleology

Twenty-two species of invertebrates are reported from Jumandi Cave, Napo Province, Ecuador. Three are probably trogloxenes, and the other 19 are troglophiles. The only troglobite is the catfish Astroblepus pholeter.

Nouvelles Données Morphologiques Et Caryologie Du Triclade Hypogé Pyrénéen Dendrocoelum Lescherae, Nicole Gourbault

International Journal of Speleology

The study of a new strain of the hypogeous Tricladida Dendrocoelum lescherae has demonstrated the very low anatomical variability of this species. The chromosome complement was found to be 2n = 32; measurements of somatic mitoses have shown that these elements are metacentric; the gametocytes possess 16 bivalents. Number and morphology of the chromosomes are similar within the subgenus Dendrocoelides.

Polydesmide Et Craspedosomides Cavernicoles Nouveaux De France Et Du Maroc (Myriapoda - Diplopoda), Jean Paul Mauriès

International Journal of Speleology

This is a description of the affinities and biogeographic significance of three new cavernicolous species of Diplopoda from France and Morocco. One species apparently belongs to the Polydesmida (family Paradoxosomidae) and the other two to Craspedosomida (families Caratosphydae and Chordeumidae).

1) Eviulisoma abadi n.sp. is distinguished from other species of this genus by total depigmentation, by the characters of the gonopodial orifice and the male gonopods, by the low number of segments (19) and by its geographic isolation (Morocco) and ecology (Kef Aziza cave). This justifies the establishment of a new sub-genus, Jeekelosoma. The other species of this genus …

The Occurrence Of The Troglobitic Amphipod, Stygobromus Tenuis Tenuis (Smith) (Crangonyctidae) In The Taconic Mountains Of Southwestern Massachusetts (Usa): A Case For The Existence Of A Subterranean Refugium In A Glaciated Region, Douglas G. Smith

International Journal of Speleology

Stygobromus t. tenuis is one of only two species of troglobitic amphipods known to occur in the New England physiographic province. The rarity of subterranean organisms in New England is attributed to limited karst development and eradication of organisms from the region during glacial times. Traditionally it has been believed that those troglobitic species presently occurring north of the glacial terminus migrated there following glacial retreat from refugia south of the areas influenced by glacial conditions. However, a few recent studies favour the existence of subsurface refugia in glaciated regions during glacial times. Stygobromus t. tenuis is recorded from springs …

New Records For Salentinella Ruffo (Crustacea Amphipoda) From Phreatic Waters Of Italy And Greece, Giuseppe Lucio Pesce

International Journal of Speleology

New localities for the subterranean amphipod Salentinella Ruffo from central-eastern Mediterranean are reported. New collecting localities are listed for Italy, continental Greece and islands of Cephalonie and Zante. Furthermore, some remarks are made about the systematics, the variability and the ecology of the genus. Moreover, the Author refers to the main characteristics of a Salentinella sp. from central Italy, showing intermediate features between S. angelieri and S. franciscoloi. A map of the distribution of the genus Salentinella in Italy and in the Balkan-Dalmatian Peninsula is enclosed.

Patterns Of Earthquakes And The Effect Of Solid Earth And Ocean Load Tides At Mount St. Helens Prior To The May 18, 1980, Eruption, Stephen R. Mcnutt, R. J. Beavan

School of Geosciences Faculty and Staff Publications

Seismographs near Mount St. Helens Volcano recorded an earthquake swarm lasting nearly 2 months prior to the catastrophic May 18, 1980, eruption. The earthquakes are divided into four classes based on station CPW (Δ = 116 km) seismogram characteristics: (1) events with Sv:P amplitude ratio >3 and dominant frequency >3 Hz; (2) events with Sv:P ratio between 1 and 3 and dominant frequency >2 Hz; (3) events similar to characteristic 2 but with a strong (probably surface wave) phase just after the S phase; and (4) events with frequencies between 1 and 2 Hz lacking a clear S phase. The …

Wasteload Allocation Study Tampa Bay, Florida Vol. Iv Nutrient Box Model, B. E. Ross, M. A. Ross, P. D. Jerkins

Reports

This volume describes the "Box Model" of Tampa Bay that was developed as a part of a Wasteload Allocation Study contract between the Florida Department of Environmental Regulation and the College of Engineering at the University of South Florida. The first three volumes document the development of the validated two-dimensional hydraulic and water quality models that were developed for Tampa and Hillsborough Bays. Development of a "Box Model" represents an experiment in simplification of the solution of what has been an increasingly more complicated field of study.

Wasteload Allocation Study Tampa Bay, Florida Vol. I Hydraulic Model Documentation, B. E. Ross, M. A. Ross, P. D. Jerkins

Reports

This first volume documents the theoretical development and present state of the University of South Florida's two-dimensional, hydraulic, estuary model. It represents the accumulation of 15 years of research and development at the Civil Engineering Mathematical Modeling Center. It has been designed to be completely compatible with a host of other specialty models including a two-dimensional ecologic model, one-dimensional tributary model, salinity model, thermal model, kinetic energy model, and others. Figure 1.2 is a graphical depiction of the compatibility and functionality of various models used with the 2-D hydraulic model.

Wasteload Allocation Study Tampa Bay, Florida Vol. Iii Model Validation, B. E. Ross, M. A. Ross, P. D. Jerkins

Reports

This volume contains documentation of the calibration and verification (validation) of the hydraulic and water quality models used in the wasteload allocation study (WLA) of Tampa Bay, Florida. The first two volumes in this series contain the derivation and theory behind the mathematical formulation and solution techniques. The study was performed for the Florida Department of Environmental Regulation (FDER) by the University of South Florida (USF). The purpose of the study is to evaluate the effects of alternate discharge loading on the water quality of Tampa Bay.

Wasteload Allocation Study Tampa Bay, Florida Statistical Study, Peter Gaitho

Reports

This statistical study was carried out on the Tampa Bay area in an effort to establish some basic relationships between levels of chlorophyl A and various environmental factors. Several statistical analyses were carried out. It was decided to use original data rather than averages over several months. It was felt that this would give us more reliable results. At the outset, the study centered around the use of data from only three months during the year; namely, February, June and October. It was felt that these months would be representative of the seasonal difference. Later, all months of the year …

Wasteload Allocation Study Tampa Bay, Florida Vol. Ii Water Quality Model Doc., B. E. Ross, M. A. Ross, P. D. Jerkins

Reports

This second volume is a documentation of various transport models used at USF. Included, is a comprehensive documentation of the water quality model used in the WLA of Tampa Bay. Documentation of the particle transport and thermal models has been included in addition to the water quality ecological model because the authors wished to provide a historic listing of the more recent or popular transport models relevant to studies in this area.

Results Of Phytoplankton Bioassay Experiments, City Of Tampa Department Of Sanitary Sewers

Reports

The phytoplankton enclosure system described in the March 31, 1981 report to the DER was utilized in twelve bioessay experiments of natural phytoplankton communities. The system has been utilized for numerous calibration experiments. These experiments have led to the following modifications of the system described in the March 31, 1981 report.

Bathymetric Prediction From Seasat Altimeter Data, Timothy H. Dixon, M. Naraghi, M. K. Mcnutt, S. M. Smith

School of Geosciences Faculty and Staff Publications

The linear response function technique is used to analyze two 1300-km tracks of SEASAT altimeter data and corresponding bathymetry in the Musician Seamounts region north of Hawaii. Bathymetry and geoid height are highly correlated in the 50- to 300-km wavelength range. A predictive filter is developed which can operate on SEASAT altimetry in poorly surveyed oceanic regions to indicate the presence of major bathymétrie anomalies. Modeling of the bathymetry-geoid correlation in the Musician region is attempted using the elastic plate model. The flexural rigidity D of the plate is not well constrained by our data but appears to lie in …

Problemas De Fugas A Través Del Karst En La Presa De Tous (España) (Análisis Estructural, Previsión Del Comportamiento Y Recomendeciones), Adolfo Eraso, José Vicente Navarro, Felix Parra, Julia Saint-Aubin, Consuelo Valdes, Juan Pablo Cano, Jésus Ribelles, Joaquin Del Val, Fernando Bermejo

International Journal of Speleology

In the present work, the problems of leakages happened in Tous’s dam (Valencia-Spain) are studied. Tous’s dam is built on karstic terrains with the existence of caverns and strike-slip faults that at the same time become karstic. In this study the techniques of structural geology are applied, so, we deduct the karstic drainage directions, by using determined hypothesis of work. The confirmation of these hypotheses in the course of our fieldwork has permitted to quantify the probability of those leakages for each direction we found. This circumstance has permitted to foretell the places where it would be possible to expect …

Lattice Deformation And Curvature In Stalactitic Carbonate, Paul L. Broughton

International Journal of Speleology

The cause of lattice curvature is related to the nature of growth on a curved surface, peculiar to stalactites and stalagmites. Lattice curvature in stalactitic carbonate results from the coalescence of sub-parallel to divergent syntaxial overgrowth crystallites on the growing surface of stalactites and stalagmites. Moderate lattice mismatch results in an undulose extinction, or subcrystal domains, whereas more divergent growth favours marked lattice curvature recognized by its optical brush-extinction. Extreme lattice mismatch between the precursor crystallites results a columnar crystal boundary instead of lattice curvature.

On The Wad-Minerals From The Cavern Environment, Naruhiko Kashima

International Journal of Speleology

The wad-minerals from limestone caves of Yugoslavia, China and Japan were studied. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed five minerals; birnessite, 10A-manganite, pyrolusite, todorokite and goethite. The heavy metal elements, Mn, Zn, Fe and Cr have been detected by X-ray fluorescence analysis and their contents were roughly determined. The condensation water introduced directly from the covering soils formed by the continental weathering and the deriving corrosive water interaction with limestone could be the input sources of manganese and other metal elements into the system.

Classification Of Pseudokarst Forms In Czechoslovakia, Jan Vitek

International Journal of Speleology

The paper is a geomorphological classification of pseudokarst forms in Czechoslovakia/Bohemien Massif and the Carpathians. In the author’s opinion, forms occurring in non-carbonate rocks, are morphologically and often genetically analogous to the forms of karst relief, and are pseudokarst phenomena. They are divided according to their size into macroforms in sandstone morphostructures of the Bohemian Cretaceous Basin some types of rocky valleys, water-shed plains and ridges, forming rock cities in some places, mesoforms with six types of caves, sinkholes, rock perforations and several rock phenomena and microforms such as weather pits and niches, lapies, etc.. The most prominent pseudokarst phenomena …

Environmental Implications Of Competitive Growth Fabrics In Stalactitic Carbonate, Paul L. Broughton

International Journal of Speleology

Competitive growth fabrics in stalactitic carbonate are not as widespread as commonly supposed. Most radial columnar crystals are attributed to the coalescence of a precursor crystallite mosaic comprised of syntaxial overgrowths. This secondary fabric is the consequence of carbonate precipitation from a thin water film. Competitive growth, however, is much rarer and arises from two contrasting environments: an influx of detritus interrupting carbonate precipitation, and cave flooding. Thick layers of impurities favour deposition of randomly oriented seed crystals on the growth surface. These result in competitive growth centres when the renewal of carbonate precipitation fails to have crystallographic allegience to …

Secondary Origin Of The Radial Fabric In Stalactitic Carbonate, Paul L. Broughton

International Journal of Speleology

The growth surfaces of most stalactites are interpreted as numerous syntaxial overgrowth crystallites. These coalesce immediately behind the growth surface, often trapping portions of the water film as fluid-filled cavities. The fluid inclusions represent former inter-crystallite spaces and characterize the widely misinterpreted “growth ring”. Complete crystallite coalescence generates inclusions-free calcite, whereas inhibition of lateral coalescence of the overgrowth crystallites generates layers of acicular calcite. It is generally only during periods of cave flooding that the crystallites merge and overgrow each other and precipitation eventually occurs upon large, planar crystal faces. Stalactitic carbonate growth is secondary, from a multi-crystalline precursor that …

Primary Production In Tampa Bay, Florida: A Review, J.O. R. Johansson

Reports

Primary production data for Tampa Bay is very limited. The phytoplankton component has received the greatest study effort; however, even knowledge of this group is limited and biased by the lack of area-wide and long-term studies, and the use of questionable methodologies. This review will summarize historical primary production data; discuss methodologies and their shortcomings; outline future research needs for understanding the carbon cycle of the Tampa Bay system; and discuss the carbon cycle in relation to trophic dynamics.

Absolute Population Censuses Of Cave-Dwelling Crickets: Congruence Between Mark-Recapture And Plot Density Estimates, Gianmaria Carchini, Mauro Rampini, Valerio Sbordoni

International Journal of Speleology

The absolute size, N, of a Dolichopoda geniculata population was estimated both by the Lincoln-Petersen index and the total count on sample plot methods in a natural cave in Central Italy. 19 pairs of estimates, obtained over 2 years, exhibit a seasonal pattern and a mean value of N ≈ 430. Differences between estimates obtained with the 2 methods are not significant (P > 0.8). These results, and data from the literature enable most of the major factors influencing the two types of estimates to be identified. Respective cases where methods may be preferably applied are suggested.