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Articles 1621 - 1650 of 2429

Full-Text Articles in Physical Sciences and Mathematics

Ruthenium(Ii) Polypyridyl Complexes As Potential Anticancer Drugs: Synthesis, Characterization, Cell Permeability And Localization, Yanling Chen Jan 2013

Ruthenium(Ii) Polypyridyl Complexes As Potential Anticancer Drugs: Synthesis, Characterization, Cell Permeability And Localization, Yanling Chen

Chemistry & Biochemistry Theses - Archive

Research on biological activities of ruthenium polypyridyl complexes (RPCs) continues to attract interest as these complexes have shown promising anticancer activity both in vitro and in vivo.¹⁻³ The mononuclear RPC, [(phen)₂Ru(tatpp)]²⁺ (MP) and related dinuclear complex [(phen)₂Ru(tatpp)Ru(phen)₂]⁴⁺ (P) have been shown to both intercalate with DNA and shown potentiated DNA cleavage under anaerobic and reducing conditions⁴⁻⁵, as well as shown good selectivity and cytotoxicity towards malignant cell lines in vitro and tumors in vivo.⁵ Both complexes contain the redox-active tatpp ligand which is thought to be an essential component for the observed biological activities. This thesis is focused on developing …

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Chemostratigraphy Of The Mississippian-Age Barnett Formation, Fort Worth Basin, Wise County, Texas Usa, Chizoba Charity Nsianya Jan 2013

Chemostratigraphy Of The Mississippian-Age Barnett Formation, Fort Worth Basin, Wise County, Texas Usa, Chizoba Charity Nsianya

Earth & Environmental Sciences Theses - Archive

The Mississippian- age Barnett Formation is a shale-gas system dominated by fine grained clay- to silt -size particles deposited in the Fort Worth Basin, a peripheral foreland basin that formed during the late Paleozoic as a result of continental collision between Laurasia and Gondwana. A detailed assessment of the chemostratigraphy and depositional environment of the Barnett Formation in the northern end of Fort Worth Basin, Texas will be studied using a variety of geochemical methods. One drill core located in the south-eastern part of Wise County (Texas, USA) was scanned at high resolution (~ 2 inch interval) using a hand- …

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Optimal Stopping For Markov Modulated Ito-Diffusion With Applications To Finance, Thomas William Seaquist Jan 2013

Optimal Stopping For Markov Modulated Ito-Diffusion With Applications To Finance, Thomas William Seaquist

Mathematics Dissertations - Archive

Despite the outstanding success of the Black-Scholes model, it relies on the assumption that drift and volatility of the underlying equity remain constant throughout time. This inaccuracy has motivated a number of interesting and innovative refinements, one of the most natural being Markov modulation. In this dissertation we analyze a variety of financially motivated optimal stopping problems under Markov modulated Ito-Diffusions. In Chapter 3, we generalize and refine a technique developed in [13] pricing an infinite time horizon American put option and we present a rigorous proof of optimality. In Chapter 3 we use this generalized technique to discover an …

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A Model Of Short Term Surface Deformation Of Soufriere Hills Volcano, Montserrat Constrained By Gps Geodesy, Erin Elizabeth Mcpherson Jan 2013

A Model Of Short Term Surface Deformation Of Soufriere Hills Volcano, Montserrat Constrained By Gps Geodesy, Erin Elizabeth Mcpherson

Earth & Environmental Sciences Theses - Archive

Geodetic surveying is a core volcano monitoring technique. Measurements of how the crust deforms can give valuable insight into the mechanisms and processes that drive an eruption, and the way in which they change (Odbert et al., 2012). Campaign and continuous GPS geodetic measurements on Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat are reported here from 1995 to 2010, spanning three dome growth and repose episodes extending the results of Mattioli et al. (2010). Soufriere Hills Volcano (SHV), Montserrat, in the Lesser Antilles island arc, became active in 1995, and for nearly two decades, geodetic surveys have been conducted using both continuous and …

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Mathematical Models Of Nutrient Recycling And Toxin Production In A Gradostat, Xiaoyang Dong Jan 2013

Mathematical Models Of Nutrient Recycling And Toxin Production In A Gradostat, Xiaoyang Dong

Mathematics Dissertations - Archive

We discuss several gradostat models in which a microbial population excretes a biochemical that can get recycled back into the system as a nutrient source. Each mathematical model consists of six ordinary differential equations and represents the dynamics of harmful algal blooms in lakes with fringing coves. We examine three different situations of biochemical production which is based on the algal growth rate, mortality, and nutrient concentration, respectively. Local and global stability analysis of the equilibria predicts that algal abundance and biochemical concentration can be both washed out or persistent under different environmental conditions. All theoretical results are supported by …

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High Order Numerical Schemes For Pdes And Applications To Cfd, Huankun Fu Jan 2013

High Order Numerical Schemes For Pdes And Applications To Cfd, Huankun Fu

Mathematics Dissertations - Archive

In the past two decades, many efforts have been made in developing high-order schemes with high resolution, such as compact scheme, essentially non-oscillatory scheme (ENO), weighted essentially non-oscillatory scheme (WENO).The present dissertation comprises the analysis and numerical testing of two high order methods. The first one refers to the modification of pseudo spectral method which can be used to partial differential equations(PDEs) with non-periodic boundary conditions. The second one is in high order finite difference class and is the mixing of weighted non-oscillatory scheme and compact scheme (MWCS) with using global weights instead of local ones. Numerical tests are performed …

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Effect Of Oil Viscosity Change On Oil Production: Co₂ Enhanced Oil Recovery In The Permian Basin And Potential In The Gabon Basin, Christel Simon Obame Bivegue Jan 2013

Effect Of Oil Viscosity Change On Oil Production: Co₂ Enhanced Oil Recovery In The Permian Basin And Potential In The Gabon Basin, Christel Simon Obame Bivegue

Earth & Environmental Sciences Theses - Archive

With most oil fields around the world reaching maturation it is not uncommon for oil companies to investigate the possibility of implementing CO₂ Enhanced Oil Recovery. The injection of CO₂ in a reservoir reduces the oil viscosity within the reservoir, which can later be more easily pushed towards a producing well. Computer simulators such as BOAST NFR are key tools in order to simulate the response of a reservoir to CO₂ EOR and predict oil production. This thesis investigates an example of CO₂ EOR in the Gabon Basin where such technique has yet to be implemented. Oil production has been …

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Novel Methods For Entity-Centric Information Exploration, Ning Yan Jan 2013

Novel Methods For Entity-Centric Information Exploration, Ning Yan

Computer Science and Engineering Dissertations - Archive

We witness an unprecedented proliferation of entity graphs that capture entities (e.g., persons, products, organizations) and their relationships. Such entity data gradually evolves into the most comprehensive knowledge graph ever built by human beings. The flourish of entity data also boosts a growing demand for entity-centric information exploration tasks. Different from traditional information retrieval tasks that are based on statistics of text terms, entity-centric information exploration tasks are usually based on metrics over entities, their relationships, or graph structures. In this work, we identified two essential tasks in entity-centric information exploration: 1) how to do faceted navigation over a set …

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Development Of New Stationary Phases And Their Applications In High Performance Liquid Chromatography, Haixiao Qiu Jan 2013

Development Of New Stationary Phases And Their Applications In High Performance Liquid Chromatography, Haixiao Qiu

Chemistry & Biochemistry Dissertations - Archive

High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) has proven to be the most widely applicable and versatile technique in separation science. Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) has attracted considerable interest and has become a viable option for the separation of polar compounds. Chirality is another major concern in the modern pharmaceutical industry for two reasons: 1). the majority of bio-organic molecules are chiral; 2). enantiomers of a racemic drug may often exhibit different biological activities, pharmacokinetics, and toxicities. The field of enantiomeric separations has reached a clear level of maturity after approximately 30 years of development. However, with the continued emphasis on …

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Examining Ruthenium Chromophores For The Photochemical Reduction Of Co₂To Methanol, David J. Boston Jan 2013

Examining Ruthenium Chromophores For The Photochemical Reduction Of Co₂To Methanol, David J. Boston

Chemistry & Biochemistry Dissertations - Archive

Our consumption of energy for transportation and electricity has been growing as quickly as our population. As this demand for energy increases we increase our production of carbon dioxide by the burning of fossil fuels to try and meet this increasing demand. A sustainable method to convert carbon dioxide (CO₂) to a viable liquid fuel is one potential way in which both the increasing energy demand and increasing CO₂ concentration issues can both be helped. Currently such methods being investigated include thermal, electrochemical, and photochemical processes. Because thermal conversion is not an ideal situation because of the requirement of strong …

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The Use Of Supercritical Fluid Chromatography (Sfc) And Liquid Chromatography (Lc) For The Separation Of Pharmaceutical Products, Natural Products And Chiral Phosphoric And Sulfonic Acids, Jonathan Paul Smuts Jan 2013

The Use Of Supercritical Fluid Chromatography (Sfc) And Liquid Chromatography (Lc) For The Separation Of Pharmaceutical Products, Natural Products And Chiral Phosphoric And Sulfonic Acids, Jonathan Paul Smuts

Chemistry & Biochemistry Dissertations - Archive

This dissertation focuses on two chromatographic techniques, supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The goal of the SFC work is to describe the synthesis of new stationary phases based upon ionic liquids and to discuss their application to the separation of pharmaceutical compounds. The tunable nature of immobilized ionic liquids will be demonstrated by the variation of the cation-anion combination.The goal of the remaining chapters is to demonstrate HPLC applications for analyzing natural products and for performing enantiomeric separations. The usefulness of HPLC in separating antioxidants in rosemary and in conducting a degradation study of the …

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2013 Ii Cu Suri (Common Poster), Vanessa Selimovic, Loriann Reese, Ruthie Nelson, Emma Sleeman, Hibery Ho, Maria Polozova Jan 2013

2013 Ii Cu Suri (Common Poster), Vanessa Selimovic, Loriann Reese, Ruthie Nelson, Emma Sleeman, Hibery Ho, Maria Polozova

CUP Undergraduate Research

A common poster providing information for several research projects: aerosol particles, deoxycytidine kinase, squaraine rotaxanes, glycol nucleic acied, and Kombucha.

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Advanced Combinatorial Testing Algorithms And Applications, Linbin Yu Jan 2013

Advanced Combinatorial Testing Algorithms And Applications, Linbin Yu

Computer Science and Engineering Dissertations - Archive

Combinatorial testing (CT) has been shown to be a very effective testing strategy. Given a system with n parameters, t-way combinatorial testing, where t is typically much smaller than n, requires that all t-way combinations, i.e., all combinations involving any t parameter values, be covered by at least one test. This dissertation focuses on two important problems in combinatorial testing, including constrained test generation and combinatorial sequence testing.For the first problem, we focus on constraint handling during combinatorial test generation. Constraints over input parameters are restrictions that must be satisfied in order for a test to be valid. Constraints can …

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Applying Combinatorial Testing To Systems With A Complex Input Space, Mehra Nouroz Borazjany Jan 2013

Applying Combinatorial Testing To Systems With A Complex Input Space, Mehra Nouroz Borazjany

Computer Science and Engineering Dissertations - Archive

Combinatorial testing, which has been shown very effective in fault detection, is a testing strategy that applies the theory of combinatorial design to test software programs. Given a program under test with k parameters, t-way combinatorial testing requires all combinations of values of t (out of k) parameters be covered at least once, where t is usually a small integer. Combinatorial testing can significantly reduce the cost of testing while increasing its effectiveness.Input space modeling is an important step in combinatorial testing. The input space of a subject program must be modeled before combinatorial testing can be applied to it. …

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Development, Evaluation And Application Of Cyclofructans As Separation Agents, Nilusha L.T Padivitage Jan 2013

Development, Evaluation And Application Of Cyclofructans As Separation Agents, Nilusha L.T Padivitage

Chemistry & Biochemistry Dissertations - Archive

Hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) is now considered as a viable and established analytical tool for the separation of very polar and hydrophilic compounds, which are not sufficiently retained under Reversed phase liquid chromatography (RPLC). HILIC is becoming a routine technique in the areas of proteomic and metabolomic research and it is steadily increasing in importance in the fields of pharmaceutical, biolological, environmental and food chemistry. HILIC shows a complementary selectivity to RPLC. The use of water-miscible organic rich mobile phases (generally a mixture of acetonitrile and water (1-40 % of water in the mobile phase) is compatible with atmospheric pressure …

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Dioxygen And Peroxide Activation By An Unnatural Amino Acid Incorporated Cytochrome P450cam And P450 Bm3, Leticia Loredo Jan 2013

Dioxygen And Peroxide Activation By An Unnatural Amino Acid Incorporated Cytochrome P450cam And P450 Bm3, Leticia Loredo

Chemistry & Biochemistry Dissertations - Archive

This study focuses on the process development for a nanobioreactor for the oxidation of aliphatic C-H bond by the dependent activation of molecular oxygen and hydrogen peroxide dependent catalysis of cytochrome P450cam and P450 BM3 and their genetically encoded 3-NH2tyrosine mutant enzymes.Oxidation of aliphatic carbons is an enormous challenge in classical synthesis due to their inert nature. However, it is significant in the production of fine chemicals and commodity products, which are precursors for the production of other valuable compounds.Among these reactions is the conversion of cyclohexane to cyclohexanol which is an intermediate in the production of nylon …

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Anion Detection In The Positive Ion Mode Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry By Use Of Cationic Ion Pairing Agents: Behavior And Applications, Edra Dodbiba Jan 2013

Anion Detection In The Positive Ion Mode Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry By Use Of Cationic Ion Pairing Agents: Behavior And Applications, Edra Dodbiba

Chemistry & Biochemistry Dissertations - Archive

Anion detection and quantitation has long been of great interest to many scientific areas of research in academic and industrial settings. Their importance extends to areas such as water and environmental analysis, biological system analysis, and also the pharmaceutical and food industries. A variety of sensitive detection methods have been developed for anions. Many of these methods have significant advantages, but also drawbacks. In my dissertation I have described a new method for the detection of anions using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) positive ion mode, and cationic ion pairing reagents. Using this method, anions are paired with a plethora …

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Design And Synthesis Of Flavin-Based Organocatalysts For Biomimetic Aerobic Oxidation Reactions, Shuai Chen Jan 2013

Design And Synthesis Of Flavin-Based Organocatalysts For Biomimetic Aerobic Oxidation Reactions, Shuai Chen

Chemistry & Biochemistry Dissertations - Archive

Oxidation reactions are among the most costly and least selective transformations in synthetic chemistry. Catalytic methods that utilize O₂ as a terminal oxidant strive to reduce the inefficiency in this large area of synthesis. Recent efforts have been aimed primarily at metal-/organometallic- or enzyme-catalyzed transformations. The goal of the research described in this dissertation was to develop organocatalytic systems based on natural biosynthetic catalysts in order to develop selective metal-free aerobic oxidations that function at room temperature. Prior to our work, riboflavin mimics were previously investigated to understand flavoenzyme function and to perform catalytic oxidations of primarily heteroatom systems. We …

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Multimodal Interaction In Ambient Intelligence Environments Using Speech, Localization And Robotics, Georgios Galatas Jan 2013

Multimodal Interaction In Ambient Intelligence Environments Using Speech, Localization And Robotics, Georgios Galatas

Computer Science and Engineering Dissertations - Archive

An Ambient Intelligence Environment is meant to sense and respond to the presence of people, using its embedded technology. In order to effectively sense the activities and intentions of its inhabitants, such an environment needs to utilize information captured from multiple sensors and modalities. By doing so, the interaction becomes more natural as well as accurate and robust. We have focused on 3 aspects of such an environment, using speech, localization and robotics. Speech is one of the most natural forms of communication for humans. Therefore, it can be used as one of the main information sources for deriving the …

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Exploratory Mining Of Collaborative Social Content, Mahashweta Das Jan 2013

Exploratory Mining Of Collaborative Social Content, Mahashweta Das

Computer Science and Engineering Dissertations - Archive

The widespread use and growing popularity of online collaborative content sites (e.g., Yelp, Amazon, IMDB) has created rich resources for consumers to consult in order to make purchasing decisions on various items such as restaurants, e-commerce products, movies, etc. It has also created new opportunities for producers of such items to improve business by designing better products, composing succinct advertisement snippets, building more effective personalized recommendation systems, etc. This motivates us to develop a framework for exploratory mining of user feedback on items in collaborative social content sites. Typically, the amount of user feedback (e.g., ratings, reviews) associated with an …

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Predicting Fracture Density In The Eagle Ford (Boquillas) Formation, Val Verde Basin, Texas, Sean Kimiagar Jan 2013

Predicting Fracture Density In The Eagle Ford (Boquillas) Formation, Val Verde Basin, Texas, Sean Kimiagar

Earth & Environmental Sciences Theses - Archive

Fracture density in hydrocarbon reservoirs is an important variable for efficient production of oil and gas in tight reservoirs. Fracture density is the fracture surface area per unit of volume, and the higher the reservoir fracture density, the higher its recovery factor. Being able to estimate the induced fracture density in advance of hydraulic fracturing will therefore help increase the knowledge of the reservoir and production efficiency. Theoretical considerations indicate that fracture density is related to strain energy. The purpose of this study is to verify the hypothesis that fracture density can be predicted under constant strain conditions using the …

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Predicting Esherichia Coli Levels In The Trinity River For Issuing Contact Recreation Warnings In The Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex, Angela Jo Kilpatrick Jan 2013

Predicting Esherichia Coli Levels In The Trinity River For Issuing Contact Recreation Warnings In The Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex, Angela Jo Kilpatrick

Earth & Environmental Sciences Theses - Archive

E. coli is an indicator for the potential of waterborne illness. However, tests for E. coli take 18 to 24 hours to produce results. During this time, citizens may be exposed to high levels of bacteria. As contact recreation increases in the Trinity River through the Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex, methods to predict E. coli levels from instantaneously measured water quality parameters may provide a better way to protect public health than the current standard methods.Predictive models were created using multiple linear least-squares regression for the three segments of the Trinity River that flow through the Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex. Initial results …

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Atomic And Molecular Adsorptions Of Hydrogen And Oxygen On Silicon Nanotubes: An Ab Initio Study, Haoliang Chen Jan 2013

Atomic And Molecular Adsorptions Of Hydrogen And Oxygen On Silicon Nanotubes: An Ab Initio Study, Haoliang Chen

Physics Dissertations - Archive

A systematic ab initio study of silicon nanotubes (SiNTs) in single-walled, double-walled armchair and zigzag configurations will be presented. Electronic and structural properties of all these nanostructures have been calculated using hybrid density functional B3LYP and 3-21G* basis set as implemented in the GAUSSIAN 03/09 suite of software. The binding energy increases as diameter of the nanotube increases generally for both armchair and zigzag SiNTs. The HOMO-LUMO gaps of the armchair and zigzag SiNTs are in the range from 0.20 to 1.81 eV and do not show any metallic behavior. Radial buckling calculations indicate that the armchair SiNTs all have …

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Predicting A New Quaternary Photocatalyst Suitable For Pec Process To Produce Hydrogen And Determnation Of Its Structural, Electronics, And Optical Properties Using Density Functional Theory, Pranab Sarker Jan 2013

Predicting A New Quaternary Photocatalyst Suitable For Pec Process To Produce Hydrogen And Determnation Of Its Structural, Electronics, And Optical Properties Using Density Functional Theory, Pranab Sarker

Physics Theses - Archive

Our present work represents a comprehensive theoretical and computational research in quest for predicting new photocatalysts suitable for photoelectrochemical process (PEC) to produce hydrogen by splitting water. We predict a new photocatalyst, CuBiW₂O₈ that exhibits some promising photocatalytic features seemed elusive to date. It is well known that all physical properties are calculated once ground state structure is known. However, knowing crystal structure is extremely challenging and was considered unpredictable before the material is synthesized. Our density functional theory (DFT) determines the crystal structure of CuBiW₂O₈ to be monoclinic which was later found energetically equivalent to its experimental counterpart. In …

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The Electronic Properties Of Noble Metal Doped Silicon Nanocrystals Using Hybrid Density Functional Theory, Cedric Leon Mayfield Jan 2013

The Electronic Properties Of Noble Metal Doped Silicon Nanocrystals Using Hybrid Density Functional Theory, Cedric Leon Mayfield

Physics Theses - Archive

One of the most challenging issues in semiconductor physics is to engineer band structures for a particular device. Contemporary photovoltaic (PV) and photoelectrochemical (PEC) devices rely on defect energy levels and nano-scaling to customize their band structures. As the length scale of a material becomes comparable to the exciton Bohr radius the free particle behavior of charge carriers transition to bound states where energy levels are quantized. In this thesis, hybrid density functional theory has been used to study the electronic properties of silicon nanocrystals (SiNCs) having 75, 150 and 300 silicon atoms. The atomic coordinates were defined by two …

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Effects Of Discrete Time Delays And Parameters Variation On Dynamical Systems, Ibrahim Oumar Diakite Jan 2013

Effects Of Discrete Time Delays And Parameters Variation On Dynamical Systems, Ibrahim Oumar Diakite

Mathematics Dissertations - Archive

To understand the effects of discrete time delays and of parameters variation on certain biological system models, we first consider a Delay Differential Equation model of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). We investigate the effects of the discrete time on the virulence of the HIV strain, and present sufficient and necessary condition for the virulence of the pathogen to change as the time delay changes. We also consider the same delay differential model for HIV infection, and we investigate analytically and numerically the stability of the endemically infected equilibrium. Our analysis shows that certain key parameters, such as the rate of …

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Haplotype-Based Statistical Inference For Case-Control Genetic Association Studies With Complex Sampling, Daoying Lin Jan 2013

Haplotype-Based Statistical Inference For Case-Control Genetic Association Studies With Complex Sampling, Daoying Lin

Mathematics Dissertations - Archive

With the advances in human genome research, it is now believed that the risks of many complex diseases are triggered by the interplay of genetic susceptibilities and environmental exposures. The population-based case-control study (PBCCS) is widely used to investigate the role of genetic variants and environmental exposures in the etiology of complex diseases. There are numerous ways to implement the selection process of cases and controls. In its simplest form, a simple random sampling (SRS) design is used to choose cases and controls from diseased and disease-free population, respectively. Though SRS is easy to conduct and relevant statistical methodologies are …

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The Polynomial Chaos Method With Applications To Random Differential Equations, Juan Antonio Licea Salazar Jan 2013

The Polynomial Chaos Method With Applications To Random Differential Equations, Juan Antonio Licea Salazar

Mathematics Dissertations - Archive

The role of randomness in mathematical models is of paramount importance, with emphasis placed upon the accuracy and reliability of predictions a rational approach is the use of differential equations with random parameters to describe natural phenomena. Well known methods such as Monte Carlo methods and the method of moments have been implemented to approximate the solutions to random differential equations in the last few decades. In this work, analytic solutions to a particular Riccati type dierential equation and discrete delay dierential equation with random coefficients are derived, also, due to its spectral rate of convergence and simplicity, the polynomial …

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Numerical Studies For M-Matrix Algebraic Riccati Equations, Weichao Wang Jan 2013

Numerical Studies For M-Matrix Algebraic Riccati Equations, Weichao Wang

Mathematics Dissertations - Archive

A new doubling algorithm - Alternating-Directional Doubling Algorithm (ADDA) - is developed for computing the unique minimal nonnegative solution of an M-Matrix Algebraic Riccati Equation (MARE). It is argued by both theoretical analysis and numerical experiments that ADDA is always faster than two existing doubling algorithms - SDA of Guo, Lin, and Xu (Numer. Math., 103 (2006), pp. 393-412) and SDA-ss of Bini, Meini, and Poloni (Numer. Math., 116 (2010), pp. 553-578) for the same purpose. A deflation technique is then presented for an irreducible singular M-matrix Algebraic Riccati Equation (MARE). The technique improves the rateof convergence of a doubling …

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Interaction Of The Geomagnetic Field With Northward Interplanetary Magnetic Field, Shree K. Bhattarai Jan 2013

Interaction Of The Geomagnetic Field With Northward Interplanetary Magnetic Field, Shree K. Bhattarai

Physics Dissertations - Archive

The interaction of the solar wind with Earth's magnetic field causes the transfer of momentum and energy from the solar wind to geospace. The study of this interaction is gaining significance as our society is becoming more and more space based, due to which, predicting space weather has become more important. The solar wind interacts with the geomagnetic field primarily via two processes: viscous interaction and the magnetic reconnection. Both of these interactions result in the generation of an electric field in Earth's ionosphere. The overall topology and dynamics of the magnetosphere, as well as the electric field imposed on …

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