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Articles 1831 - 1860 of 2429

Full-Text Articles in Physical Sciences and Mathematics

Participatory Evaluation Of Integrated Pest And Soil Fertility Management Options Using Ordered Categorical Data Analysis, Hugo De Groote, Esther Rutto, George Odhiambo, Fred Kanampiu, Zeyaur Khan, Richard Coe, Bernard Vanlauwe Jun 2010

Participatory Evaluation Of Integrated Pest And Soil Fertility Management Options Using Ordered Categorical Data Analysis, Hugo De Groote, Esther Rutto, George Odhiambo, Fred Kanampiu, Zeyaur Khan, Richard Coe, Bernard Vanlauwe

All Peer-Reviewed Publications

Maize is becoming the major food crop around Lake Victoria. Major constraints to its production are Striga, stem borer, and declining soil fertility. Innovative integrated technologies have been developed: the 'push-pull' system (intercropping with Desmodium and surrounded by Napier grass), soybean and Crotalaria rotations, and imidazolinone-resistant (IR) maize seed. In 12 demonstration trials in four villages in Siaya and Vihiga districts (Kenya) and two villages in Busia (Uganda) in 2003 and 2004, 504 farmers evaluated all cropping systems and a mono-cropped continuous maize, each cropped with IR or local maize, and supplemented or not with fertilizer, totaling 16 treatments. Farmers …

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Chemical Ecology Of Animal And Human Pathogen Vectors In A Changing Global Climate, John A. Pickett, Michael A. Birkett, Sarah Y. Dewhirst, James G. Logan, Maurice O. Omolo, Baldwyn Torto, Julien Pelletier, Zainulabeuddin Syed, Walter S. Leal Feb 2010

Chemical Ecology Of Animal And Human Pathogen Vectors In A Changing Global Climate, John A. Pickett, Michael A. Birkett, Sarah Y. Dewhirst, James G. Logan, Maurice O. Omolo, Baldwyn Torto, Julien Pelletier, Zainulabeuddin Syed, Walter S. Leal

All Peer-Reviewed Publications

Infectious diseases affecting livestock and human health that involve vector-borne pathogens are a global problem, unrestricted by borders or boundaries, which may be exacerbated by changing global climate. Thus, the availability of effective tools for control of pathogen vectors is of the utmost importance. The aim of this article is to review, selectively, current knowledge of the chemical ecology of pathogen vectors that affect livestock and human health in the developed and developing world, based on key note lectures presented in a symposium on "The Chemical Ecology of Disease Vectors" at the 25th Annual ISCE meeting in Neuchatel, Switzerland. The …

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Optimizing Modes Of Inoculation Of Rhipicephalus Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) With A Mitosporic Entomopathogenic Fungus In The Laboratory, Felix Nchu, Nguya Kalemba Maniania, Ahmed Hassanali, Kobus N. Eloff Jan 2010

Optimizing Modes Of Inoculation Of Rhipicephalus Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) With A Mitosporic Entomopathogenic Fungus In The Laboratory, Felix Nchu, Nguya Kalemba Maniania, Ahmed Hassanali, Kobus N. Eloff

All Peer-Reviewed Publications

The process of strain selection is an important step in the development of insect pathogens for biological control. Bioassays were conducted in the laboratory to evaluate the efficacy of different methods of inoculation using Rhipicephalus pulchellus Gerstäcker (Acari: Ixodidae) as a model. Initially, an oil-based formulation of Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) Sorok. (Ascomycota: Hypocreales) titred at 109 conidia ml-1 was applied to R. pulchellus adults using a Burgerjon spray tower or a microapplicator. Inoculation by microapplicator yielded poor results (25.0% tick mortality) compared to Burgerjon's spray tower (52.3% tick mortality), although the mean number of fungal conidia on R. pulchellus adults …

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Environmental Virtue Ethics: Core Concepts And Values, Mark H. Dixon Jan 2010

Environmental Virtue Ethics: Core Concepts And Values, Mark H. Dixon

Philosophy and Religion Faculty Scholarship

No abstract provided.

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Ordway Weather And Water Data 2010, Macalester College Jan 2010

Ordway Weather And Water Data 2010, Macalester College

Ordway Weather Data

Contains daily readings for the year indicated. The values include: PAR umol/s/m2, avg wind dir degree, avg windspeed mph, Avg Max Windspeed mph, Avg airtemp C, Avg RH %, Avg BP mmHg, Avg DailyRain in, Avg Rain Duration sec, Avg RainIntensity in/h, Avg Water Temp F, Avg sp cond mS/cm, avg pH, Avg Turb NTU+, Avg ODOSat %, Avg ODO mg/L, Water station PAR umol/s/m2, Avg Water Level m. File format: CSV.

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Technology For The Organic Chemist: Three Exploratory Modules, John J. Esteb, Luanne M. Mcnulty, John Magers, Paul Morgan Jan 2010

Technology For The Organic Chemist: Three Exploratory Modules, John J. Esteb, Luanne M. Mcnulty, John Magers, Paul Morgan

Scholarship and Professional Work - LAS

The ability to use computer-based technology is an essential skill set for students majoring in chemistry. This exercise details the introduction of appropriate uses for this technology in the organic chemistry series. The incorporation of chemically appropriate online resources (module 1), scientific databases (module 2), and the use of a chemical drawing program (module 3) are detailed here.

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A Passive Sampler For Ambient Gaseous Oxidized Mercury Concentrations, Seth N. Lyman, Mae Sexauer Gustin, Eric M. Prestbo Jan 2010

A Passive Sampler For Ambient Gaseous Oxidized Mercury Concentrations, Seth N. Lyman, Mae Sexauer Gustin, Eric M. Prestbo

USU Uintah Basin Faculty Publications

This paper reports on the development of a passive sampler for estimating gaseous oxidized mercury concentrations. Atmospheric gaseous oxidized mercury concentrations calculated from passive sampler data were correlated with those obtained using an automated analyzer (r2 = 0.71, p < 0.01, n = 110 for one-week deployments; r2 = 0.89, p < 0.01, n = 22 for two-week deployments). Sampler uptake was not significantly affected by changes in temperature, humidity, or ozone concentration, but it was slightly dependent on wind speed. As such, an equation for correcting data due to this factor was developed based on wind tunnel and field data. The detection limit for a two-week sampler deployment was ∼5 pg m−3. Field data collected in Nevada and the southeastern United States showed these samplers are useful for investigating spatial and temporal variability in gaseous oxidized mercury concentrations.

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2010 File Geodatabase Containing Aerial Photos, Pete Reehling, Richard Mckenzie, City Of Tampa Department Of Sanitary Sewers Bay Study Group Jan 2010

2010 File Geodatabase Containing Aerial Photos, Pete Reehling, Richard Mckenzie, City Of Tampa Department Of Sanitary Sewers Bay Study Group

Images

The Bay Study Group was created by the City of Tampa in 1976 to monitor the effects of pollution abatement that occurred in Hillsborough Bay when the city’s wastewater treatment plant was upgraded from primary to advanced treatment in 1979. The Bay Study Group documented a remarkable restoration of water quality parameters and biological indicators in Hillsborough Bay from the mid 1980s until 2009, when it was disbanded. This zip Geodatabase file contains the aerial photos for the year 2010.

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Recommender Systems: An Algorithm To Predict "Who Rate What", Rahul Singhal Jan 2010

Recommender Systems: An Algorithm To Predict "Who Rate What", Rahul Singhal

Computer Science and Engineering Theses - Archive

Recommender systems are systems that recommend content for us by looking at certain factors including what other people are doing as well as what we are doing. Examples of such systems present today are Amazon.com recommending books, CDs, and other products; Netflix recommending movies etc. These systems basically recommend items or movies to customers based on the interests of the present customer and other similar customers who purchased or liked the same item or movie. Our paper goes beyond the concept of overall generic ranking and provides personalized recommendation to users. Despite all the advancements, recommender systems still face problems …

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Typifying Wikipedia Articles, Quazi Mainul Hasan Jan 2010

Typifying Wikipedia Articles, Quazi Mainul Hasan

Computer Science and Engineering Theses - Archive

In Wikipedia, each article represents an entity. Entity can have different types like person, country, school, science etc. Although Wikipedia encapsulates category information for each page, sometimes it is not sufficient to deduce the type of a page just from its categories. But, incorporating the clear type information in a Wikipedia page is very important for the users, as it will help them to explore the pages in more organized way. Hence, in my thesis, we explore different standard classification techniques, mainly Naïve Bayes and Support Vector Machines and experiment how these techniques can be made more effective for typifying …

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A Comparison And Evaluation Of Motion Indexing Techniques, Harnish Bhatia Jan 2010

A Comparison And Evaluation Of Motion Indexing Techniques, Harnish Bhatia

Computer Science and Engineering Theses - Archive

Motion capture (mocap) is a way to digitally represent the spatio-temporalstructure of human movement. Human motion is generally captured in long sequences to record the natural and complex aspects of human actions, its sequential transitions, and simultaneous combination. As the amount of mocap data increases, it becomes important to index the data in order to improve the performance of information access. The motion indexing problem involves several challenging issues due to the data being high dimensional, continuous, and time-variant. Indexing provides the means to search for similar motion in a mocap database, to recognize a query action as one among …

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Data Analytics Over Hidden Databases, Arjun Dasgupta Jan 2010

Data Analytics Over Hidden Databases, Arjun Dasgupta

Computer Science and Engineering Dissertations - Archive

Web based access to databases have become a popular method of datadelivery. A multitude of websites provides access to their proprietary datathrough web forms. In order to view this data, customers use the web forminterface and pose queries on the underlying database. These queries areexecuted and a resulting set of tuples (usually the top-k ones) is served to thecustomer. Top-k along with strict limits on querying are constraints used by thedatabase providers to conserve the power of the underlying data distribution.Delivering limited access only to tuples that satisfy a query enables providers toexpose only a small snippet of the entire …

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Enhancing Personalized Search And Improving Accuracy And Performance For Keyword-Based Xml Queries, Kamal Taha Jan 2010

Enhancing Personalized Search And Improving Accuracy And Performance For Keyword-Based Xml Queries, Kamal Taha

Computer Science and Engineering Dissertations - Archive

This dissertation research focuses on three aspects related to querying of XML data. The three focus areas are: (1) Improving accuracy of XML keyword queries by modeling the contexts of XML elements; (2) Enhancing XML-based personalized search by using group profiling to determine individual preferences; and (3) Improving performance of distributed XML querying by caching of frequently-used query results. For each of these three focus areas, we developed formal concepts and algorithms that lead to the improved accuracy and performance. Our contributions are as follows:1. Improving the accuracy of XML keyword queries:We improve search accuracy by utilizing nodes' contexts in …

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A Framework For Robust Detection And Prevention Of Wide-Spread Node Compromise In Wireless Sensor Networks, Jun-Won Ho Jan 2010

A Framework For Robust Detection And Prevention Of Wide-Spread Node Compromise In Wireless Sensor Networks, Jun-Won Ho

Computer Science and Engineering Dissertations - Archive

Wireless sensor networks are known to be vulnerable to a variety ofattacks that could undermine normal sensor network operations. Manyschemes have been developed to defend the wireless sensor networksagainst various attacks. Most of them focus on making the networkand service protocols be attack-resilient rather than rooting outthe source of attacks. Although the attack-resiliency approachmitigates the threats on sensor network protocols, it requiressubstantial time and effort for continuously enhancing therobustness of the protocols in line with the emergence of newtypes of attacks. Accordingly, if we are able to detect and removethe sources of attacks as soon as possible, we could save …

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Distributed Services In Pervasive Systems, Sagar A. Tamhane Jan 2010

Distributed Services In Pervasive Systems, Sagar A. Tamhane

Computer Science and Engineering Dissertations - Archive

Devices in pervasive systems are generally resource constrained, heterogeneous, personal, and mobile. These constraints limit the services and quality of service offered by the devices. For example, execution of such tasks as video and audio processing might not be possible or successful on cell phones, PDAs and sensors. Hence interactions between devices are exploited to perform collaborative task execution. Devices with better resource levels perform tasks on behalf of other devices. This dissertation provides algorithms for cooperative service executions in pervasive environments. The major contributions of this dissertation are: (1) Cluster Based Scheduling (CBS) algorithm that performs service scheduling in …

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First Measurements Of The Low Energy Tail (Let) Down To 0 Ev Using Auger Photoelectron Coincidence Spectroscopy (Apecs) In Ag (100) And Cu (100), Karthik Shastry Jan 2010

First Measurements Of The Low Energy Tail (Let) Down To 0 Ev Using Auger Photoelectron Coincidence Spectroscopy (Apecs) In Ag (100) And Cu (100), Karthik Shastry

Physics Theses - Archive

We present the Auger Photoelectron Coincidence Spectroscopy (APECS) measurements of Ag (100) and Cu (100) over a full range of emitted energies from 0 eV to 81eV. The coincidence measurements were successful in separating the low energy Auger lines from a large background, arising from loss processes unrelated to the Auger transition. The measurements have revealed a well formed Auger peak at 60 eV for Cu (100) and an Auger peak at 40 eV for Ag (100) accompanied by a low energy tail (LET) associated with M2,3VV transition. The Low Energy Tail (LET) extends to 0 eV and has a …

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Ionic Liquids In Analytical Chemistry And Calix[4]Arene Chemistry Of Nox Gases, Eranda Pathirana Wanigasekara Jan 2010

Ionic Liquids In Analytical Chemistry And Calix[4]Arene Chemistry Of Nox Gases, Eranda Pathirana Wanigasekara

Chemistry & Biochemistry Dissertations - Archive

Application of ionic liquids (ILs) in analytical chemistry can be numerous. The use of ILs in analytical techniques including gas chromatography (GC), electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), capillary electrophoresis (CE), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), solid phase microextraction (SPME) and spectroscopy have attracted great attention of scientific community in the past few decades. Many advancements in this field are due to the development of multiply charged, multifunctional ionic liquids.This dissertation mainly consists of two parts. The first part focuses on the use of new, structurally diverse, chemically robust ionic liquids for GC, SPME and ESI-MS applications. Within this section, highly …

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Nanopore Stochastic Sensing With Ionic Liquid Supporting Electrolyte And Ionic Liquid Based Water Quantitation Using Gas Chromatography, Dilani A. Jayawardhana Jan 2010

Nanopore Stochastic Sensing With Ionic Liquid Supporting Electrolyte And Ionic Liquid Based Water Quantitation Using Gas Chromatography, Dilani A. Jayawardhana

Chemistry & Biochemistry Dissertations - Archive

This dissertation focuses toward finding two new avenues to explore the properties of ionic liquids (ILs). First, ILs has been used as a novel, and advantageous supporting electrolytes in nanopore stochastic sensing technology. Here, the sensing element is the alpha hemolysin protein, while a solution containing an ionic liquid will be used as the background electrolyte, instead of the typical used NaCl/KCl solution. This method employs single-channel recording with the planar lipid bilayer technique, where current modulation represents individual binding events. In this study, a useful means of implementing IL salt solutions will be demonstrated. Specifically, its great enhancements of …

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The Use Of Ionic Liquid Based Salts In Gas Chromatography And Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry, Zachary Steven Breitbach Jan 2010

The Use Of Ionic Liquid Based Salts In Gas Chromatography And Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry, Zachary Steven Breitbach

Chemistry & Biochemistry Dissertations - Archive

This dissertation focuses on two uses for Room Temperature Ionic Liquids (RTILs). First, RTILs will be used to produce novel Gas Chromatographic (GC) stationary phases. The use of new phosphonium based RTIL GC columns for one-dimensional and two-dimensional GC will be discussed. The high thermal stability and unique orthogonality of these phases will be demonstrated. Additionally, the development of the first tricationic RTIL based GC stationary phases will be presented. The exceptional peak shape for polar compounds and thermal stability of these stationary phases are examined. Furthermore, the solvation properties of these novel solvents will be described via a linear …

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Estrogen Analysis By Liquid Chromatography - Mass Spectrometry, Hien P. Nguyen Jan 2010

Estrogen Analysis By Liquid Chromatography - Mass Spectrometry, Hien P. Nguyen

Chemistry & Biochemistry Dissertations - Archive

Estrogens are well known as female hormones associated with both health and disease. Although they have been reported as potential carcinogens, their use as therapy in the treatment of neurodegeneration has recently received a great deal of attention. The main goal of this work was to advance estrogen analysis using liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and associated techniques in order to support pre-clinical and clinical research on the neuroprotective effects of estrogens. Native estrogen analyses were performed in different types of biological samples, including human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), horse serum, phosphate buffered saline - bovine serum albumin (PBS-BSA), mouse …

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Total Synthesis Of Cyclooroidin And Studies Towards Some Oroidin Dimers, Sabuj Mukherjee Jan 2010

Total Synthesis Of Cyclooroidin And Studies Towards Some Oroidin Dimers, Sabuj Mukherjee

Chemistry & Biochemistry Dissertations - Archive

This dissertation consists of two parts. The first part describes the synthesis of northern fragment of nagelamide R and the enantioselective total synthesis of cyclooroidin. The oroidin family of marine natural products is a growing group of marine sponge-derived alkaloids which contain 2-aminoimidazole and pyrrolecarboxamide fragments as their signature features. The structural complexity, and in many cases interesting biological profiles, of these compounds has rendered several of these natural products as targets of interest. In the context of nagelamide R, the key transformation involves the intramolecular cyclization of a pyrrolecarboxamide via the carbonyl oxygen leading to the formation of oxazoline, …

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Elucidation Of The Structure And Recognition Properties Of Antimony(Iii)-Tartrate Using Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry, Aruna B. Wijeratne Jan 2010

Elucidation Of The Structure And Recognition Properties Of Antimony(Iii)-Tartrate Using Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry, Aruna B. Wijeratne

Chemistry & Biochemistry Dissertations - Archive

Chirality of molecules is a major topic in the design, discovery and development of new drugs. Currently, analytical chemistry research divisions are challenged to find new methods to screen enantiospecific molecular recognition properties of potential chiral drug candidates with targeted biological molecules in a time-sensitive environment. Recently, mass spectrometry (MS) has received significant attention for its use in studying molecular recognition systems. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) has received the most attention for the investigation of stereochemical association phenomena, due to its capacity to transfer solution phase chiral interactions into the gas phase for analysis in single-stage mass spectra. ESI-MS …

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Application Of Pd-Catalyzed Reactions In The Total Synthesis Of Oroidin-Derived Alkaloids, Manojkumar R. Bhandari Jan 2010

Application Of Pd-Catalyzed Reactions In The Total Synthesis Of Oroidin-Derived Alkaloids, Manojkumar R. Bhandari

Chemistry & Biochemistry Dissertations - Archive

The oroidin family of marine natural products is a growing group of sponge-derived alkaloids which contain 2-aminoimidazole and pyrrolecarboxamide fragments as their signature features. Due to their structural diversity and biological activity, many groups are interested in the total synthesis of these natural products. It has been proposed that many of the alkaloids in this family are produced in nature simply by dimerization and/or cyclization of the simplest member, oroidin. In this dissertation we have attempted to explore these biosynthetic relationships to complete the total synthesis of several oridin-derived natural products. This dissertation consists of two parts. The first part …

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Analytical Characterization Of Anthocyanins From Natural Products By Reverse-Phase Liquid Chromatography-Photodiode Array-Electrospray Ionization-Ion Trap-Time Of Flight Mass Spectrometry, Jeremy S. Barnes Jan 2010

Analytical Characterization Of Anthocyanins From Natural Products By Reverse-Phase Liquid Chromatography-Photodiode Array-Electrospray Ionization-Ion Trap-Time Of Flight Mass Spectrometry, Jeremy S. Barnes

Chemistry & Biochemistry Theses - Archive

Anthocyanins are known to be one of the most powerful phytochemical antioxidant and believed to have a positive influence on a variety of health conditions. Numerous studies continue on these compounds that are readily found in most plants. Red hybrid-tea rose petals and wild blueberries were used as model systems for optimizing the extraction and identification process of anthocyanins in plant material using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and mass spectrometry (MS) without the use of authentic standards. A number of extraction parameters, including sample homogenization, solvent selection and acid type and amount, were varied to examine the effects on …

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Trace Element Geochemistry In Groundwater Flow Systems, Stephanie Scholten Willis Jan 2010

Trace Element Geochemistry In Groundwater Flow Systems, Stephanie Scholten Willis

Earth & Environmental Sciences Dissertations - Archive

This research focuses on trace element geochemistry in three groundwater flow systems: the Carrizo Sand, the Upper Floridan, and the Aquia aquifers. The focus is threefold: (i) studying the geochemical behavior, concentrations, and fractionation patterns of rare earth elements (REEs) along two flow paths by examination of both groundwater and sediment samples, (ii) investigating the behavior of arsenic (As) and antimony (Sb) and comparing these data to reveal the biogeochemical processes affecting As and Sb concentrations and speciation as well as determining correlations between As and Sb concentrations, and (iii) formulating adsorption isotherms to demonstrate the adsorption capacity of As …

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Verrucomicrobia: A Model Phylum To Study The Effects Of Deforestation On Microbial Diversity In Amazon Forest, Kshitij Ranjan Jan 2010

Verrucomicrobia: A Model Phylum To Study The Effects Of Deforestation On Microbial Diversity In Amazon Forest, Kshitij Ranjan

Earth & Environmental Sciences Theses - Archive

The Amazon rainforest is known for having a very high diversity of plants and animals. However, it is one of the least understood ecosystems regarding microbial diversity. Microorganisms are important for the ecological balance of any ecosystem and play important role in various biogeochemical cycles. As the Amazon rainforest undergoes to rapid deforestation, loss of its biodiversity is expected. This research aims to determine the effects of deforestation on the soil microbial diversity of the Amazon forest. Toward this, we selected the phylum Verrucomicrobia as a model for observing changes in the microbial structure of rainforest soils. Samples were collected …

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Growth And Toxicity Of Prymnesium Parvum In Long-Term Cultures At Low Temperature And Salinity, Xianzi He Jan 2010

Growth And Toxicity Of Prymnesium Parvum In Long-Term Cultures At Low Temperature And Salinity, Xianzi He

Earth & Environmental Sciences Theses - Archive

There is a paradox reported concerning observations of toxic blooms of Prymnesium parvum in winter in Texas (USA), and its growth performance in the laboratlry. Culture experiments indicate relatively high optimum temperature and salinity for growth, conditions different from those ofwinter in Texas. Because previous laboratory experiments were of short duration, it was suggested that long-term culturing of many generations could allow physiological and epigenetic changes, as well as natural selection to take place, leading to improved growth performance at low temperature and salinity. In this study, the growth and toxicity of P. parvum was investigated under relatively low temperature …

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Cuspidal Modules Of The Lie Superalgebras Osp(1|2n), Alekzander J. Malcom Jan 2010

Cuspidal Modules Of The Lie Superalgebras Osp(1|2n), Alekzander J. Malcom

Mathematics Theses - Archive

The classification of all bounded weight modules for the classical Lie superalgebras is an open question. Only recently, in fact, has the question been closed for the Lie algebras (see Mathieu). We give a differential algebra isomorphic to osp(1|2n), which is one of the remaining Lie superalgebras to have its modules classified. We also conjecture, following the results for the Lie algebra sp(2n), a method to finalize the classification for osp(1|2n).

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Search For Supersymmetry In Dijet And Multijet Channels And Soft Qcd Measurements Using The Atlas Detector At The Large Hadron Collider, Rishiraj Pravahan Jan 2010

Search For Supersymmetry In Dijet And Multijet Channels And Soft Qcd Measurements Using The Atlas Detector At The Large Hadron Collider, Rishiraj Pravahan

Physics Dissertations - Archive

The ATLAS experiment at the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC) has collected a substantial amount of data to understand the Standard Model of particle physics at higher than previous center of mass energy available and to explore new physics beyond the Standard Model. This dissertation describes observations of charged particle multiplicity distributions in 7 TeV and 900 GeV data as well as searches for new physics with a signature of high energy jets and missing transverse energy using the first few months of data available at the LHC. Multiplicity distributions of charged particle tracks, one of the first observables in …

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Selective Cross Correlation In Passive Timing Analysis Attacks Against Low-Latency Mixes, Titus Abraham Jan 2010

Selective Cross Correlation In Passive Timing Analysis Attacks Against Low-Latency Mixes, Titus Abraham

Computer Science and Engineering Theses - Archive

A mix is a communication proxy that hides the relationship between incoming and outgoing messages. Routing traffic through a path of mixes is a powerful tool for providing privacy. When mixes are used for interactive communication, such as VoIP and web browsing, attackers can undermine user privacy by observing timing information along the path. Mixes can prevent these attacks by inserting dummy packets (cover traffic) to obfuscate timing information in each stream. Two recently proposed defenses, defensive dropping and adaptive padding, enhance cover traffic by ensuring that timing information seen at the sender is very different from that seen at …

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