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Full-Text Articles in Physical Sciences and Mathematics

A New Approaching Method For Linear Neutral Delay Differential Equations By Using Clique Polynomials, Şuayi̇p Yüzbaşi, Mehmet Emi̇n Tamar Nov 2023

A New Approaching Method For Linear Neutral Delay Differential Equations By Using Clique Polynomials, Şuayi̇p Yüzbaşi, Mehmet Emi̇n Tamar

Turkish Journal of Mathematics

This article presents an efficient method for obtaining approximations for the solutions of linear neutral delay differential equations. This numerical matrix method, based on collocation points, begins by approximating $y^{\prime}(u)$ using a truncated series expansion of Clique polynomials. This method is constructed using some basic matrix relations, integral operations, and collocation points. Through this method, the neutral delay problem is transformed into a system of linear algebraic equations. The solution of this algebraic system determines the coefficients of the approximate solution obtained by this method. The efficiency, accuracy, and error analysis of this method are demonstrated by applying it to …


Involutive Automorphisms And Derivations Of The Quaternions, Eyüp Kizil, Adriano Da Silva, Okan Duman Nov 2023

Involutive Automorphisms And Derivations Of The Quaternions, Eyüp Kizil, Adriano Da Silva, Okan Duman

Turkish Journal of Mathematics

Let $Q=(\frac{a,b}{{\Bbb R}})$ denote the quaternion algebra over the reals which is by the Frobenius Theorem either split or the division algebra $H$ of Hamilton's quaternions. We have presented explicitly in \cite{Kizil-Alagoz} the matrix of a typical derivation of $Q$. Given a derivation $d\in Der(H)$, we show that the matrix $D\in M_{3}({\Bbb R})$ that represents $d$ on the linear subspace $% H_{0}\simeq {\Bbb R}^{3}$ of pure quaternions provides a pair of idempotent matrices $AdjD$ and $-D^{2}$ that correspond bijectively to the involutary matrix $\Sigma $ of a quaternion involution $\sigma $ and present several equations involving these matrices. In particular, …


Invariant Subspaces Of Operators Via Berezin Symbols And Duhamel Product, Mübari̇z T. Garayev Nov 2023

Invariant Subspaces Of Operators Via Berezin Symbols And Duhamel Product, Mübari̇z T. Garayev

Turkish Journal of Mathematics

The Berezin symbol $\tilde{A}$ of an operator $A$ on the reproducing kernel Hilbert space $\mathcal{H}\left( \Omega\right) $ over some set $\Omega$ with the reproducing kernel $k_{\lambda}$ is defined by \[ \tilde{A}(\lambda)=\left\langle {A\frac{{k_{\lambda}}}{{\left\Vert {k_{\lambda}}\right\Vert }},\frac{{k_{\lambda}}}{{\left\Vert {k_{\lambda}% }\right\Vert }}}\right\rangle ,\ \lambda\in\Omega. \] We study the existence of invariant subspaces for Bergman space operators in terms of Berezin symbols.


Generalized Pell Graphs, Vesna Irsi̇c, Sandi Klavzar, Eli̇f Tan Nov 2023

Generalized Pell Graphs, Vesna Irsi̇c, Sandi Klavzar, Eli̇f Tan

Turkish Journal of Mathematics

In this paper, generalized Pell graphs $\Pi _{n,k}$, $k\ge 2$, are introduced. The special case of $k=2$ are the Pell graphs $\Pi _{n}$ defined earlier by Munarini. Several metric, enumerative, and structural properties of these graphs are established. The generating function of the number of edges of $\Pi _{n,k}$ and the generating function of its cube polynomial are determined. The center of $\Pi _{n,k}$ is explicitly described; if $k$ is even, then it induces the Fibonacci cube $\Gamma_{n}$. It is also shown that $\Pi _{n,k}$ is a median graph, and that $\Pi _{n,k}$ embeds into a Fibonacci cube.


Interpolation Polynomials Associated To Linear Recurrences, Muhammad Syifa'ul Mufid, Laszlo Szalay Nov 2023

Interpolation Polynomials Associated To Linear Recurrences, Muhammad Syifa'ul Mufid, Laszlo Szalay

Turkish Journal of Mathematics

Assume that $(G_n)_{n\in\mathbb{Z}}$ is an arbitrary real linear recurrence of order $k$. In this paper, we examine the classical question of polynomial interpolation, where the basic points are given by $(t,G_t)$ ($n_0\le t\le n_1$). The main result is an explicit formula depends on the explicit formula of $G_n$ and on the finite difference sequence of a specific sequence. It makes it possible to study the interpolation polynomials essentially by the zeros of the characteristic polynomial of $(G_n)$. During the investigations, we developed certain formulae related to the finite differences.


Free Ordered Products-Ordered Semigroup Amalgams-Ordered Dominions, Michael Tsingelis Nov 2023

Free Ordered Products-Ordered Semigroup Amalgams-Ordered Dominions, Michael Tsingelis

Turkish Journal of Mathematics

Given an indexed family $\left\{ \left( {{S}_{i}},{{\cdot }_{i}},{{\le }_{i}} \right),i\in I \right\}$ of disjoint ordered semigroups, we construct an ordered semigroup having $\left( {{S}_{i}},{{\cdot }_{i}},{{\le }_{i}} \right)$, $i\in I$ as subsemigroups (with respect to the operation and order relation of each $\left( {{S}_{i}},{{\cdot }_{i}},{{\le }_{i}} \right)$, $i\in I$). This ordered semigroup is the free ordered product ${{\underset{i\in I}{\mathop{\Pi }}\,}^{*}}{{S}_{i}}$ of the family $\left\{ {{S}_{i}},i\in I \right\}$ and we give the crucial property which essentially characterizes the free products. Next we study the same problem in the case that the family $\left\{ \left( {{S}_{i}},{{\cdot }_{i}},{{\le }_{i}} \right),i\in I \right\}$ of ordered …


Proximality And Transitivity In Relation To Points That Are Asymptotic To Themselves, Karol Gryszka Nov 2023

Proximality And Transitivity In Relation To Points That Are Asymptotic To Themselves, Karol Gryszka

Turkish Journal of Mathematics

We discuss dynamical systems that exhibit at least one weakly asymptotically periodic point. In the general case we prove that the system becomes trivial (it is either a periodic point or a fixed point) provided it is equicontinuous and transitive. This result can be used to provide a simple characterization of periodic points in transitive systems. We also discuss systems whose orbits are both proximal and weakly asymptotically periodic. As a result, we obtain a more general tool to detect mutual dynamics between two close orbits which need not be bounded (or have the empty limit set).


Some Congruences With $Q-$Binomial Sums, Neşe Ömür, Zehra Betül Gür, Si̇bel Koparal, Lai̇d Elkhiri Nov 2023

Some Congruences With $Q-$Binomial Sums, Neşe Ömür, Zehra Betül Gür, Si̇bel Koparal, Lai̇d Elkhiri

Turkish Journal of Mathematics

In this paper, using some combinatorial identities and congruences involving $q-$harmonic numbers, we establish congruences that for any odd prime $p$ and any positive integer $\alpha$,% \begin{equation*} \text{ }\sum\limits_{k=1 \pmod{2}}^{p-1}(-1)^{nk}\frac{% q^{-\alpha npk+ n\tbinom{k+1}{2}+2k}}{[k]_{q}}{\alpha p-1 \brack k}_{q}^{n} \pmod{[p]_{q}^{2}} , \end{equation*}% and \begin{equation*} \sum\limits_{k=1 \pmod{2}}^{p-1}(-1)^{nk}q^{-\alpha npk+ n\tbinom{k+1}{2}+k}{\alpha p-1 \brack k}_{q}^{n}% \widetilde{H}_{k}(q)\pmod{[p]_{q}^{2}} ,\text{ } \end{equation*}% where $n$ is any integer.


Operator Index Of A Nonsingular Algebraic Curve, Anar Dosi̇ Nov 2023

Operator Index Of A Nonsingular Algebraic Curve, Anar Dosi̇

Turkish Journal of Mathematics

The present paper is devoted to a scheme-theoretic analog of the Fredholm theory. The continuity of the index function over the coordinate ring of an algebraic variety is investigated. It turns out that the index is closely related to the filtered topology given by finite products of maximal ideals. We prove that a variety over a field possesses the index function on nonzero elements of its coordinate ring iff it is an algebraic curve. In this case, the index is obtained by means of the multiplicity function from its normalization if the ground field is algebraically closed.


On The Existence Of $6$-Cycles For Some Families Of Difference Equations Of Third Order, Antonio Linero Bas, Daniel Nieves Roldán Nov 2023

On The Existence Of $6$-Cycles For Some Families Of Difference Equations Of Third Order, Antonio Linero Bas, Daniel Nieves Roldán

Turkish Journal of Mathematics

We prove that there are no $6$-cycles of the form $x_{n+3}=x_i f(x_j,x_k),$ with $i,j,k\in\{n,n+1,n+2\}$ pairwise distinct, whenever $f:(0,\infty)\times (0,\infty)\rightarrow (0,\infty)$ is a continuous symmetric function, that is, $f(x,y)=f(y,x)$, for all $x,y>0$. Moreover, we obtain all the $6$-cycles of potential form and present some open questions relative to the search of $p$-cycles whenever symmetry does not hold.


Inequalities Involving General Fractional Integrals Of P-Convex Functions, İlknur Yeşi̇lce Işik, Gülteki̇n Tinaztepe, Serap Kemali̇, Gabi̇l Adi̇lov Nov 2023

Inequalities Involving General Fractional Integrals Of P-Convex Functions, İlknur Yeşi̇lce Işik, Gülteki̇n Tinaztepe, Serap Kemali̇, Gabi̇l Adi̇lov

Turkish Journal of Mathematics

The Hermite-Hadamard type inequalities involving fractional integral operations for p-convex functions with respect to another function are studied. Then, the inequalities via Riemann-Liouville and Hadamard fractional integrals are presented specially. Using the obtained results, some inequality relations among special functions including beta and incomplete beta functions, gamma and incomplete gamma functions, and hypergeometric functions are presented.


Dynamical Complexity Of A Predator-Prey Model With A Prey Refuge And Allee Effect, Jianping Gao, Jianghong Zhang, Wenyan Lian Nov 2023

Dynamical Complexity Of A Predator-Prey Model With A Prey Refuge And Allee Effect, Jianping Gao, Jianghong Zhang, Wenyan Lian

Turkish Journal of Mathematics

We consider a predator-prey model with a non-monotonic functional response encompassing a prey refuge and a strong Allee effect on the prey. The multiple existence and stability of interior equilibria are investigated. The bifurcation analysis shows this model can exhibit numerous kinds of bifurcations (e.g., saddle-node, Hopf-Andronov and Bogdanov-Takens bifurcations). It is found that there exist diverse parameter values for which the model exhibits a limit cycle, a homoclinic orbit, and even many heteroclinic curves. The results obtained reveal the prey refuge in the model brings rich dynamics and makes the system more sensitive to parameter values. The main purpose …


Adjunction Greatest Element To Ordered Hypersemigroups, Niovi Kehayopulu Sep 2023

Adjunction Greatest Element To Ordered Hypersemigroups, Niovi Kehayopulu

Turkish Journal of Mathematics

As a continuation of the paper "Adjunction Identity to Hypersemigroup" in Turk J Math 2022; 46 (7): 2834--2853, it has been proved here that the adjunction of a greatest element to an ordered hypersemigroup is actually an embedding problem. The concept of pseudoideal has been introduced and has been proved that for each ordered hypersemigroup $S$ an ordered hypersemigroup $V$ having a greatest element ($poe$-hypersemigroup) can be constructed in such a way that there exists a pseudoideal $T$ of $S$ such that $S$ is isomorphic to $T$. If $S$ does not have a greatest element, then this can be regarded …


On The Eigenstructure Of The $Q$-Durrmeyer Operators, Övgü Gürel Yilmaz Sep 2023

On The Eigenstructure Of The $Q$-Durrmeyer Operators, Övgü Gürel Yilmaz

Turkish Journal of Mathematics

The purpose of this paper is to establish the eigenvalues and the eigenfunctions of both the $q$-Durrmeyer operators $D_{n,q}$ and the limit $q$-Durrmeyer operators $D_{\infty,q}$ introduced by V. Gupta in the case 0<$q$<1. All moments for $D_{n,q}$ and $D_{\infty,q}$ are provided. The coefficients for the eigenfunctions of the operators are explicitly derived and the eigenfunctions of these operators are illustrated by graphical examples.


Higher Topological Complexity Of A Map, Cesar Augusto Ipanaque Zapata, Jesús González Sep 2023

Higher Topological Complexity Of A Map, Cesar Augusto Ipanaque Zapata, Jesús González

Turkish Journal of Mathematics

The higher topological complexity of a space $X$, $\text{TC}_r(X)$, $r=2,3,\ldots$, and the topological complexity of a map $f$, $\text{TC}(f)$, have been introduced by Rudyak and Pavesiç, respectively, as natural extensions of Farber's topological complexity of a space. In this paper we introduce a notion of higher topological complexity of a map $f$, $\text{TC}_{r,s}(f)$, for $1\leq s\leq r\geq2$, which simultaneously extends Rudyak's and Pavesiç notions. Our unified concept is relevant in the $r$-multitasking motion planning problem associated to a robot devise when the forward kinematics map plays a role in $s$ prescribed stages of the motion task. We study the homotopy …


Operators Affiliated To Banach Lattice Properties And Their Enveloping Norms, Eduard Emelyanov, Svetlana Gorokhova Sep 2023

Operators Affiliated To Banach Lattice Properties And Their Enveloping Norms, Eduard Emelyanov, Svetlana Gorokhova

Turkish Journal of Mathematics

Several recent papers were devoted to various modifications of limited, Grothendieck, and Dunford-Pettis operators, etc., through involving the Banach lattice structure. In the present paper, it is shown that many of these operators appear as operators affiliated to well-known properties of Banach lattices, like the disjoint (dual) Schur property, the disjoint Grothendieck property, the property (d), the sequential w$^\ast$-continuity of the lattice operations, etc. We also introduce new classes of operators such as the s-GPP-operators, s-BDP-operators, and bi-sP-operators. It is proved that the spaces consisting of regular versions of the above-mentioned operators are all the Banach spaces. The domination problem …


Extended Calculus On ${\Cal O}({\Mathbb C}_{H}^{1\Vert1})$, Sali̇h Çeli̇k Sep 2023

Extended Calculus On ${\Cal O}({\Mathbb C}_{H}^{1\Vert1})$, Sali̇h Çeli̇k

Turkish Journal of Mathematics

We give an extended calculus over the function algebra on $h$-deformed superplane. For this, we extend the $(h_1,h_2)$-deformed differential calculus on the $h$-deformed superplane by adding inner derivations. We reformulate the results with an $R$-matrix and present the tensor product realization of the wedge product. We also discuss Cartan calculus via a contraction.


Fractional Semilinear Neumann Problem With Critical Nonlinearity, Zhenfeng Jin, Hongrui Sun Sep 2023

Fractional Semilinear Neumann Problem With Critical Nonlinearity, Zhenfeng Jin, Hongrui Sun

Turkish Journal of Mathematics

In this paper, we consider the following critical fractional semilinear Neumann problem \begin{equation*} \begin{cases} (-\Delta)^{1/2}u+\lambda u=u^{\frac{n+1}{n-1}},~u>0\quad&\, \mathrm{in}\ \Omega,\\ \partial_\nu{u}=0 &\mathrm{on}\ \partial\Omega, \end{cases} \end{equation*} where $\Omega\subset\mathbb{R}^n~(n\geq5)$ is a smooth bounded domain, $\lambda>0$ and $\nu$ is the outward unit normal to $\partial\Omega$. We prove that there exists a constant $\lambda_0>0$ such that the above problem admits a minimal energy solution for $\lambda<\lambda_0$. Moreover, if $\Omega$ is convex, we show that this solution is constant for sufficiently small $\lambda$.


On The Weak And Strong Solutions Of The Velocity-Vorticity Model Of The $G$-Navier-Stokes Equations, Özge Kazar, Meryem Kaya Sep 2023

On The Weak And Strong Solutions Of The Velocity-Vorticity Model Of The $G$-Navier-Stokes Equations, Özge Kazar, Meryem Kaya

Turkish Journal of Mathematics

In this work, we consider a velocity-vorticity formulation for the $g$-Navier-Stokes equations. The system is constructed by combining the velocity-pressure system which is included by using the rotational formulation of the nonlinearity and the vorticity equation for the $g$ -Navier-Stokes equations. We prove the existence and uniqueness of weak and strong solutions of this system with the periodic boundary conditions.


Liouville-Type Theorem For One-Dimensional Porous Medium Systems With Sources, Anh Tuan Duong Sep 2023

Liouville-Type Theorem For One-Dimensional Porous Medium Systems With Sources, Anh Tuan Duong

Turkish Journal of Mathematics

In this paper, we are concerned with the one-dimensional porous medium system with sources \begin{align*} \begin{cases}u_t-( u^m)_{xx} =a_{11}u^{p}+a_{12} u^rv^{r+m}, (x,t)\in J\times I\subset\mathbb{R}\times \mathbb{R}\\ v_t-(v^m)_{xx} =a_{21} u^{r+m}v^{r}+a_{22}v^{p},\;(x,t)\in J\times I\subset \mathbb{R}\times \mathbb{R}, \end{cases} \end{align*} where $p=2r+m$, $m>1$, $r>0$. Under the conditions $a_{12}\geq 0, a_{21}\geq 0$, $a_{11}>0$, and $a_{22}>0$, we prove that the system does not possess any nontrivial nonnegative weak solution.


On The Monoid Of Partial Isometries Of A Cycle Graph, Vitor H. Fernandes, Tania Paulista Sep 2023

On The Monoid Of Partial Isometries Of A Cycle Graph, Vitor H. Fernandes, Tania Paulista

Turkish Journal of Mathematics

In this paper we consider the monoid $DPC_n$ of all partial isometries of an $n$-cycle graph $C_n$. We show that $DPC_n$ is the submonoid of the monoid of all oriented partial permutations on an $n$-chain whose elements are precisely all restrictions of a dihedral group of order $2n$. Our main aim is to exhibit a presentation of $DPC_n$. We also describe Green's relations of $DPC_n$ and calculate its cardinality and rank.


The Application Of Brzdek's Fixed Point Theorem In The Stability Problem Of The Drygas Functional Equation, Mehdi Dehghanian, Yamin Sayyari Sep 2023

The Application Of Brzdek's Fixed Point Theorem In The Stability Problem Of The Drygas Functional Equation, Mehdi Dehghanian, Yamin Sayyari

Turkish Journal of Mathematics

Using the Brzdek fixed point theorem, we establish the Hyers?Ulam stability problem of Drygas functional equations \begin{equation} \delta(x+y-z)+\delta(x-y)+\delta(-y-z)+\delta(y)=\delta(x-y-z)+\delta(y-z)+\delta(x+y)+\delta(-y)\nonumber \end{equation} for all $x,y,z\in A$.


Modification Of The Sector Theorem Of Kondo-Tanaka, Eric Choi Sep 2023

Modification Of The Sector Theorem Of Kondo-Tanaka, Eric Choi

Turkish Journal of Mathematics

Kondo-Tanaka proved that if a rotationally symmetric plane $M_m$ is von Mangoldt or Cartan-Hadamard outside a compact set and has finite total curvature, then it has a sector with no pair of cut points. We show that the condition of finite total curvature can be removed. %The abstract should provide clear information about the research and the results obtained, and should not exceed 200 words. The abstract should not contain citations.


A Short Note On A New Approach To Rayleigh-Bénard-Chandrasekhar Convection In Weakly Electrically Conducting Viscoelastic Liquids, Hati̇ce Muti̇ Sep 2023

A Short Note On A New Approach To Rayleigh-Bénard-Chandrasekhar Convection In Weakly Electrically Conducting Viscoelastic Liquids, Hati̇ce Muti̇

Turkish Journal of Mathematics

The onset of magnetoconvection (known as Rayleigh-Bénard-Chandrasekhar convection) in two relaxation time viscoelastic liquids is studied here without seeking explicit recourse to a normal stress formulation as is usually done in these studies. Magnetoconvection refers to the flow of fluid in the presence of both thermal gradients (Rayleigh-Bénard convection) and a magnetic field. When these two effects are combined, they can lead to interesting and complex patterns of fluid motion. Understanding magnetoconvection in viscoelastic liquids is crucial for various industrial and scientific applications. The hyperbolic-type of linear momentum equation is decomposed into two first-order equations in time by cleverly separating …


On Positive Periodic Solutions To Third-Order Integro-Differential Equations With Distributed Delays, Mimia Benhadri, Tomas Caraballo Sep 2023

On Positive Periodic Solutions To Third-Order Integro-Differential Equations With Distributed Delays, Mimia Benhadri, Tomas Caraballo

Turkish Journal of Mathematics

In this paper, we investigate the existence of positive periodic solutions of a third-order nonlinear integro-differential equation with distributed delays, by using the Green function and the Krasnosel'skii fixed point theorem in cones of Banach spaces, providing new results on this field. Three examples are analyzed to illustrate the effectiveness of the abstract results.


Identities Involving Special Functions From Hypergeometric Solution Of Algebraic Equations, Juan Luis Gonzalez-Santander Sep 2023

Identities Involving Special Functions From Hypergeometric Solution Of Algebraic Equations, Juan Luis Gonzalez-Santander

Turkish Journal of Mathematics

From the algebraic solution of $x^{m}-x+t=0$ for $m=2,3,4$ and the corresponding solution in terms of hypergeometric functions, we obtain a set of reduction formulas for hypergeometric functions. By differentiation and integration of these results, and applying other known reduction formulas of hypergeometric functions, we derive new reduction formulas of special functions as well as the calculation of some definite integrals in terms of elementary functions.


Existence Results For Impulsive Dynamic Singular Nonlinear Sturm-Liouville Equations On Infinite Intervals, Bi̇lender Paşaoğlu Allahverdi̇ev, Hüseyi̇n Tuna, Hamlet Abdullaoğlu Isayev Sep 2023

Existence Results For Impulsive Dynamic Singular Nonlinear Sturm-Liouville Equations On Infinite Intervals, Bi̇lender Paşaoğlu Allahverdi̇ev, Hüseyi̇n Tuna, Hamlet Abdullaoğlu Isayev

Turkish Journal of Mathematics

The purpose of this study is to investigate an impulsive dynamic singular nonlinear Sturm-Liouville problem on infinite intervals. The existence and uniqueness of the solutions of such problem will be investigated by considering Weyl's limit-circle case.


Pell-Lucas Collocation Method For Solving A Class Of Second Order Nonlinear Differential Equations With Variable Delays, Şuayi̇p Yüzbaşi, Gamze Yildirim Jan 2023

Pell-Lucas Collocation Method For Solving A Class Of Second Order Nonlinear Differential Equations With Variable Delays, Şuayi̇p Yüzbaşi, Gamze Yildirim

Turkish Journal of Mathematics

In this study, the approximate solution of the nonlinear differential equation with variable delays is investigated by means of a collocation method based on the truncated Pell-Lucas series. In the first stage of the method, the assumed solution form (the truncated Pell-Lucas polynomial solution) is expressed in the matrix form of the standard bases. Next, the matrix forms of the necessary derivatives, the nonlinear terms, and the initial conditions are written. Then, with the help of the equally spaced collocation points and these matrix relations, the problem is reduced to a system of nonlinear algebraic equations. Finally, the obtained system …


An Invariant Of Regular Isotopy For Disoriented Links, İsmet Altintaş, Hati̇ce Parlatici Jan 2023

An Invariant Of Regular Isotopy For Disoriented Links, İsmet Altintaş, Hati̇ce Parlatici

Turkish Journal of Mathematics

In this paper, we define a two-variable polynomial invariant of regular isotopy, $M_{K}$ for a disoriented link diagram $K$. By normalizing the polynomial $M_{K}$ using complete writhe, we obtain a polynomial invariant of ambient isotopy, $N_{K}$, for a disoriented link diagram $K$. The polynomial $N_{K}$ is a generalization of the expanded Jones polynomial for disoriented links and is an expansion of the Kauffman polynomial $F$ to the disoriented links. Moreover, the polynomial $M_{K}$ is an expansion of the Kauffman polynomial $L$ to the disoriented links.


Bipolar Soft Ideal Rough Set With Applications In Covid-19, Heba I. Mustafa Jan 2023

Bipolar Soft Ideal Rough Set With Applications In Covid-19, Heba I. Mustafa

Turkish Journal of Mathematics

Bipolar soft rough set represents an important mathematical model to deal with uncertainty. This theory represents a link between bipolar soft set and rough set theories. This study introduced the concept of topological bipolar soft set by combining a bipolar soft set with topologies. Also, the topological structure of bipolar soft rough set has been discussed by defining the bipolar soft rough topology. The main objective of this paper is to present some solutions to develop and modify the approach of the bipolar soft rough sets. Two kinds of bipolar soft ideal approximation operators which represent extensions of bipolar soft …