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Articles 151 - 180 of 248
Full-Text Articles in Psychiatry and Psychology
Controllability And Perceptual Biases Of Risks And Abilities: The Case Of An F-16 Cockpit, Shaul Shalvi, Roy Holland, Dafna Wolff, Zohar Biton, Neta Harel, Odelya Harpaz, Moran Dishi, Ilana Ritov
Controllability And Perceptual Biases Of Risks And Abilities: The Case Of An F-16 Cockpit, Shaul Shalvi, Roy Holland, Dafna Wolff, Zohar Biton, Neta Harel, Odelya Harpaz, Moran Dishi, Ilana Ritov
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007
This study investigated airmen’s susceptibility to unrealistic optimism biases based on the position of control in an F-16 cockpit. Forty-seven airmen completed a questionnaire measuring their “I am above average effect” in regard to their flight ability and judgment, “below average effect” regarding their risk-taking tendencies, and unrealistic optimism about the likelihood that they would be involved in an aerial accident. The results support our main hypotheses: airmen demonstrated biased perceptions on these scales. With regard to their flight ability, pilots were more susceptible to bias than navigators. Contrary to our prediction, we did not find similar results regarding invulnerability. …
Alternative Uav Sensor Control: Leveraging Gaming Skill, R. Jay Shively, Connie Brasil, Susan R. Flaherty
Alternative Uav Sensor Control: Leveraging Gaming Skill, R. Jay Shively, Connie Brasil, Susan R. Flaherty
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007
The U.S. Army Aeroflightdynamics Directorate (AFDD) conducted a study on alternative unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) sensor operator input devices for next generation operators and assessed the gamer skill set as it related to advantages in UAV operations. Six highly rated pilots and six experienced video game players were tested while utilizing three different operator sensor control devices. Participants flew UAV reconnaissance missions on pre-set routes, identifying all targets and distractors. Subjective ratings were collected to determine any variances in operator workload between devices. Results showed performance advantages in both skill sets when using an alternative sensor control design, favoring reduced …
Vehicle Operator Deviations: Predicting Authorized Versus Unauthorized Access On Airport Movement Area, Alfretia Scarborough, Julia Pounds, Larry Bailey
Vehicle Operator Deviations: Predicting Authorized Versus Unauthorized Access On Airport Movement Area, Alfretia Scarborough, Julia Pounds, Larry Bailey
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007
Reducing runway incursions remains one of the Federal Aviation Administration’s (FAA’s) high priority issues. Over the years, considerable effort has been spent on addressing runway incursions attributable to controller and pilot errors. However, relatively little attention has been given towards identifying the underlying human factors related to vehicle operator deviations (VODs). Vehicle operator deviations associated with unauthorized access onto the airport movement area can pose an additional threat not only to aviation safety, but also to aviation security. Unauthorized access means that the vehicle operator entered the movement area without prior coordination with air traffic control (ATC). We analyzed an …
Effects Of A Standard Landing Lights Message On Runway Safety, Edmundo A. Sierra Jr., Karen Buondonno, Nicole S. Racine, Kimberlea Bender
Effects Of A Standard Landing Lights Message On Runway Safety, Edmundo A. Sierra Jr., Karen Buondonno, Nicole S. Racine, Kimberlea Bender
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007
The Federal Aviation Administration Office of Runway Safety and Operational Services formed a simulation team to investigate the safety effects of standardizing the use of aircraft landing lights in the airport environment. Specifically, the simulation team explored the procedural use of landing lights as a direct message to other pilots indicating that aircraft were cleared to depart. Thirty-two pilots participated in the study as either the Captain or First Officer of a B747-400 simulator crew. The simulator crews were divided into two groups or crews. Each crew flew either a set of 16 scenarios in an environment with a standardized …
An Ecological Approach To Support Pilot Terrain Awareness After Total Engine Failure, Floris Sjer, Clark Borst, Max Mulder, M.M. Van Paassen
An Ecological Approach To Support Pilot Terrain Awareness After Total Engine Failure, Floris Sjer, Clark Borst, Max Mulder, M.M. Van Paassen
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007
Terrain awareness enhancing avionics, such as Synthetic Vision Systems and the Enhanced Ground Proximity Warning System, have been developed to reduce the number of controlled flight into terrain accidents. The protection these systems offer, however, is far from optimal. Synthetic Vision Systems only provide pilots with perceptual data, and leave all cognition and interpretation of data to the pilot. With Enhanced Ground Proximity Warning Systems the opposite is true. Here, cognition is hidden in the system and pilots are confronted with compelling advisories and commands. This paper presents a display system, the Emergency Landing Guidance System, which visualizes the functional …
Barriers To Safety Innovation: Experiences Applying The “Safety Model Based Analysis” Approach In European Aviation, Kyla Steele, Jean Pariès
Barriers To Safety Innovation: Experiences Applying The “Safety Model Based Analysis” Approach In European Aviation, Kyla Steele, Jean Pariès
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007
Safety research during the past decade has increasingly emphasized the importance of understanding both positive and negative aspects of performance, rather than errors, risks, and accidents alone. As the aviation industry already enjoys such a low accident rate, safety managers are looking for predictive approaches in order to proactively monitor system behaviour. Expectations of the scope and complexity of models has also increased, trying to keep pace with the rapid evolution of the industry, and a systems view has now become the aspiration. A riskmanagement approach called the Safety Model Based Analysis (SaMBA) developed by Dédale attempts to meet these …
The Use Of Airspace Flow Programs To Manage Large-Scale Weather Events, Philip J. Smith, Amy L. Spencer
The Use Of Airspace Flow Programs To Manage Large-Scale Weather Events, Philip J. Smith, Amy L. Spencer
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007
Airspace Flow Programs (AFPs) represent a new type of air traffic flow management strategy that was first introduced during the summer of 2006. They are similar to ground delay programs which are used to control arrivals into an airport, but instead control “arrivals” into some region of enroute airspace. This paper describes the functioning of AFPs, and the strategies used by National Airspace System (NAS) customers, including the swapping of flights to accommodate customer priorities and routing out of an AFP.
Skill Decay On Takeoffs As A Result Of Varying Degrees Of Expectancy, Susan M. Stevens, Timpthy E. Goldsmith
Skill Decay On Takeoffs As A Result Of Varying Degrees Of Expectancy, Susan M. Stevens, Timpthy E. Goldsmith
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007
It is generally assumed that skills trained and assessed in a simulator will transfer to the line. However, there is a class of maneuvers that demand an immediate response to an unexpected event (e.g., rejected takeoffs) for which such transfer can be questioned and for which there is little or no empirical data to support a transfer assumption. Thus, we have completed a series of studies aimed at investigating the effects of expectancy on performance for unanticipated events in a laboratory situation with undergraduate college students and experienced pilots. Our participants were trained on both normal and rejected takeoffs and …
Improving The Effectiveness Of The Pilot-Controller Partnership An Application Of Crm Tools & Methods, Thomas L. Teller, Milovan S. Brenlove
Improving The Effectiveness Of The Pilot-Controller Partnership An Application Of Crm Tools & Methods, Thomas L. Teller, Milovan S. Brenlove
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007
There is substantial evidence that the consistent application of the process tools and methods of flight deck management (CRM) has yielded improvements in the performance of flight crews in error avoidance, identification, trapping and correction or mitigation in operational flying. There is also ample evidence of operational shortcomings in flight crew performance extending beyond the flight deck, particularly in interactions with the air traffic control system and controllers (ATC), contributing to or directly stimulating consequent degrading of operational performance in these critical interactions. This paper reports an effort to adapt and apply specific tools and methods derived from those of …
Initial Usability Test Of New Concepts For Electronic Flight Data Handling In Airport Traffic Control Towers, Todd R. Truitt Ph.D., Robert V. Muldoon
Initial Usability Test Of New Concepts For Electronic Flight Data Handling In Airport Traffic Control Towers, Todd R. Truitt Ph.D., Robert V. Muldoon
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007
This paper summarizes the results from a usability test of two prototype Electronic Flight Data Interfaces (EFDIs) for Airport Traffic Control Towers (ATCTs). We conducted a part-task simulation of airport surface operations, including local and ground controller positions, and assessed participant performance and feedback. We present the usability test procedure and results of subjective and objective measures. We also provide recommendations for improving the EFDIs.
Collocation And Pattern Recognition Effects On System Failure Remediation, Anna Trujillo, Hayes Press
Collocation And Pattern Recognition Effects On System Failure Remediation, Anna Trujillo, Hayes Press
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007
Previous research found that operators prefer to have status, alerts, and controls located on the same screen. Unfortunately, that research was done with displays that were not designed specifically for collocation. In this experiment, twelve subjects evaluated two displays specifically designed for collocating system information against a baseline that consisted of dial status displays, a separate alert area, and a controls panel. These displays differed in the amount of collocation, pattern matching, and parameter movement compared to display size. During the data runs, subjects kept a randomly moving target centered on a display using a left-handed joystick and they scanned …
Visualization Of Maneuver Constraints For Airborne Self-Separation: Use Of Intent Information, S.B.J. Van Dam, M. Mulder, M.M. Van Paassen
Visualization Of Maneuver Constraints For Airborne Self-Separation: Use Of Intent Information, S.B.J. Van Dam, M. Mulder, M.M. Van Paassen
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007
In the context of future airspace organization, an EID-inspired pilot support tool to support for airborne selfseparation in cruise flight was developed and evaluated through pilot experiments. This paper describes follow-up research concerning the shift from the original no-intent design to a novel intent-based design. It analyses how the information exchange of the autopilot speed and heading settings, and the next trajectory change, can be introduced in the current design in the horizontal plane.
The Chicken, The Egg, The Workspace Analysis, And The Ecological Interface., M.M. (Rene) Van Paassen, Matthijs H.J. Amelink, Clark Borst, Stijn B.J. Van Dam, Max Mulder
The Chicken, The Egg, The Workspace Analysis, And The Ecological Interface., M.M. (Rene) Van Paassen, Matthijs H.J. Amelink, Clark Borst, Stijn B.J. Van Dam, Max Mulder
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007
The first applications of the design of operator interfaces with CognitiveWorkspace Analysis and Ecological Interface Design were in the field of power plants and process control. These applications are similar to the DURESS microworld, for which the first EID design was made. The workspace analysis for these domains can then be similar to the analysis elaborated for DURESS. At the Faculty of Aerospace Engineering of the Delft University of Technology, in several projects now EID has been applied to a different work domain, namely vehicle control. These projects have focused on, among others, conflict avoidance in aircraft and ships, terrain …
1,001 Runway Incursions, Ed Wischmeyer Ph.D.
1,001 Runway Incursions, Ed Wischmeyer Ph.D.
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007
Three years of recent ASRS reports were reviewed to seek factors contributing to runway incursions and taxi errors. Many factors not commonly discussed in ground safety were found in these 1,049 reports. These factors were then analyzed from a systems perspective, suggesting that all elements of the system, in the broadest sense, need improvement, but as a unified system. It seems unlikely that any meaningful improvements will be achieved without such a systems approach.
On Line And Off-Line Tools For Preventing And Analyzing Vestibular Spatial Disorientation Mishaps: A Summary Of The Alion-Ma&D / Air Force Research Program, Christopher D. Wickens, Ronald L. Small, Alia M. Fisher, John W. Keller, Connie M. Socash
On Line And Off-Line Tools For Preventing And Analyzing Vestibular Spatial Disorientation Mishaps: A Summary Of The Alion-Ma&D / Air Force Research Program, Christopher D. Wickens, Ronald L. Small, Alia M. Fisher, John W. Keller, Connie M. Socash
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007
We describe a program of research and development to combat problems of in-flight spatial disorientation. One component is a computational model predicting the onset of the leans, the graveyard spiral, the Coriolis, and the somatogyral illusion, based on a vestibular model and inputs from the aircraft and control states. This model is validated in a flight simulation experiment. A second component we describe is the application of the model off line, embodied in a visualization and analysis tool for SD mishap investigation. A third component uses the model on-line, in flight to trigger visual, auditory, and tactile countermeasures to restore …
The Next Generation Professional Pilot – Not Your Father’S First Officer, Captain Brian T. Wilson
The Next Generation Professional Pilot – Not Your Father’S First Officer, Captain Brian T. Wilson
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007
With the demise of the Cold War, the subsequent drawdown of the military, and with many airline pilots opting not to return from furlough after the recent rash of bankruptcies, the demand side of air carrier pilot hiring has driven significant changes in new hire pilot demographics. Experience levels of new hire regional pilots are at an all time low, and are approaching an average well below 1000 hrs of total time and less than 100 hours multi-engine. These demographics changes bode ill for aviation safety and these changes in new hire pilot demographics are showing up in increasing incidents …
Using Ecological Interface Design For Energy Management During Idle-Thrust Approaches, M.M. (Rene) Van Paassen, Joris Gernaey, Alexander C. In ’T Veld, Max Mulder
Using Ecological Interface Design For Energy Management During Idle-Thrust Approaches, M.M. (Rene) Van Paassen, Joris Gernaey, Alexander C. In ’T Veld, Max Mulder
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007
Alternative approach procedures are being developed, in order to create aircraft operations that have less impact on the environment. In these low-power, low-noise approaches, level flight segments are avoided, and low or flight idle thrust settings are used until the aircraft reaches a stabilization point at low altitude, close to the runway. Electronic automation tools and handbook charts are currently tested and used in these procedures. This paper takes a different approach, and applies the principles of Ecological Interface Design to create interfaces that enable the pilot to fly these procedures in a flexible manner. Interfaces for two of these …
Wake Vortex Display Design And Model Evaluation, Christopher D. Wickens, Angelia Sebok, Tim Bagnall, Jill Kamienski
Wake Vortex Display Design And Model Evaluation, Christopher D. Wickens, Angelia Sebok, Tim Bagnall, Jill Kamienski
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007
In a Phase I Small Business Innovative Research (SBIR) project for NASA Langley, we developed and evaluated three formats of conceptual prototype cockpit wake vortex displays, a 2D plan view display, a 2D co-planar display, and a 3D synthetic vision system display. In each, the wake was presented along with conventional information on the 2D nav display, the vertical situation display, and the forward-looking SVS display. In the first stage of evaluation, three pilots carried out a two rounds of usability analyses on the displays in dynamic flight scenarios. The co-planar display was revealed to have the fewest problems. In …
Effect Of Display Format On Attitude-Maintenance Performance, Motonori Yamaguchi, Robert W. Proctor
Effect Of Display Format On Attitude-Maintenance Performance, Motonori Yamaguchi, Robert W. Proctor
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007
The present research examined the effect of display format, inside-out or outside-in, on performance of an attitudemaintenance task and secondary choice-reaction tasks among non-pilot participants. Some advantages for use of outside-in format for the attitude display were obtained in the secondary task performance, though there were no clear differences from the inside-out format display in the primary attitude-maintenance performance. Transfer from one display format to the other led to difficulty in performing the task, suggesting caution when switching from the conventional display format to a new format.
Relative Importance Of Conflict Geometry Variables In Influencing Pilots’ Conflict Detection Using A Cockpit Display Of Traffic Information, Xidong Xu, Esa M. Rantanen, Yan Huo
Relative Importance Of Conflict Geometry Variables In Influencing Pilots’ Conflict Detection Using A Cockpit Display Of Traffic Information, Xidong Xu, Esa M. Rantanen, Yan Huo
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007
When independent variables are inter-correlated with each other, ANOVAs or traditional multiple regression methods do a poor job for analyzing their relative importance in accounting for the variance in a dependent variable. This paper describes a method called Dominance Analysis (Budescu, 1993; Azen & Budescu, 2003) as a better approach than the traditional methods in determining the relative importance of several inter-correlated independent variables in accounting for the variances in pilots’ performance measures in a conflict detection task with a cockpit display of traffic information (Xu, Rantanen, & Wickens, 2004). The three variables in question were an intruder aircraft’s distance …
Lane Position Head-Up Displays In Automobiles: Further Evidence For Cognitive Tunneling, Yun Zheng, Matthew Brown Ph.D., Chris M. Herdman Ph.D., Dan Bleichman
Lane Position Head-Up Displays In Automobiles: Further Evidence For Cognitive Tunneling, Yun Zheng, Matthew Brown Ph.D., Chris M. Herdman Ph.D., Dan Bleichman
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007
The benefits associated with the implementation of Head-Up Displays (HUDs) in aircraft have promoted the use of this technology in automobiles. These benefits, however, have been shown to come with concomitant performance costs. Specifically, aviation and motor vehicle research has shown that HUDs produce cognitive tunneling effects whereby an operator’s attention is captured and held by the HUD symbology such that it cannot be directed elsewhere. The cost of cognitive tunneling could be more severe for driving than for flying given that driving environments are typically more densely populated than they are for flying. For this reason, research on the …
The Influence Of College Students’ Perception Of Parental (Or Primary Caregiver) Expectations On Coping Behavior And Adjustment In Early Adulthood, Jessica Smith
Theses, Dissertations and Capstones
While some research has examined how parental expectations affect educational achievement, there is very little known about how parental expectations affect the development of coping skills and adaptive and maladaptive psychosocial functions. Participants were asked to complete a measure of their abilities in academics, sports, leadership, honesty, responsibilities, among other things. Then, they completed a measure of what they perceived their parents’ expectations of those areas were. Lastly, they completed the Behavioral Assessment System for Children-College Self Report of Personality form as a measure of adaptive and maladaptive functioning. The goals of this study are to investigate 1) if participants' …
Practicing Civility In The Legal Writing Course: Helping Law Students Learn Professionalism, Sophie M. Sparrow
Practicing Civility In The Legal Writing Course: Helping Law Students Learn Professionalism, Sophie M. Sparrow
Law Faculty Scholarship
This Article suggests some concrete ways to teach civility— one component of professionalism—to law students. Professionalism certainly includes much more than civility, incorporating the concepts of ethics, morals, public service, life-long learning, personal integrity, professional identity, and a commitment to selfdevelopment. This Article begins with a brief overview of civility in Part I. Part II provides a few of the many arguments for why we should teach law students to be civil. Part III explores some concrete ways in which we can teach civility within individual classes, using the dynamics of student engagement in the classroom as an opportunity to …
Enhancing The Collection And Analysis Of General Aviation Insurance Data In Australasia Through The Use Of Hfacs, Michael G. Lenné, Karen Ashby, Michael A. Regan
Enhancing The Collection And Analysis Of General Aviation Insurance Data In Australasia Through The Use Of Hfacs, Michael G. Lenné, Karen Ashby, Michael A. Regan
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007
This paper provides an overview of a 5-stage program of work conducted over a three-year period that aims to develop a General Aviation (GA) safety database in Australia using data collected by aviation insurers. The need to standardize and enhance insurance data was recognized to support meaningful safety-based countermeasure development. Incorporating the Human Factors Analysis and Classification Scheme into the insurance assessment process is a major feature of the data enhancement process. Data collection by GA insurance assessors in Australia, using standardized and enhanced data collection methods, will begin in late 2007. Establishment of this database will allow for meaningful …
The Causes Of Failure Of Olympic Airways’ S Restructuring Efforts Applied By The Greek State, John S. Lainos Ph.D.
The Causes Of Failure Of Olympic Airways’ S Restructuring Efforts Applied By The Greek State, John S. Lainos Ph.D.
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007
Olympic Airways (O.A.), the former Greek flag carrier, was nationalized in 1975. For the period 1975-1994 its cumulative deficits had mounted to 455 billion GRD, (1.63 billion US$). However, at the same time all governments enforced on O.A. the implementation of their various policies, always at the company’s expense. The state debts to O.A.- due to the aforementioned reason were in 1993 (E.U. involvement) almost three times higher than O.A.’s operational deficits. These state debts have not been permitted to O.A. to register in their accounting books. Since 1993 the Greek state, O.A.’s exclusive shareholder, has attempted to introduce changes …
Panel: Advancing The Human Factors Business Case, Paul Krois, Douglas Farrow, William Johnson, David Bair
Panel: Advancing The Human Factors Business Case, Paul Krois, Douglas Farrow, William Johnson, David Bair
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007
In a time characterized by constrained budgets, competing demands for research and operational investments, and pressures to show how projects provide immediate value, human factors is becoming more adept at how we justify our costs and demonstrate the importance of our contributions. We assess practical approaches for advancing the business case for human factors research and engineering using government and industry perspectives.
Elder Research: Filling An Important Gap In Psychology And Law, Eve M. Brank
Elder Research: Filling An Important Gap In Psychology And Law, Eve M. Brank
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
In the past few decades, psychology-law as a discipline has made great strides in understanding and guiding public policies on issues related to eyewitnesses, confessions, juries, judges, juveniles, the mentally ill, and many others. As a field, we have largely neglected the oldest subset of the population, with only a few scholars focusing specifically on elder issues or systematically including elders in their studies. The current article is a call to research. It first outlines why elders should be considered as a specific subset of the population even though they have not been an area of focus in the field. …
Will They Tell? Weapons Reporting By Middle-School Youth, Eve M. Brank, Jennifer L. Woolard, Veda E. Brown, Mark Fondacaro, Jennifer L. Luescher, Ramona G. Chinn, Scott A. Miller
Will They Tell? Weapons Reporting By Middle-School Youth, Eve M. Brank, Jennifer L. Woolard, Veda E. Brown, Mark Fondacaro, Jennifer L. Luescher, Ramona G. Chinn, Scott A. Miller
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
Adding to the body of research that describes students who will bring weapons to school, the current research examined middle-school students’ willingness to report when they know someone has a weapon at school. The sample included 1,957 sixth, seventh, and eighth graders from 27 schools in five states. Overall, a majority of students indicated that they would be willing to report; however, there were significant effects for the conditions of reporting (such as anonymity) and effects for some demographic characteristics. Furthermore, students who perceived adult or parental involvement in their lives were more willing to report. In contrast, students with …
The Alaska Airlines Flight 261 Accident: A Systemic Analysis Of Functional Resonance, Rogier Woltjer, Erik Hollnagel
The Alaska Airlines Flight 261 Accident: A Systemic Analysis Of Functional Resonance, Rogier Woltjer, Erik Hollnagel
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007
On January 31, 2000, Alaska Airlines flight 261, an MD-83, crashed into the Pacific Ocean; after airplane pitch control was lost as a result of the in-flight failure of the horizontal stabilizer trim system jackscrew assembly's acme nut threads (NTSB, 2003). Accident investigation revealed a wide range of human, technical, and organizational factors contributing to this tragic event, providing a case where popular linear models and methods have difficulty addressing the full complexity of the processes leading up to the accident. This paper treats each of the steps of analysis according to the Functional Resonance Accident Model (FRAM; Hollnagel, 2004), …
Depression Vulnerability Within Smoking Research: How Accurate Are One-Item Screening Items?, Dennis E. Mcchargue, Jessica Werth Cook
Depression Vulnerability Within Smoking Research: How Accurate Are One-Item Screening Items?, Dennis E. Mcchargue, Jessica Werth Cook
Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications
Epidemiological and large scale treatment studies within smoking research have utilized many one-item screening items to examine the influence of current depressive symptoms on smoking behavior and quitting. Little is known about that concurrent validity of screening items that may reflect depression vulnerability independent of current symptoms. The present paper evaluated the concurrent validity of two one-item screening items that were essential for diagnosing past episodes of major depression. Screening questions were administered to seventy seven nicotine dependent participants via a telephone screening interview. Smokers then returned to the laboratory for a comprehensive structured assessment of depressive vulnerability. Vulnerability measures …