Veterinary Medicine Commons^™

Replacing Steam-Flaked Corn And Dry Rolled Corn With Condensed Distillers Solubles In Finishing Diets, Alex H. Titlow, Adam L. Shreck, Stephanie A. Furman Furman, Karla Jenkins, Matt K. Luebbe, Galen E. Erickson

Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports

The interaction between corn processing method and condensed distillers solubles (CDS) was evaluated using either steam-flaked corn (SFC) or dry rolled corn (DRC). As CDS replaced corn at either 15 or 30% of the diet DM, DMI intake decreased quadratically for both SFC and DRC. Within DRC- based diets, ADG increased quadratically with 15% CDS being greatest and F:G improved quadratically with 30% inclusion being best. When SFC was used as the grain source, ADG increased linearly and F:G improved quadratically with increasing levels of CDS. A greater performance response was observed with SFC compared to DRC when feeding increased …

The Effect Of Lameness On Average Daily Gain In Feedlot Steers, Giselle T. Kruse, Richard R. Randle, Douglas E. Hostetler Hostetler, Gary K. Tibbetts, Dicky D. Griffin, Kathryn J. Hanford, Terry Klopfenstein, Galen E. Erickson, Brandon L. Nuttelman, David R. Smith

Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports

The objective of this study was to test the effects of lameness on average daily gain (ADG) of feedlot steers. We evaluated two feedlot health data sets: 1) 14,798 steers from a 14-year period (1993 to 2006) at the Meat Animal Research Center (USDA MARC) near Clay Center, Neb.; and 2) 16,766 steers from an 8-year period (2002 to 2009) at the University of Nebraska Agricultural Research and Development Center (ARDC) near Mead, Neb. The ADG for USDA MARC steers with lameness late in the feeding period (≥ 60 days) was 0.04 lb./day less than steers without lameness. The ADG …

Including Next Enhance® Essential Oils In Finishing Diets On Performance With Or Without Rumensin® And Tylan®, Curtis J. Bittner, Galen E. Erickson, Karla Jenkins Jenkins, Matt K. Luebbe, Troy Wistuba

Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports

Finishing cattle performance was evaluated using NEXT ENHANCE essential oils in finishing diets. Treatments consisted of 1) control (CON), 2) NEXT ENHANCE at 300 mg/day (NE), 3) Rumensin and Tylan at 360 and 90 mg/day, respectively (RT), or 4) NEXT ENHANCE plus Rumensin and Tylan (NERT). No NEXT ENHANCE by Rumensin/Tylan interaction was observed. Steers fed Rumensin/Tylan had decreased F:G and increased live final BW and marbling score. The prevalence of liver abscesses decreased 46% when steers were fed Rumensin/Tylan. Including NEXT ENHANCE in finishing diets did not impact performance or carcass characteristics.

The Effect Of Commensal Microbial Communities On The Fecal Shedding Of Shiga Toxin-Producing E. Coli (Stec) In Beef Cattle, Nirosh D. Aluthge, Yoshitha A. Wanniarachchi, Brandon L. Nuttelman Nuttelman, Cody J. Schneider, Terry Klopfenstein, Galen E. Erickson, Jayne E. Stratton, Samodha C. Fernando

Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports

This ongoing study compares the gut microbial community composition between shedding steers high in shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) counts and low-shedding steers. Shedders were identified among 170 beef animals over three time periods using selective microbiological culture media. The isolated bacterial cultures were confirmed to be STEC using PCR, 16s rRNA sequencing and a shiga toxin immunoassay. The most abundant strains found in the cattle feces were those belonging to the serogroups O111 (40.3%) and O157:H7 (37.3%), with O103 (8.3%), O26 (6.0%), O83 (4.5%), and O55 (3.0%) being detected in much lower numbers . Out of the 52 animals …

Hormonal Residues In Feedlot Pens And Runoff, Terry L. Mader, Leslie J. Johnson, Shannon L. Bartelt-Hunt Hunt, Daniel D. Snow, William L. Kranz, Charles A. Shapiro, Simon Van Donk, David P. Shelton, David Tarkalson, Tian Zhang

Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports

Two identically designed trials were conducted in separate years at the University of Nebraska Haskell Agricultural Laboratory, Concord, Neb., using 192 crossbred heifers (96/trial). Within a trial, heifers were assigned randomly to 2 groups (3 pens/group): 1) treatment (TRT) animals were administered synthetic hormones via subcutaneous implants (Ralgro and Revalor-H) and fed Melengesterol Acetate (MGA), or 2) control (CON) animals with no synthetic hormone provided.

Gains and feed conversions were 18.8 and 7.5% better, respectively, for TRT, while CON had 16.7% greater choice and prime carcasses. In runoff samples, progesterone was greater for CON. With the exception of androsterone, average …

Anaerobic Digestion Of Finishing Cattle Manure, Andrea K. Watson, Galen E. Erickson, Terry Klopfenstein Klopfenstein, Samodha C. Fernando, Jana L. Harding

Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports

Utilizing manure from cattle fed distillers grains in anaerobic digesters improved methane production and DM degradation of manure compared to manure from cattle fed no distillers grains. Manure from cattle fed in open lot pens had soil contamination which decreased OM content and led to decreased total methane production (L/day), but not when expressed as methane/g OM. If ash buildup is avoided, open lot manure can be used as anaerobic digester feedstock.

Effect Of Development System On Heifer Performance And Primiparous Heifer Grazing Behavior, Adam F. Summers, T. L. Meyer, Jacqueline Musgrave Musgrave, Stetson P. Weber, Rick N. Funston

Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports

The effect of heifer development system on primiparous heifer performance grazing corn residue during late gestation was investigated. Weaned heifers grazing corn residue tended to have reduced final BW after corn residue grazing compared to heifers grazing winter range. However reproductive performance for the two treatments was similar. When grazing corn residue as pregnant heifers during late gestation, heifers developed on corn residue had improved ADG compared to drylot-developed heifers and tended to have increased ADG compared to winter range-developed heifers. Adaptation to corn residue grazing as a developing heifer improves primiparous heifer performance grazing corn residue during late gestation.

Evaluation Of A New Chemistry For Rangeland Grasshopper Control, Jeffrey Bradshaw, Karla Jenkins, Sean Doyle Whipple Whipple, Rick Patrick

Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports

A grasshopper control study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of a new class of systemic chemical. The new pesticide Prevathon^® (high and low levels) was compared to Coragen^®, Dimilin^®, and a nontreated check. Grasshoppers were numerically reduced the most by Coragen and Prevathon, though not significant. The highest level of Prevathon did not numerically impact beneficial insects in general. Biomass and forage quality were not significantly impacted by chemical treatment. However, forage biomass was numericallygreatest for the highest level of Prevathon. Prevathon appears to be an acceptable systemic pesticide for grasshopper control with minimal …

Current Therapeutic Approaches To Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis, L. Dirikolu, Jonathan H. Foreman, Thomas Tobin

Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center Faculty Publications

Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis is the most important infectious neurologic disease of horses in the Western Hemisphere. Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis can interfere with a horse's ability to race, work, and perform; untreated, EPM can be lethal. Antemortem diagnosis of EPM is challenging, requiring careful evaluation of the animal's history, clinical signs, and laboratory data, with rigorous exclusion of other causes.

Therapeutic approaches to EPM are evolving. First-generation therapeutic approaches for EPM were based on the classic anti–Toxoplasma gondii pyrimethamine–sulfonamide combinations; treatment is prolonged and can be associated with a considerable relapse rate, which may be associated with the difficulty in …

Formation Of The Plexus Sacralis In Pheasants (Phasianus Colchicus Mongolicus) And Macroanatomic Investigation Of The Nerves Originating From The Plexus Sacralis, Fati̇h Ramazan İstanbullugi̇l, Hüseyi̇n Karadağ, Şami̇l Sefergi̇l, Nazan Gezer İnce, Hasan Alpak

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

The purpose of this study was to investigate the formation of the plexus sacralis in the Kyrgyz pheasant (Phasianus colchicus mongolicus) and the origin of the nerves emerging from the plexus sacralis. Five adult male Kyrgyz pheasants were used that had been hunted in their natural habitat near the town of Tokmok in the Chuy region of Kyrgyzstan. The plexus sacralis was found to be formed in the lumbar region by the ventral strands of sacral nerves 1 to 5, originating in the spinal cord. The plexus is composed of the truncus cranialis, which consists of the ventral strands of …

Epibulbar Melanocytoma In A Goat, Annahita Rezaie, Hannaneh Golshahi, Mohammad Rahim Haji Hajikolaie

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

Melanocytoma is a benign tumor arising from the melanocytes. A 2-year-old female crossbreed goat that was suffering from respiratory insufficiency, emaciation, depression diffuse corneal opacity, and anemia was euthanized. There was a mass on the dorsal interface of the cornea and sclera of the left eye. It was raised, dark, and 2 mm in diameter. The histopathologic evaluation revealed melanocytoma and immunolabeling for Melan-A was positive. According to gross and microscopic evaluations, epibulbar melanocytoma was diagnosed and the authors think that the present case is the first recorded case of epibulbar melanocytoma in a goat.

Development Of A Subunit Vaccine Against Bovine Diarrhea Caused By K99 Enterotoxigenic Escherichia Coli And Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus, Emad Hashish

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Bovine diarrhea is economically one of the most important problems in cattle industry. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), particularly strains expressing K99 (F5) fimbriae and heat-stable type I (STa) enterotoxin is the predominant bacterial cause of diarrhea in calves; whereas bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) causes diarrhea and other illness to cattle at all ages. A vaccine that prevents against both K99 fimbrial ETEC and BVDV could benefit greatly to cattle producers worldwide. We hypothesized that a novel multivalent vaccine composed of K99, STa and BVDV E2 antigens could induce immunity for broad protection against bovine diarrhea. In this study we …

The Effects Of Propofol And A Diazepam/Alfentanil Combination In Dogs Aged 10 Years And Above On Heart Rate, Respiratory Rate, Pulse Oximetry Data, Intraocular Pressure, And Body Temperature, Özlem Güzel, Di̇lek Olğun Erdi̇kmen, Esma Yildar, Asli Eki̇ci̇, Murat Şaroğlu, Bülent Eki̇z

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

In older patients, it is important to minimise anaesthesia-related deaths and complications. In this study, 2 separate anaesthesia inductions were evaluated with respect to their effects on heart rate, respiratory rate, pulse oximetry data, intraocular pressure, and body temperature. A total of 22 dogs were evaluated and 2 separate anaesthesia groups were formed. Propofol (6 mg/kg) was administered to group G1 via a slow intravenous (IV) injection. In group G2, diazepam (0.5 mg/kg) was first administered via an IV injection, followed immediately by alfentanil (40 µg/kg), administered via a slow IV route. Each parameter was recorded prior to anaesthesia (T_0), …

Glycohistochemistry Of The Lateral Tympanic Membrane In The Syrinx Of The Denizli Cock, Nazan Keski̇n, Pinar İli̇

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

The Denizli cock is a special race that has harmonious long crowing. In this study, the syrinx of the Denizli cock was studied by using glycohistochemical analyses. Paraffin sections were stained with Alcian blue (AB) at pH 1 and pH 2.5 for demonstration of sulfated and carboxylated carbohydrates, respectively. At AB-pH 1, the lateral tympanic membrane (LTM) and also the medial tympanic membrane (MTM) exhibited a weak reactivity, whereas they were stained intensely at AB-pH 2.5. The frozen sections were incubated with 5 digoxigenin-labeled lectins for lectin histochemistry: peanut agglutinin, Maackia amurensis leucoagglutinin, Galanthus nivalis agglutinin, Datura stramonium agglutinin, and …

Prevalence And Antibiotic Resistance Of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci In Animal Originated Foods, Fi̇gen Çeti̇nkaya, Tülay Elal Muş, Gül Ece Soyutemi̇z, Recep Çibik

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

A total of 270 animal-originated foods purchased from markets, including milk and dairy products, fresh and processed meat products, and poultry and poultry products, were analysed to determine the prevalence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE). VRE were isolated from 12 out of 270 samples (4.4%): 6 (6%) from fresh meat and meat products and 6 (8.6%) from poultry and poultry products. VRE strains were identified as Enterococcus faecium (6 strains), E. avium (4 strains), E. durans (1 strain) and E. gallinarum (1 strain). Among these strains, 11 had high levels of vancomycin resistance (2 E. faecium strains had minimum inhibitory concentrations …

Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation In The Management Of Chronic Lower Airway Inflammatory Conditions In Horses, Nora Nogradi

Open Access Theses

Chronic lower airway inflammatory diseases, such as recurrent airway obstruction (RAO) and inflammatory airway disease (IAD) are common in horses. RAO and IAD present many similarities with asthma in people. Based on studies in human asthma, omega - 3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) supplementation has been proposed to improve clinical signs in horses with chronic lower airway inflammatory disease. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical efficacy of an omega-3 PUFA containing equine feed supplement (Aleira^TM) in horses with chronic lower airway disease. The study consisted of two separate experiments. First, a pilot study was …

Prevention Of Embryonic Death Using Different Hormonal Treatments In Ewes, Mehmet Bozkurt Ataman, Mehmet Aköz, Mustafa Kemal Saribay, Hüseyi̇n Erdem, Mustafa Numan Bucak

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

The purpose of this study was to evaluate different treatment protocols to prevent embryonic death in ewes. A total of 180 Akkaraman crossbred ewes and 10 healthy rams were used as material. The ewes were divided into 3 equal groups, with each of the 3 groups then separated into 3 subgroups. Ewes in estrus, determined with teaser rams, were exposed to mating. Three different treatment protocols of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analog (buserelin, intramuscularly) at a dose of 20 µg, vaginal sponges containing 30 mg fluorogestone acetate (FGA), and saline at a dose of 1 mL (control, intramuscularly) were applied on …

Effects Of Feeding Dry Fat And Yeast Culture On Broiler Chicken Performance, Mutassim Mohamed Abdelrahman

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

A feeding trial with 400 male broilers (Ross) was conducted to investigate the effect of using dry fat and 2 levels of yeast culture (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) on performance, blood glucose, cholesterol, calcium, phosphorus, cobalt, copper, magnesium, manganese, and zinc. One-day-old broilers were distributed among 4 treatments, with 4 replicates and 25 chicks/replicate. The treatments were: diet 1 (basal diet with maize oil, group T1), diet 2 (basal diet with dry fat, group T2), diet 3 (basal diet with dry fat + 2 kg of yeast culture/t diet, group T3), and diet 4 (basal diet with dry fat + 3 kg …

Changes In The Bioactive Protein Concentrations In The Bovine Colostrum Of Jersey And Polish Holstein–Friesian Cows, Monika Sobczuk-Szul, Zofia Wielgosz-Groth, Marek Wronski, Arkadiusz Rzemieniewski

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

The aim of this study was to determine changes in the bioactive protein concentrations in the bovine colostrum of Jersey and Polish Holstein-Friesian (PHF) cows. Double colostrum samples were collected from 16 Jersey and PHF cows, during 8 successive milking runs after calving. A total of 256 colostrum samples were analyzed to determine the pH, density, percentage share, and content of selected bioactive proteins, including the percentage share of casein fractions (\alpha_s-, \beta-, \gamma-, and \kappa-) in the total casein, and the concentrations of \alpha-lactalbumin (\alpha-LA), \beta-lactoglobulin (\beta-LG), lactoferrin (LF), interleukin-1\beta, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. The concentrations of the …

Immunokinetics Of Theileria Equi Specific Antibodies: A Comparison In Serial And Single Dilution Elisa Antibody End Titres, Yogesh Kumar, Dharam Vir Malhotra, Anil Kumar Nichani, Ashok Kumar, Shruti Dhar, Sanjay Kumar

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

Theileria equi, a haemoprotozoan of equids, is responsible for endemic infection/latency in tropical/subtropical parts of the world. The present study investigated the immunokinetics of T. equi infection in experimental animals and the diagnostic applicability of single dilution ELISA vis-à-vis conventional serial dilution ELISA. Sequential serum samples were collected up to 90 days postinfection (PI) from 4 donkeys experimentally infected with T. equi. Immunokinetics of T. equi antibodies end titre were determined by serial and single dilution ELISA. A significant rise in initial ELISA antibody end titre (1:800 in serial dilution ELISA and from 1:600 to 1:650 in single dilution ELISA) …

H-Reflex And M-Wave Studies In The Fore-And Hindlimbs Of Rabbit, Erkut Turan, Cengi̇z Ünsal, Aykut Göktürk Üner

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

The aim of this study was to investigate the H-reflex in the forelimb and to compare the forelimb and hindlimb H-reflex results and Hmax/Mmax ratios in rabbit. For this purpose, we used 15 healthy adult female New Zealand albino rabbits. Left limbs of rabbits were used for stimulation and recording procedures using general anesthesia. Electrophysiological tests were performed using Nikolet Viking Quest (USA) 2-channel EMG equipment. The median and the tibial nerves were used to evaluate H-reflex and M-waves. Latencies of the H-reflex were almost the same in both limbs. However, M-wave latencies and amplitudes were significantly different, P-values being …

A Macroanatomical Study Of The Arcus Aortae In The Fox (Vulpes Vulpes), Emi̇ne Karakurum, Özcan Özgel

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

The present study was aimed at the investigation of the anatomy of the arcus aortae in 5 adult female foxes. It was determined that 2 main arteries, namely the truncus brachiocephalicus and arteria subclavia sinistra, originated from the fifth intercostal space at the arcus aortae. It was ascertained that, firstly, the arteria carotis communis sinistra stemmed from the truncus brachiocephalicus, and the continuation of the artery bifurcated into the arteria subclavia dextra and arteria carotis communis dextra. The first branch, which had its origin at the arteria subclavia sinistra, was the arteria vertebralis. Further along its course, the artery gave …

A Case Of Chondrosarcoma In A Pheasant (Phasianus Colchicus), Özge Erdoğan, Aydin Gürel, Serhat Özsoy

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

A pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) was referred to the clinic of the Department of Surgery in the Veterinary Faculty of İstanbul University, with the complaint of swelling in the abdomen. Radiography revealed a tumoral mass in the gizzard and the surgical removal of the tumoral mass was performed. The biopsy specimen was submitted to the Department of Pathology. After being processed routinely, specimens were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and Masson trichrome stains. Based on the histopathological findings, the tumor was diagnosed as chondrosarcoma.

Indel Mutation Of The Add1/Srebp-1c Gene In The South Anatolian Red And East Anatolian Red Cattle Breeds, Kemal Özdem Öztabak, Iraz Akiş Akad, Feraye Esen Gürsel, Ati̇la Ateş, Hasret Yardi̇bi̇, Gülhan Türkay Hoştürk

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

The present study was designed to determine genotypes of adipocyte determination and differentiation-dependent factor 1 (ADD1)/sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c (SREBP1c) in South Anatolian Red (SAR) and East Anatolian Red (EAR) cattle. Fifty cattle from the SAR breed and 43 cattle from the EAR breed were used. Intron 7 of the ADD1/SREBP1c gene containing an 84 bp indel mutation was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The number of SS genotyped individuals with the 84 bp deletion associated with fatty acid composition and growth traits were very low in both breeds. The frequency of the LL genotype with the 84 bp …

Rhodotorula Minuta Fungemia In A Ewe Lamb, C. G. Chitko-Mckown, K. A. Leymaster, M. P. Heaton, D. D. Griffin, J. K. Veatch, S. A. Jones, M. L. Clawson

School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences: Faculty Publications

An 8-month-old crossbred ewe, normal upon physical examination, was humanely euthanized for tissue collection. After approximately 3 weeks in tissue culture, fungi began budding out of cells obtained from the choroid plexus. After an additional 3 weeks, budding was observed in kidney cell cultures and eventually in monocyte cultures as well. Serum from the lamb was submitted to the Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory at Colorado State University for fungal diagnosis and was found negative for Aspergillus, Blastomyces, Coccidioidomycosis and Histoplasmosis. DNA was isolated from fungi collected from tissue culture supernatants and used in a set of pan-fungal PCR assays with …

Bovine Herpes Virus 1 (Bhv-1) And Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 (Hsv-1) Promote Survival Of Latently Infected Sensory Neurons, In Part By Inhibiting Apoptosis, Clinton Jones

School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences: Faculty Publications

α-Herpesvirinae subfamily members, including herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and bovine herpes virus 1 (BHV-1), initiate infection in mucosal surfaces. BHV-1 and HSV-1 enter sensory neurons by cell-cell spread where a burst of viral gene expression occurs. When compared to non-neuronal cells, viral gene expression is quickly extinguished in sensory neurons resulting in neuronal survival and latency. The HSV-1 latency associated transcript (LAT), which is abundantly expressed in latently infected neurons, inhibits apoptosis, viral transcription, and productive infection, and directly or indirectly enhances reactivation from latency in small animal models. Three anti-apoptosis genes can be substituted for LAT, which …

Gastroscopic Evaluation Of Gastric Ulcer Syndrome In Sport Horses With Poor Performance, Mehmet Alper Çeti̇nkaya, Alper Demi̇rutku, Mahi̇r Kaya

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

Gastric ulceration is common in performance horses. More than 90% of thoroughbred horses in the training season and approximately 60% of racing horses from other disciplines have gastric ulcers. Excessive secretion of gastric acid, impairment of gastric mucosal blood flow, weakening of prostaglandin E or the gastric mucus/bicarbonate layer, and gastric emptying disorders are important factors in the onset of ulceration. In this study, 12 horses with poor performance were evaluated using gastroscopy following clinical examinations. Gastroscopy revealed ulceration in 5 horses and ulcerative lesions in 7. A daily dose of 4 mg/kg omeprazole was administered orally for 4 weeks …

Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis: Investigation Of Genetic Susceptibility And Assessment Of An Equine Infection Method, Breanna M. Gaubatz

Theses and Dissertations--Veterinary Science

Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM) is a progressive neurological disease of horses caused by Sarcocystis neurona. Two projects were conducted to identify factors involved in the development of EPM. The first study explored a possible genetic susceptibility to EPM by attempting a genome-wide association study (GWAS) on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue from 24 definitively-positive EPM horses. DNA extracted from tissues older than 14 months was inadequate for SNP analysis on the Illumina Equine SNP50 BeadChip probably due to degradation and formalin cross-linking. Results were inconclusive as analysis was not possible with the small sample set. The second study evaluated an …

Determination Of Farm-Specific Lawsonia Intracellularis Seroprevalence In Central Kentucky Thoroughbreds And The Identification Of Factors Contributing To Equine Proliferative Enteropathy, Allen E. Page

Theses and Dissertations--Veterinary Science

Lawsonia intracellularis and the disease it causes in horses, equine proliferative enteropathy (EPE), is an emerging pathogen of increasing importance to the horse industry from both an economic and welfare standpoint. Long recognized as an economically important disease of swine, the hallmark of EPE is a protein-losing enteropathy, where affected horses suffer weight loss and some ultimately succumb to the disease despite aggressive treatment. There are currently no known EPE preventative measures and the epidemiology of the disease remains poorly defined. While EPE is a sporadic disease affecting less than 25% of exposed horses, some farms experience clinical cases year …

Chondrodysplasia-Like Dwarfism In The Miniature Horse, John E. Eberth

Theses and Dissertations--Veterinary Science

Dwarfism is considered one of the most recognized congenital defects of animals and humans and can be hereditary or sporadic in cause and expression. There are two general morphologic categories within this vastly diverse disease. These categories are disproportionate and proportionate dwarfism and within each of these there are numerous phenotypes which have been extensively described in humans, and to a lesser extent in dogs, cattle, mice, chickens, and other domestic species. Ponies and Miniature horses largely differ from full size horses only by their stature. Ponies are often defined as those whose height is not greater than 14.2 hands; …