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Full-Text Articles in Physical Sciences and Mathematics

Possibilities Of Ensiling Meadow Grass With Different Water Content, Roman Moraczewski, Helena Jurkiewicz Jul 2026

Possibilities Of Ensiling Meadow Grass With Different Water Content, Roman Moraczewski, Helena Jurkiewicz

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The paper involves results of investigations into the influence of various methods of grass preservation, different cutting times, and dif­Jerent water contents on the nutrient and min­eral levels in the silage. These results show good possibilities of preserving meadow grass by ensiling. Silage fodder has higher contents of crude protein, crude fibre, crude fat, and ash constituents than are found in hay dried under optimum conditions.

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Material And Processing Characteristics Of Grasses And Grass Silages, Manfred Muller, Georg Otto Jul 2026

Material And Processing Characteristics Of Grasses And Grass Silages, Manfred Muller, Georg Otto

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Material and processing characteristics are essential initial values for planning of proce­dures in industrialized crop production. From the technological stages and process sequences from grass mowing to removing the silage, the following key operations can be derived: chop­ping,. compressing, storing, and removing. For adequate planning of procedures it is necessary to determine the quantitative relations between the essential factors: chopper throughput, pro­portion of short chop, crude fibre content, and relative final density. A relation suitable for practical application and providing sufficient accuracy is established for estimating the mean dry matter content of a trailer load. If high­quality silage is to …

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Comparison Of Three Techniques Of Forage Conservation, Tereza Kotapska, Tadeusz Olszewski Jul 2026

Comparison Of Three Techniques Of Forage Conservation, Tereza Kotapska, Tadeusz Olszewski

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

At the Instytut Mechanizacji i Elektryfikacji Rolnictwa technological trials have been per­formed on green forage conservation under plastic sheeting using round formers from the Italian manufacturers Frigieri, a silage press from the French firm Kuhn, and portable seg­ments of Polish production for the erection clamp silos. The trials covered the operating quality of the equipment and the evaluation of silage quality. During the trials, the performance of the equipment on erecting the silos and specific labour expenditure were established. In addi­tion, an economic rating was made of the ensiling process and of the general suitability of the above methods for …

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Losses And Stability Of Silage In Dependence On The Degree Of Air Influence, G Weise, H Rettig, G Suckow Jul 2026

Losses And Stability Of Silage In Dependence On The Degree Of Air Influence, G Weise, H Rettig, G Suckow

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

On the basis of model concepts of physical gas exchange, a method has been developed for studying the complex relations existing be­tween the parameters indicating ensilability and the specific local conditions for silage making (degree of anaerobiosis). Conclusions are drawn as to quantitative relations between the depth of the peripheral layers of a silage stock that are endangered by air, the initial density of the silage material, and the sealing of the silage top during the filling and storage periods. Therefrom, certain thresh­olds can be derived for minimum filling height per day as depending on the initial density of the …

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Factors Influencing The Formation Of Effluent In Forage Ensiling, G Peters, F Weissbach Jul 2026

Factors Influencing The Formation Of Effluent In Forage Ensiling, G Peters, F Weissbach

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The amount of effluent formed in ensiling forage crops depends, above all, on the dry matter content of the initial material, on the pressure exerted on the feed stock, and on the kind of crop ensiled. Expected values of effluent a­mount were derived from model experiments and calculations. Adequate wilting of suitable forage crops will allow to reduce or prevent effluent formation. The degree of wilting re­quired depends on the height of the feed stock and on the kind of silo used. The limit of 30 % DM in initial material, so far generally accepted for effluent formation, only applies …

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Wilted Silage Production For The Supply Of Large Cattle Populations, Wilhelm Schwandt Jul 2026

Wilted Silage Production For The Supply Of Large Cattle Populations, Wilhelm Schwandt

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

For supplying large cattle populations with high-quality roughage it is necessary to make available big forage batches of good and large­ly uniform quality. From 4,675 hectares of seed­ed grassland, the ZBE Pflanzenproduktion Ferdinandshof(Ferdinandshofinter-farmestab­lishment for crop production) every year pro­duce in good quality more than 80,000 tons of wilted silage. The material and technical basis of this forage production along industrial lines consists of powerful machine systems that are operated in multi-machine complexes, the oper­ators doing shift work.

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Fundamentals Of Technique For The Employment Of Formic Acid In Ensiling Of Green Forage, O Knabe, E Muller Jul 2026

Fundamentals Of Technique For The Employment Of Formic Acid In Ensiling Of Green Forage, O Knabe, E Muller

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

A model was used to work out fundamentals of technique for the employment of formic acid in ensiling of wilted green· forage under industry-like conditions of production. From the parameters: result of preservation, ex­tent of dry matter losses, costs, and profit, the optimum length of the wilting phase in the field and the usefulness of combining the ensil­ing of wilted green forage with the employment of formic acid have been determined. The following practice is recommended for optimum planning of the technique: field curing of green forage for two days followed by preservation either as wilted silage or with admixture …

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Decomposition Processes And Effects Of Nitrate In Ensiling Green Forage, Ehrengard Hein, F Weissbach Jul 2026

Decomposition Processes And Effects Of Nitrate In Ensiling Green Forage, Ehrengard Hein, F Weissbach

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Summary As forage production is increasingly intensified, forage batches with increased nitrate content have to be handled. The forage nitrate may be decomposed during the ensiling process. A major portion of the nitrate, however, is retained in stable lactic acid silage. Only spoilt 􀀂ilages are free from nitrate. Byfar the greater part of the nitrate is reduced to ammonia. Gaseous nitrate decomposition products are produced to only a small extent. They almost exclusively consist of nitrogen monoxide. The formation of ammonia from nitrate was experimentally demonstrated by means of 15N. The reduction of nitrate involved in anaerobic post-fennenta­tion is associated …

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Changes Of The Carbohydrate Fraction In Grasses In The Course Of Vegetation And Effects On Fermentability, W Seyfarth, O Knabe, H Arnold Jul 2026

Changes Of The Carbohydrate Fraction In Grasses In The Course Of Vegetation And Effects On Fermentability, W Seyfarth, O Knabe, H Arnold

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

In experimental ensiling of Dactylis glomerata L., Lolium perenne L., Festuca pratensis Huds., Phleum pratense L., and Lolium multijlorum Lamk., the relations were studied that exist between individual plant carbohydrates and various fermentation products. There was a negative influence of sugars of the galactose group and of pentoses on the formation of silages rich in lactic acid. Growing experiments have shown the beginning of emergence of inflorescences to be the most favourable time of cutting in regard to the fermentability of green forage plants. The experimental results emphasize the ne­cessity of more precisely describing the car­bohydrate content of forage plants. …

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Investigations Into The Prevention Of The Aerobic Deteriora­Tion Of Maize Silage, Michael K. Woolford, John E. Cook Jul 2026

Investigations Into The Prevention Of The Aerobic Deteriora­Tion Of Maize Silage, Michael K. Woolford, John E. Cook

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Propionic acid and the antibiotic pimancm have been studied as potential agents for in­creasing the aerobic stability of maize silage. In separate experiments propionic acid at 1.25 % and pimaricin at 0.026 % of the dry matter stabilized silage for 19 and 13 days respectively, the longest storage periods exam­ined. The influence of these agents in preventing increase in temperature was substantiated by data on microbial populations, losses in dry matter and changes in pH.

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New Procedures Of Preserving Beet Tops, Hedvika Maskova, Jiri Havelik Jul 2026

New Procedures Of Preserving Beet Tops, Hedvika Maskova, Jiri Havelik

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The possibility was tested of preserving chopped (homogenized) beet tops in experimental tower silos. The treatments without preservatives were compared with treatments using pro­pionic acid (0.5 %) and allylisothiocyanate (1: 10,000). Silage quality, dry matter losses, and secondary fermentation 24, 72, 168, and 240 hours after unloading were determined. Chopping of beet tops was found to have a positive effect on the utilization of the silo volume and on the mechanization of silage handling, and to avoid the need of supple­mental compaction. Allylisothiocyanate and propionic acid had a favourable effect on the preservation process and helped to cut losses caused …

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Quality Of Feeding Stuffs From Herbage As Influenced By Ensiling And Other Preservation Methods, V A. Bondarev Jul 2026

Quality Of Feeding Stuffs From Herbage As Influenced By Ensiling And Other Preservation Methods, V A. Bondarev

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Artificial drying is at present the most perfect way of preserving cut herbage. It is not only the most nutrient-saving method, but it also secures best quality of feeding stuffs. In regard to the production cost, however, artificial drying is inferior to the making of wilted silage from herbage. The crop to be made into wilted silage should be wilted down to 50-55 p.c. moisture content. Picking up herbage with a moisture content of 60 p.c. and more is nothing more but an emergency step. The ensiling of grasses with admixture of formic acid gives a feeding stuff equivalent in …

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Comparison Off Ormic Acid And A Formaldehyde + Formic Acid Mixture As Silage Additives, Per Lingvall Jul 2026

Comparison Off Ormic Acid And A Formaldehyde + Formic Acid Mixture As Silage Additives, Per Lingvall

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Clover-grass silages have been made in tower silos using formic acid or a formaldehyde +formic acid mixture (67: 33) as additives. Untreated controls were included. The storage losses were recorded and the feeding values of the different silages compared in experi­ments with growing heifers. Both additives decreased storage losses and improved the feed efficiency measured as consumption of metab­olizable energy per kg weight gain.

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The Effect Of Addition Of Formic Acid, With Or Without Formalin, On The Conservation Quality, Digestibility, Nutritive Value, And Nitrogen Balance Of Direct-Cut Silage, C Demarquilly, Elisabeth Grenet, J P. Dulphy Jul 2026

The Effect Of Addition Of Formic Acid, With Or Without Formalin, On The Conservation Quality, Digestibility, Nutritive Value, And Nitrogen Balance Of Direct-Cut Silage, C Demarquilly, Elisabeth Grenet, J P. Dulphy

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

From 34 standing crops of grasses or legumes, 93 direct-cut silages were prepared: 33 without additive, 37 with formic acid (3.5 or 5 1/t), 10 with formic acid and 1.5 1/t formalin, 15 with formic acid and 3.5 to 5 1/t formalin. The conservation quality of the silages was improved by the addition of formic acid and even further by the mixture of formic acid and formalin. Silage digestibility is similar to that of the corresponding green forage, but the addi­tion of formalin considerably reduces protein digestibility (by 2 to 8 points). The voluntary intake of silage is lower than …

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The Influence Of Formalin Addition On The Quality Of Silages Made Of Meadow Grass, Alfalfa Or Red Clover, Witold Podkowka, Janina Janas, Jan Mikolajczak Jul 2026

The Influence Of Formalin Addition On The Quality Of Silages Made Of Meadow Grass, Alfalfa Or Red Clover, Witold Podkowka, Janina Janas, Jan Mikolajczak

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

From 1974 to 1976, experiments were carried out on the influence of different doses of formalin and of mixtures of formalin + other preservatives (formalin + sodium benzoate; formalin + sulphuric acid) on the quality of silages made of meadow grass, alfalfa, or red clover, respectively. The digestibility of crude protein in the silages made of alfalfa or red clover was examined and defined on sheep. The investigations revealed that the effect of formalin was dependent on the raw material ensiled. Ensiling meadow grass or red clover yielded good results, but there was almost no effect after ensiling alfalfa. Good …

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The Effects Of Mixtures Of Formalin And Acid On Silage Fermentation, Robert F. Wilson, Roger J. Wilkins Jul 2026

The Effects Of Mixtures Of Formalin And Acid On Silage Fermentation, Robert F. Wilson, Roger J. Wilkins

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Three experiments are described in which herbages were ensiled in test-tube silos without additive or after the addition of mixtures containing formalin with formic, sulphuric or phosphoric acid in order to restrict fermen­tation in the silo. Silages containing less than 5 % of the dry matter as fermentation acids and with low contents of ammonia were pro­duced with mixtures containing either 0.1 % of the fresh crop weight as formaldehyde with 10 meq of formic or sulphuric acid/ 100 g of crop or with 0.2 % of formaldehyde with 5 meq of either acid. Phosphoric acid was less effective than …

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Studies Regarding The Effects And The Optimal Do Sis Of Formic Acid In Ensiling High-Protein Forages, F Weissbach, Ehrengard Hein, L Schmidt Jul 2026

Studies Regarding The Effects And The Optimal Do Sis Of Formic Acid In Ensiling High-Protein Forages, F Weissbach, Ehrengard Hein, L Schmidt

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The method for wilted silage production along industrial lines should be completed by adding an effective preservative to the green forage when weather conditions do not allow its adequate wilting. Formic acid has proved suitable for that purpose. To obtain reliable preservation effects it is necessary to consider the limits within which formic acid has the desired effect, as well as the dosis required for the prevailing conditions. These figures must be derived for a particular forage crop from its dry matter content (DM %) and sugar/ buffering capacity ratio (S/BC). The range over which formic acid has the desired …

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Studies On The Host Plant Range Of Claviceps Purpurea (Fr.) Tul. Influence Of Host Plant On Shape And Size Of Conidia, Kate Frauenstein Jul 2026

Studies On The Host Plant Range Of Claviceps Purpurea (Fr.) Tul. Influence Of Host Plant On Shape And Size Of Conidia, Kate Frauenstein

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

In case of Claviceps purpurea(Fr.) Tul. different physiological forms exist that stand out for preferred infestation of certain species of grass­es. In the conidia contained in honeydew longish and circular types can be distinguished. The shape of the conidia, however, is deter­mined primarily by the respective host plant and cannot be regarded as characteristic feature of a special form of Claviceps purpurea (Fr.) Tul.

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Virus Diseases On Leguminous Forage Crops In The German Democratic Republic, H E. Schimdt, H Kleinhempel, H B. Schmidt, V Valenta, M Musil Jul 2026

Virus Diseases On Leguminous Forage Crops In The German Democratic Republic, H E. Schimdt, H Kleinhempel, H B. Schmidt, V Valenta, M Musil

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Based on serological, electronoptical investi­gations and using test plants, 13 viruses were detected on leguminous forage crops. Most of the 44 natural virus-host combinations were caused by infections with bean yellow mosaic virus, alfalfa mosaic virus, and pea enation mosaic virus.

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On The Importance And Control Of Amaurosoma Armillatum Zett. And A. Flavipes Fall. In Seed Stands Of Phleum Pratense L., Manfred Ahnert Jul 2026

On The Importance And Control Of Amaurosoma Armillatum Zett. And A. Flavipes Fall. In Seed Stands Of Phleum Pratense L., Manfred Ahnert

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

On the basis of three-year investigations con­ducted in the County of Karl-Marx-Stadt, an outline is given of both the economic impor­tance and control of Amaurosoma spp. Special emphasis is laid on the factors that influence abundance and infestation, on the damage from larval eating on the false spikes, on seed losses, and on the results of experiments for chemical control. Furthermore, the possibili­ties are discussed that exist for limiting infesta­tion levels by tillage and crop husbandry ope­rations on the transition to industrial methods of production in socialist agriculture.

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Etiology And Control Of Total White Ears In Grass Stands For Seed Production, Theo Wetzel Jul 2026

Etiology And Control Of Total White Ears In Grass Stands For Seed Production, Theo Wetzel

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The total white ears is one of the major diseases of forage grasses grown for seeds. Heavy losses are common in fescue species and in Poa pratensis L. While non-parasital factors can be neglected as a cause of the white ears, the tarsonemid mites, especially the species Siteroptes graminum (Reuter) and Steneotarso­nemus spirifex (Marchal), are major animal pests. Limiting the period of use of such seed grass stands to a maximum of 2 years and the application of lindane and oleo-parathion prep­arations have proved effective control meas­ures.

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Some Consequences Of A Prolonged Absence Of Invertebrates From A Perennial Rye Grass Sward, R O. Clements, I F. Henderson Jul 2026

Some Consequences Of A Prolonged Absence Of Invertebrates From A Perennial Rye Grass Sward, R O. Clements, I F. Henderson

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

In a long-term experiment, substantial increases in herbage yield, of up to 24 %, have been obtained by applying large experimental doses of pesticides to a sward of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne). Good control of all the in­vertebrate fauna was achieved. The long-term absence of beneficial species such as earth­worms has led to deleterious effects on soil structure with a consequent effect on yield im­provements. Other observations show that the layer of leaf litter on the soil surface of pesti­cide-treated plots has built up considerably and that the bulk density of the soil in these plots has increased. …

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Soil Nematodes And Forage Production Of Some Cool Season Grasses, C S. Hoveland, R L. Haaland, R Rodriguez-Kabana Jul 2026

Soil Nematodes And Forage Production Of Some Cool Season Grasses, C S. Hoveland, R L. Haaland, R Rodriguez-Kabana

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Nematodes in sandy soils of the southeastern U.S.A. are a major factor in reducing forage yields and stands of cool season perennial grass­es such as orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.), and phalaris (Phalaris aquatica L.). Soil treat­ment with methyl bromide or carbofuran (2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-7-benzofuranyl methyl­carbamate) nematicide has resulted in 30 to over 300 % increases in forage yields of these perennial grasses and of cool season annual grasses such as rye (Secale cereale L.) and annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.). • Root pruning by the nematodes reduces effec­tive rooting depth in terms of …

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Conditions And Possibilities For The Directed Control Of Apion Species In Large Red Clover Seed Stands, Helmut Bochow, Christian Zchimmer, Helga Delinsky Jul 2026

Conditions And Possibilities For The Directed Control Of Apion Species In Large Red Clover Seed Stands, Helmut Bochow, Christian Zchimmer, Helga Delinsky

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

For direction in the control of blossom-damag­ing Apion species in red clover seed stands, a programme was developed to observe the pests by determining their population density on plants and blossom buds. In dependence on a threshold in the degree of pest attack, appli­cations of insecticides were orientated to the time when the second clover growth developed green blossom buds. Best results were obtained with polychlorcamphen in higher dosages and at high temperatures. Applications of lindane, kelevan, and methoxychlor + lindane were not successful. The most frequent species of Apion were A. trifolii and A. apricans.

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Relations Between Lucerne Grown For Forage And Insect Pests. Their Importance For The Control Of These Pests, Rene Bournoville Jul 2026

Relations Between Lucerne Grown For Forage And Insect Pests. Their Importance For The Control Of These Pests, Rene Bournoville

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The repartition of the main insect pests of lu­cerne forage production is described: during the sowing year weevils are less abundant than in the following years, the specific com­position of the Sitona is also different. Several tables show the repartition of these pests on the different growth cycles: weevils are more abundant on the 1st and 2nd growths, biting insects on the 3rd and 4th. Date of cutting offers some means of control especially in autumn by preventing the populations of the pea aphid and eliminating the larvae of Apion pisi. We compare a North American variety selected for its …

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Results Of Herbicide Application In An Integrated System Of Alfalfa/Field Grass Production, Klaus Sieberhein, Inge Stracke, Fritz Hofmann, Irmgard Meier Jul 2026

Results Of Herbicide Application In An Integrated System Of Alfalfa/Field Grass Production, Klaus Sieberhein, Inge Stracke, Fritz Hofmann, Irmgard Meier

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The experimental results so far available reveal that in an integrated system of alfalfa/field grass production the systematic control of certain weed species will help to improve crop yield and crop quality, to facilitate tillage, to save material, and to cut labour expenditure. Likewise, is has been proved that the efficient application of herbicides is likely to gain ground as crop production is being increased through socialist intensification.

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Resistance Of Tropical Pasture Species To Herbicides, Punjabrao Amritrao Chadhokar Jul 2026

Resistance Of Tropical Pasture Species To Herbicides, Punjabrao Amritrao Chadhokar

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The effect of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T at 0.08, 0.16, 0.32, and 0.48 per cent concentration in 7001/ha water on the resistance of young and old trop­ical legumes, and the effect of dalapon at 4 and 8 kg/ha and of glyphosate at l and 2 kg/ha in 1125 1/ha water on the resistance of the old tropical grasses were assessed. Amongst the legumes, stylo showed the highest resistance and siratro the least, both at young and old stages of growth, followed by puero and Greenleaf desmodium at the old stage, especially at lower rate of application of 2,4-D. The effect of …

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Experimental Results With Various Herbicides In Established Alfalfa, Taib Saric, Refik Numic Jul 2026

Experimental Results With Various Herbicides In Established Alfalfa, Taib Saric, Refik Numic

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

5-year experiments with herbicides were run in the mixture of alfalfa, red clover, timothy grass, and Italian ryegrass. On untreated plots, in the 5-year average 72 weed plants were found per 1 m2 , belonging to 66 weed species. Among them most numerous were: Stellaria media, Veronica agrestis, Poa annua, Lamium purpureum,Taraxacum officinale, and Capsella bursa pastoris. The most efficient herbicide was Etazin, killing 88 % of weeds. None of the applied herbicides controlled perennial weeds. Etazin was tolerated by alfalfa, but was toxic to the other three crops. Kerb, Kerb-Mix, and Multi­tok were toxic to sown grasses, while …

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Results Of Controlling Couchgrass (Agropyron Repens (L.) P.B.) With Sys 67® Omnidel (Na-Dcp) As A Practice To Intensify Forage Crop Production, Klaus Sieberhein, Werner Kuntze, Walter Drauschke Jul 2026

Results Of Controlling Couchgrass (Agropyron Repens (L.) P.B.) With Sys 67® Omnidel (Na-Dcp) As A Practice To Intensify Forage Crop Production, Klaus Sieberhein, Werner Kuntze, Walter Drauschke

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

As new farming practices have developed, the methods of couchgrass control before growing forage crops have changed, too. To ensure adequate conditions for the establishment of forage crops, infestation with couchgrass can be successfully controlled by application of SYS 67® Omnidel. This practice also promotes adequate stand density and persistence of the forage crops and provides optimum conditions for the further intensification of forage crop production. The integrated control measures described should be taken before sowing, i.e. between late summer and autumn.

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The Improvement Of Juncus Meadows On Temporarily Waterlogged Soils In The Socialist Republic Of Romania, Nikolae Simtea Jul 2026

The Improvement Of Juncus Meadows On Temporarily Waterlogged Soils In The Socialist Republic Of Romania, Nikolae Simtea

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Experiments were carried out to improve mead­ows on temporarily waterlogged soils with 25 % of Juncus spp. in the sward. Under grazing conditions, Juncus was ex­terminated by applying 5 kg 2,4-D per hectare and year in the course of two years and cutting after each treatment. Complete destruction of Juncus spp. was reached by means of plough­ing up and reseeding. After that practice Dactylis glomerata developed best. The seeded meadow responded well to fertili­zation. The highest yield increment (6.02 t DM/ha) was reached at fertilizer rates of 240 kg N, 90 kg P, and 90 kg K per hectare. The …

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