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Articles 181 - 210 of 248
Full-Text Articles in Psychiatry and Psychology
Effect Of Impulsivity On Cardiovascular And Subjective Reactivity To Smoking Cues, Neal Doran, Dennis E. Mcchargue, Bonnie Spring
Effect Of Impulsivity On Cardiovascular And Subjective Reactivity To Smoking Cues, Neal Doran, Dennis E. Mcchargue, Bonnie Spring
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
Individuals with high levels of impulsivity are more likely to smoke and may have greater difficulty quitting than other smokers. Although the specific mechanisms mediating this relationship are not explicitly known, one candidate is disproportionate cigarette craving in response to environmental smoking cues. We assessed the effect of impulsivity on three measures of cue reactivity. Regular smokers (n=75) were exposed to a smoking cue and a neutral cue in 2 counterbalanced experimental sessions. Cigarette craving, heart rate (HR), and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were used to index cue reactivity. More impulsive smokers exhibited a disproportionate response to the …
Impulsivity And The Reinforcing Value Of Cigarette Smoking, Neal Doran, Dennis E. Mcchargue, Lee Cohen
Impulsivity And The Reinforcing Value Of Cigarette Smoking, Neal Doran, Dennis E. Mcchargue, Lee Cohen
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
The present study tested the hypothesis that impulsivity would predict perceptions of positive and negative reinforcement from smoking. The secondary hypothesis was that the relationship between impulsivity and smoking reinforcement expectations would be mediated by the character trait of self-directedness. College students (n= 202) who reported smoking cigarettes participated in the survey study. Hierarchical regression analyses confirmed that impulsivity predicted expectations about positive (β = .22, p = .001) and negative (β = .25, p = .001) reinforcement from smoking. These relationships were also mediated by self-directedness. Results suggest that impulsive smokers in the early stages of dependence …
How Do I Feel About The Behavior? The Interplay Of Affective Associations With Behaviors And Cognitive Beliefs As Influences On Physical Activity Behavior, Marc T. Kiviniemi, Amy M. Voss-Humke, April L. Seifert
How Do I Feel About The Behavior? The Interplay Of Affective Associations With Behaviors And Cognitive Beliefs As Influences On Physical Activity Behavior, Marc T. Kiviniemi, Amy M. Voss-Humke, April L. Seifert
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
Individuals have affective associations with health behaviors. In other domains such associations have been shown to influence behavior, but affective associations with health behaviors are not included in current health decision-making models. The authors examined whether affective associations with exercise predicted individuals’ activity behavior and, if so, how they interfaced with other decision-making constructs to influence behavior. Adult participants (N = 433) reported their current physical activity behavior and affective associations with physical activity. Health belief model and theory of planned behavior constructs were also assessed. More positive affective associations with activity significantly predicted greater activity behavior. Moreover, the …
Granny, (Don’T) Get Your Gun: Competency Issues In Gun Ownership By Older Adults, Edith Greene, Brian H. Bornstein, Hannah Dietrich
Granny, (Don’T) Get Your Gun: Competency Issues In Gun Ownership By Older Adults, Edith Greene, Brian H. Bornstein, Hannah Dietrich
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
This article explores the possible risks associated with gun ownership by older adults. We summarize existing regulations on who may own firearms, especially with respect to age. We then present data on older gun owners and violence committed by older adults in general, followed by a discussion of gun violence perpetrated by gun owners whose functional and cognitive abilities have declined, perhaps as a result of dementia. For comparison purposes, we review regulations on driving among older adults, drawing parallels to gun ownership. The paper concludes with recommendations for ensuring the safety of older gun owners and others, balanced against …
Cognitive Psychology And Survey Methodology: Nurturing The Continuing Dialogue Between Disciplines, Robert F. Belli, Frederick G. Conrad, Daniel B. Wright
Cognitive Psychology And Survey Methodology: Nurturing The Continuing Dialogue Between Disciplines, Robert F. Belli, Frederick G. Conrad, Daniel B. Wright
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
For quite some time, survey researchers have sought to understand the causes of re¬sponse errors, that is the difference between what respondents report and the truth of their circumstances (O’Muircheartaigh, 1997). Within the past 20 years, a dialogue has emerged between cognitive psychologists and survey researchers to explore the role that cognition plays in response errors (Jabine, Straf, Tanur, & Tourangeau, 1984; Jobe & Mingay, 1991). The dialogue has been known as the cognitive aspects of survey methodology (CASM) movement. Of course, to survey researchers, the aim is to reduce response errors. By adopting perspectives and methods from cognitive psychology, …
Abuse And Dissociation Disorder, Myrtle Godfrey
Abuse And Dissociation Disorder, Myrtle Godfrey
Graduate Research Papers
Child sexual abuse is widely regarded as a cause of mental problems in adult life. The damage inflicted by child sexual abuse.has an affect on the child's capacity to develop trust, intimacy and sexuality. Sexually abused children not only encounter assaults on their developing sense of sexual identity, but a blow to their interpretation of the world as a safe environment, and their developing sense of others as trustworthy. In addition, childhood sexual abuse is correlated with higher levels of dissociation. (Fleming, J. & Mullen, P. E., 1998). Of the victims that were abused by someone with whom he or …
Introversion : Relationship With Mental Well-Being, Elizabeth A. Balder
Introversion : Relationship With Mental Well-Being, Elizabeth A. Balder
Graduate Research Papers
This paper explores connections between introversion and decreased mental well-being. The author sought to discover whether introverts are more vulnerable to depressive symptoms than extroverts. Overall findings show introverts are more vulnerable than extroverts to depression and decreased mental well-being. Introverts are more likely to be compliant and have lower self-esteem than extroverts, and also have less social support than extroverts, which can be detrimental when experiencing depression. Western culture gives preference to extroverted individuals, which pressures introverts to attempt to change their personalities.
Concordance Of Self-Report And Informant Assessment Of Emotional Well-Being In Nursing Home Residents With Dementia, Ann M. Kolanowski, Lesa Hoffman, Scott M. Hofer
Concordance Of Self-Report And Informant Assessment Of Emotional Well-Being In Nursing Home Residents With Dementia, Ann M. Kolanowski, Lesa Hoffman, Scott M. Hofer
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
The emotional well-being of persons with dementia is an aspect of their quality of life. We examined the stability of informant-rated and self-reported emotion, and the influence of mental status and physical dependence on ratings; we modeled concordance between ratings at both the within- and between-person levels of analysis. We used multilevel modeling to examine data collected over 12 days from 31 nursing home residents. We found significant within-person variation in both informant-rated and self-reported emotion, such that between 40% and 60% of the overall variance in each occurred within persons. We found little correspondence between or within persons between …
Acculturative Stress, Social Support, And Coping: Relations To Psychological Adjustment Among Mexican American College Students, Lisa J. Crockett, Maria I. Iturbide, Rosalie A. Torres Stone, Meredith Mcginley, Marcela Raffaelli, Gustavo Carlo
Acculturative Stress, Social Support, And Coping: Relations To Psychological Adjustment Among Mexican American College Students, Lisa J. Crockett, Maria I. Iturbide, Rosalie A. Torres Stone, Meredith Mcginley, Marcela Raffaelli, Gustavo Carlo
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
This study examined the relations between acculturative stress and psychological functioning, as well as the protective role of social support and coping style, in a sample of 148 Mexican American college students (67% female, 33% male; mean age = 23.05 years, SD = 3.33). In bivariate analyses, acculturative stress was associated with higher levels of anxiety and depressive symptoms. Moreover, active coping was associated with better adjustment (lower depression), whereas avoidant coping predicted poorer adjustment (higher levels of depression and anxiety). Tests of interaction effects indicated that parental support and active coping buffered the effects of high acculturative stress on …
Linkage Analysis Of A Model Quantitative Trait In Humans: Finger Ridge Count Shows Significant Multivariate Linkage To 5q14.1, Sarah E. Medland, Danuta Z. Loesch, Bogdan Mdzewski, Gu Zhu, Grant W. Montgomery, Nicholas G. Martin
Linkage Analysis Of A Model Quantitative Trait In Humans: Finger Ridge Count Shows Significant Multivariate Linkage To 5q14.1, Sarah E. Medland, Danuta Z. Loesch, Bogdan Mdzewski, Gu Zhu, Grant W. Montgomery, Nicholas G. Martin
Psychiatry Publications
The finger ridge count (a measure of pattern size) is one of the most heritable complex traits studied in humans and has been considered a model human polygenic trait in quantitative genetic analysis. Here, we report the results of the first genome-wide linkage scan for finger ridge count in a sample of 2,114 offspring from 922 nuclear families. Both univariate linkage to the absolute ridge count (a sum of all the ridge counts on all ten fingers), and multivariate linkage analyses of the counts on individual fingers, were conducted. The multivariate analyses yielded significant linkage to 5q14.1 (Logarithm of odds …
Supporting Pilots In Close Encounters With Terrain, A.N.P. Lenaerts, C. Borst, M. Mulder, M.M. Van Paassen
Supporting Pilots In Close Encounters With Terrain, A.N.P. Lenaerts, C. Borst, M. Mulder, M.M. Van Paassen
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007
Despite the fact that modern cockpits present an abundance of information to pilots, Controlled Flight Into Terrain (CFIT) accidents continue to occur. The introduction of terrain awareness and warning systems, like the Enhanced Ground Proximity Warning System (EGPWS), has led to a considerable reduction of terrain incursions. EGPWS predicts the aircraft motion relative to terrain and, based on a rule-base of advanced reasoning logic, informs pilots on how to react appropriately. Common to all terrain warning systems, is that all cognition is ‘hidden’ in the EGPWS logic, and pilots are required to respond rapidly to the system’s commands. We hypothesize …
Effects Of Message Complexity And Message Length On The Production Of Pilot Readback Errors, O. Veronika Prinzo Ph.D.
Effects Of Message Complexity And Message Length On The Production Of Pilot Readback Errors, O. Veronika Prinzo Ph.D.
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007
Field data and laboratory studies conducted in the 1990s reported that the rate of pilot readback errors and communication problems increased as controller transmissions became more complex. This resulted in the recommendation that controllers send shorter messages to reduce the memory load imposed on pilots by complex messages. More than 10 years have passed since a comprehensive analysis quantified the types and frequency of readback errors and communication problems that occur in the operational environment. Hence, a content analysis was performed on 52 hours of pilot and controller messages that were transmitted from 5 of the busiest terminal radar approach …
Effects Of Cdti Alerting System Properties On Pilot Multi-Task Performance, Christopher Wickens, Angela Colcombe
Effects Of Cdti Alerting System Properties On Pilot Multi-Task Performance, Christopher Wickens, Angela Colcombe
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007
In a dual task context, pilots monitored a simulated cockpit display of traffic information (CDTI) supported by an imperfect auditory or visual alerting system. Across four experiments: (1) varying the alerting threshold, to reduce the false alarm rate (but increase the miss rate) degraded both the concurrent flight control task, and conflict detection accuracy, with only a slight improvement in detection speed. (2) Changing the dual task context from flight control, to ATC communications greatly degraded performance on both the concurrent task and the conflict detection task, revealing the high cognitive demands of traffic monitoring. (3) Changing ATC communications to …
Atypical Antipsychotics And Cognitive Enhancement In Schizophrenia: The Current Status, Amresh Srivastava
Atypical Antipsychotics And Cognitive Enhancement In Schizophrenia: The Current Status, Amresh Srivastava
Psychiatry Presentations
No abstract provided.
Cognition As An Outcome Measure In Schizophrenia, Amresh Srivastava
Cognition As An Outcome Measure In Schizophrenia, Amresh Srivastava
Psychiatry Presentations
No abstract provided.
The Impact Of Experienced Versus Non-Experienced Suggestions On Children’S Recall Of Repeated Events, Martine B. Powell, Kim Roberts, Donald M. Thomson, Stephen J. Ceci
The Impact Of Experienced Versus Non-Experienced Suggestions On Children’S Recall Of Repeated Events, Martine B. Powell, Kim Roberts, Donald M. Thomson, Stephen J. Ceci
Psychology Faculty Publications
Three experiments were conducted to test the proposition that children’s suggestibility about an occurrence of a repeated event is heightened when an interviewer suggests false details that were experienced in non-target occurrences of the event as opposed to new details that never occurred. In each experiment, children participated in a repeated event during which specific items varied each time (e.g., the children always got a sticker but the theme of the sticker was different in each occurrence). Separate biasing and memory interviews were then conducted. In Experiment 1, the interviewer merely suggested that the false details might have occurred in …
Maternal Transmission Of Body Image In School-Aged Children, Carolyn Gorman
Maternal Transmission Of Body Image In School-Aged Children, Carolyn Gorman
Undergraduate Review
No abstract provided.
Child Sexual Abuse, David J. Hansen, Kathryn R. Wilson
Child Sexual Abuse, David J. Hansen, Kathryn R. Wilson
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
Although definitions can vary across legal, clinical, and research contexts, sexual abuse is commonly defined as sexual acts between a youth and an older person (e.g., by 5 years or more) in which the dominance of the older person is used to exploit or coerce the youth. Behaviors may include noncontact (e.g., exposure) and contact (e.g., intercourse) offenses.
The Multimodal Production Of Common Ground Understandings In Intercultural Flight Training, Saeko Nomura, Edwin Hutchins
The Multimodal Production Of Common Ground Understandings In Intercultural Flight Training, Saeko Nomura, Edwin Hutchins
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007
In this paper we show how Japanese airline pilots and American flight instructors overcome pronounced differences in language and culture and achieve effective collaboration. They do this by drawing on a deep body of shared professional pilot culture and by exploiting richly multimodality situated communication practices to produce common ground understandings.
Ergonomics Aeromedical Transport Analysis, Lisia Maria Espinola, Silva Pacheco Cabral, Jean Marcel, F. Novo, Danielle Vetö Guimarães, Mario Cezar Rodríguez Vidal, José Roberto Dourado Mafra
Ergonomics Aeromedical Transport Analysis, Lisia Maria Espinola, Silva Pacheco Cabral, Jean Marcel, F. Novo, Danielle Vetö Guimarães, Mario Cezar Rodríguez Vidal, José Roberto Dourado Mafra
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007
This article presents the Ergonomics Action Methodology applied to an aeromedical transport company in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, studying the interactions among pilots, mechanics, physicians and nurses during the flight operation. Some ergonomics aspects were issued, affecting the appropriate performance in their interfaces, considering 2 types of helicopters: BK 117 C1 and Esquirrel AS 350 B2. As results, it was proposed some ergonomics suggestions and recommendations, aiming at providing improvements and minimizing the risks levels of accident occurrence.
Planning “Discrete” Movements Using A Continuous System: Insights From A Dynamic Field Theory Of Movement Preparation, Anne R. Schutte, John P. Spencer
Planning “Discrete” Movements Using A Continuous System: Insights From A Dynamic Field Theory Of Movement Preparation, Anne R. Schutte, John P. Spencer
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
The timed-initiation paradigm developed by Ghez and colleagues (1997) has revealed two modes of motor planning: continuous and discrete. Continuous responding occurs when targets are separated by less than 60° of spatial angle, and discrete responding occurs when targets are separated by greater than 60°. Although these two modes are thought to reflect the operation of separable strategic planning systems, a new theory of movement preparation, the Dynamic Field Theory, suggests that two modes emerge flexibly from the same system. Experiment 1 replicated continuous and discrete performance using a task modified to allow for a critical test of the single …
On The Use Of Multilevel Modeling As An Alternative To Items Analysis In Psycholinguistic Research, Lawrence Locker Jr., Lesa Hoffman, James A. Bovaird
On The Use Of Multilevel Modeling As An Alternative To Items Analysis In Psycholinguistic Research, Lawrence Locker Jr., Lesa Hoffman, James A. Bovaird
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
The use of multilevel modeling is presented as an alternative to separate item and subject ANOVAs (F1 x F2) in psycholinguistic research. Multilevel modeling is commonly utilized to model variability arising from the nesting of lower level observations within higher level units (e.g., students within schools, repeated measures within individuals). However, multilevel models can also be used when two random factors are crossed at the same level, rather than nested. The current work illustrates the use of the multilevel model for crossed random effects within the context of a psycholinguistic experimental study, in which both subjects …
Predictors Of Middle School Girls' Engagement In Suspendable School Offenses., Barbara Harlow Cavanaugh
Predictors Of Middle School Girls' Engagement In Suspendable School Offenses., Barbara Harlow Cavanaugh
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Despite research evidence that social context and personal characteristics are related to girls' violent behavior, little is known about the relative contribution of such antecedents. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess the relative strength of predictors of school violence among a sample of middle school girls. Of special interest were the intervening variables, because knowledge of their relative strength could enable schools to design targeted interventions to reduce school violence. Social learning theory formed the theoretical foundation for the study. A four-part survey consisting of sociodemographic items, the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, an amended version of the Attitudes …
The Meaning Of Good Parent–Child Relationships For Mexican American Adolescents, Lisa J. Crockett, Jill Brown, Stephen Russell, Yuh-Ling Shen
The Meaning Of Good Parent–Child Relationships For Mexican American Adolescents, Lisa J. Crockett, Jill Brown, Stephen Russell, Yuh-Ling Shen
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
Perceptions of good parent–adolescent relationships were explored among 19 Mexican American high school students aged 14–17 who participated in focus group interviews on what it means for Mexican American teenagers to have good relationships with parents. Using a grounded theory approach, five general themes emerged in the responses, corresponding to open communication, instrumental and emotional support, indirect expressions of caring, parental control, and valued relationship qualities. Both genders described distinct relationships with mothers and fathers. Relationships with mothers were closer and more open than relationships with fathers, and mothers were seen as being more affectionate, lenient, and emotionally supportive, whereas …
A Non-Pharmacological Intervention To Manage Behavioral And Psychological Symptoms Of Dementia And Reduce Caregiver Distress: Design And Methods Of Project Act3., Laura N Gitlin, Laraine Winter, Marie P Dennis, Walter W Hauck
A Non-Pharmacological Intervention To Manage Behavioral And Psychological Symptoms Of Dementia And Reduce Caregiver Distress: Design And Methods Of Project Act3., Laura N Gitlin, Laraine Winter, Marie P Dennis, Walter W Hauck
Center for Applied Research on Aging and Health Research Papers
Project ACT is a randomized controlled trial designed to test the effectiveness of a non-pharmacological home-based intervention to reduce behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) and caregiver distress. The study targets 272 stressed racially diverse family caregivers providing in-home care to persons with moderate stage dementia with one or more behavioral disturbances. All participants are interviewed at baseline, 4-months (main trial endpoint), and 6-months (maintenance). The four-month intervention involves up to 13 visits from an occupational therapist who works with families to problem-solve potential triggers (communication style, environmental clutter) contributing to behaviors, and instruct in strategies to reduce caregiver …
Multilevel Models For The Experimental Psychologist: Foundations And Illustrative Examples, Lesa Hoffman, Michael J. Rovine
Multilevel Models For The Experimental Psychologist: Foundations And Illustrative Examples, Lesa Hoffman, Michael J. Rovine
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
Although common in the educational and developmental areas, multilevel models are not often utilized in the analysis of data from experimental designs. This article illustrates how multilevel models can be useful with two examples from experimental designs with repeated measurements not involving time. One example demonstrates how to properly examine independent variables for experimental stimuli or individuals that are categorical, continuous, or semicontinuous in the presence of missing data. The second example demonstrates how response times and error rates can be modeled simultaneously within a multivariate model in order to examine speed–accuracy trade-offs at the experimental-condition and individual levels, as …
Investigating Sources Of Mental Workload Using A High-Fidelity Atc Simulator, Penelope M. Sanderson, Martijn Mooij, Andrew Neal
Investigating Sources Of Mental Workload Using A High-Fidelity Atc Simulator, Penelope M. Sanderson, Martijn Mooij, Andrew Neal
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007
In this study we present results from a high-fidelity simulator study of Air Traffic Controller (ATCo) workload, in which routine and non-routine scenario events are examined. Specifically, we test the ability of a task load metric (Airservices Australia’s Workload Assessment Tool: WAT) to predict controller workload in these situations. In the study, sector was a between-subjects variable and task load a within-subjects variable. Twenty-one professional ATCos worked three 30-minute segments in Airservices Australia’s TAAATS simulator, and rated their workload on a scale from 1 to 10 every two minutes. After each scenario, ATCos reviewed the video and explained their ratings. …
Transformation — Practical Lessons, Greg Padula
Transformation — Practical Lessons, Greg Padula
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007
This paper will provide a glimpse into the transformation of the Tanker Airlift Control Center (TACC) between 1997 and 2003. It will provide my perspective and lessons as the functional lead during that time. It does not necessarily represent an official position.
Emotional Intelligence: Does It Fit Into Recruitment Process In The Airlines Industry?, Nutankumar S. Thingujam
Emotional Intelligence: Does It Fit Into Recruitment Process In The Airlines Industry?, Nutankumar S. Thingujam
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007
Existing literature show that there are various psychological factors that are important in the effective functioning of industrial/organizational set-up. Among the most important ones are the personality traits and cognitive abilities. But it is not possible to include all the important psychological variables in recruitment since that will be extremely time consuming and tiring on the part of the respondents. So, the challenge is to decide which personality traits and cognitive abilities are the best predictors of job performance. In this article I recommend a battery of psychological measures that include ability measure of ability model of emotional intelligence for …
Supplemental Analysis Of The Effectiveness Of The Personal Computer-Based Aircraft Training Device With That Of An Faa-Approved Flight Training Device, Dr. Jon Mcdermott
Supplemental Analysis Of The Effectiveness Of The Personal Computer-Based Aircraft Training Device With That Of An Faa-Approved Flight Training Device, Dr. Jon Mcdermott
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007
The introduction of the personal computer-based aircraft training device, or PCATD, in the late 1990s stimulated the academic investigation of this technology for use in collegiate aviation education activities. Initially, FAA regulators dismissed this technology as gaming software and hardware, but the successful collegiate use of PCATD technology for training pilots convinced the FAA in 1997 (AC 61-126) to approve the use of PCATDs as an equivalency to actual flight time, but for only a portion of that equivalency allowed Flight Training Devices (FTDs). This study, a supplemental analysis of the effectiveness of a PCATD, found that there was no …