Psychiatry and Psychology Commons^™

Human-Machine System Simulation For Evaluating Flight Deck Display Based On Knowledge Representations Of Expert Pilots, Daisuke Karikawa, Makoto Takahashi, Akira Ishibashi, Masaharu Kitaramura

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007

For evaluations higher level safety in aviation, it is required to reduce accidents involving human errors. Actualizing appropriate Human-Machine Interface (HMI) design is recognized as a key issue for preventing significant hazards resulted from human errors. The present study has proposed a human-machine system simulation called Pilot Cognitive Simulator (PCS) as an evaluation method for HMI. The PCS aims at qualitative evaluations of HMI design from the aspect of information contents thorough analysis of the interaction between pilots’ cognitive process and HMI in a simulation environment. In an experimental simulation-based evaluation of a prototype supporting display, the PCS could successfully …

The Performance Costs Of Digital Head-Up Displays, Lisa Hagen, Chris M. Herdman Ph.D., Matthew S. Brown Ph.D.

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007

Motor vehicle manufacturers are installing Head-Up Displays (HUDs) in motor vehicles to provide drivers with a variety of vehicle information such as vehicle speed. In theory, HUDs should assist drivers in monitoring the status of their vehicle while allowing them to spend more time looking at the external scene. However, research in the aviation literature has shown that pilots tend to cognitively tunnel on HUDs to the extent that processing of the external scene is delayed. In the present research, a driving simulator was used to examine whether cognitive tunnelling occurs with analogue and digital HUDs. Participants were better at …

Filling In The Gaps: An Investigation Of The Knowledge Needed For Effective Human-Automation Interaction, Michael T. Curtis, Michelle Harper-Sciarini, Florian G. Jentsch, David Schuster, Ron Swanson

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007

Despite the decade-long focus on pilot understanding of automated systems, knowledge gaps continue to suggest that current training programs are incomplete. There are several different types of knowledge that contribute to an effective understanding of automated systems, including more complex knowledge structures. This suggests that simply training pilots how to operate automated systems will not provide optimal performance. This paper describes an empirical investigation of the importance and measurement of different types of knowledge important for effective automation use. Twenty trained commercial pilots completed several knowledge assessments of automation and airmanship and responded to situational vignettes that assessed their proficiency …

Spatial Awareness Biases In Synthetic Vision Systems Displays, Matthew L. Bolton, Ellen J. Bass

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007

Synthetic Vision Systems (SVS) create a synthetic clear-day view of the terrain in front of ownship to prevent controlled flight into terrain. To investigate how spatial biases manifest themselves in SVS displays, an experiment was conducted. Eighteen pilots made spatial judgments (relative angle, distance, height, and abeam time) regarding the location of terrain points displayed in 112 5-second videos of a SVS head down display. Judgment errors revealed expected and unexpected spatial biases. Knowledge of these biases will allow SVS engineers to compensate for them and to improve spatial awareness in future SVS designs.

Exploring The Limits Of The Restorative Justice Paradigm: Restorative Justice And White-Collar Crime, Zvi D. Gabbay

Cardozo Journal of Conflict Resolution

Part I of this article introduces the restorative justice paradigm. It defines restorative justice and its basic values and principles and presents two theories which illustrate the goals of restorative interventions and the basic requirements for their commencement. Part II introduces white-collar crime and focuses on high-profile white-collar crime committed by corporate executives. This part discusses the centrality of white-collar crime within the criminal justice system and society in general and reviews the latest developments in legislation and sentencing policies on white-collar crime. Part III argues that the restorative justice paradigm should be applied to high-profile white-collar crime as a …

Ketamine-Enhanced Psychotherapy: Preliminary Clinical Observations On Its Effects In Treating Death Anxiety, Eli Kolp, M. Scott Young, Harris L. Friedman, Evgeny Krupitsky, Karl Jansen, Laurie-Ann O'Connor

Mental Health Law & Policy Faculty Publications

Ketamine, a dissociative anesthetic commonly used by US physicians, has recently been shown to be a powerful anti-depressant and is also capable of eliciting transpersonal experiences that can be transformative. Although currently approved in the US only for use as an anesthetic, physicians there can legally prescribe it off-label to treat various psychological/ psychiatric problems and it has been used for these non-anesthetic purposes in Argentina, Iran, Mexico, Russia, and the UK, as well as in the US. The literature on using ketamine psychotherapeutically is reviewed and two case studies using ketamine-enhanced psychotherapy (KEP) for treating death anxiety in terminally-ill …

Population Inference With Mortality And Attrition In Longitudinal Studies On Aging: A Two-Stage Multiple Imputation Method, Ofer Harel, Scott M. Hofer, Lesa Hoffman, Nancy L. Pedersen

Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications

First paragraph:

Although there are numerous challenges for the investigation of aging-related changes in older adults, statistical analysis with incomplete data and the conceptualization of population processes related to mortality is one of the most difficult. Selective attrition and mortality selection within longitudinal studies on aging are intrinsically related to many aging-related changes and must be carefully considered in the analysis and interpretation of results (e.g., Baltes, 1968; Hofer & Sliwinski, 2006; Schaie, Labouvie, & Barrett, 1973). A key distinction is made between attrition (i.e., selective dropout) and mortality selection (i.e., selective survival) in that attrition affects characteristics of the …

Cutting Through The Confusion (Review), Kristina M. Kays

Faculty Publications - Psychology Department

Reviews the video, Self-Injury (with) Wendy Lader (2006). Self-injury behavior (SIB) includes, among other behaviors, "intentional carving or cutting of the skin and subdermal tissue, scratching, burning, ripping or pulling skin or hair, swallowing toxic substances, bruising, and breaking bones" (Cornell Research Program, 2006). Over the last two decades self-injury reports have risen noticeably because of increased SIB in adolescents, more clients seeking help, and increased reliability in diagnosis among professionals. The alarming numbers indicate a desperate need to understand how to diagnose and treat SIB clients effectively. In response to this escalating need, guest expert Wendy Lader is featured …

Brief Note From The Editor, Irvin Sam Schonfeld

Publications and Research

No abstract provided.

Bullying, Depression, And Suicidality In Adolescents, Anat Brunstein-Klomek, Frank Marrocco, Marjorie Kleinman, Irvin Sam Schonfeld, Madelyn S. Gould

Publications and Research

Objective: To assess the association between bullying behavior and depression, suicidal ideation, and suicide attempts among adolescents. Method: A self-report survey was completed by 9th- through 12th-grade students (n = 2342) in six New York State high schools from 2002 through 2004. Regression analyses were conducted to examine the association between being victimized and bullying others with depression, ideation, and attempts. Results: Approximately 9% of the sample reported being victimized frequently, and 13% reported bullying others frequently. Frequent exposure to victimization or bullying others was related to high risks of depression, ideation, and suicide attempts compared with adolescents not involved …

Measuring Safety Culture In A Non-Us Airline Using The Commercial Aviation Safety Survey, Terry L. Von Thaden, Sólveig Ragnarsdóttir

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007

The purpose of this present study was twofold: firstly to test the psychometric appropriateness of the Commercial Aviation Safety Survey (CASS) for flight operations developed at the University of Illinois, in non-US environment, and secondly to assess the current state of organizational safety culture at a European airline. To achieve these objectives the CASS was administered in a web-based format to the flight operations department at a major European air carrier. The respondents reflected a representative employee distribution and a response rate of 31 percent. The internal consistency of the CASS indicated adequate reliability (all scores above 0.70). The survey …

An Airline Evaluation Of The Facilitation Skills Assessment Tool [Fsat] As A Device For Training And Assessing Facilitators, Maryjo O. Smith Ph.D., Guy M. Smith Ed.D., Captain Colin Budenberg, Captain John Willats, Captain Pete Griffiths

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007

Researchers and airline practitioners from the USA and UK collaborated in a four-year project to develop the Facilitation Skills Assessment Tool (FSAT), an instrument to assess the skills of an airline facilitator. The final phase of the FSAT Development Project was the evaluation of FSAT at two airlines – Thomsonfly (formerly Britannia Airways) in the UK and Southwest Airlines in the USA. Statistical analysis allowed the combination of data from both airlines; these 66 assessments demonstrated that FSAT was a valid and reliable instrument for measuring facilitation skills.

Changes In Cognitive And Sensory Abilities Of Older Pilots Parallel Those Observed In The General Population, C.A. Miller, A. Chaparro

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007

This investigation compares young and older pilots with age-matched controls from the general population on cognitive and sensory abilities. Cognitive assessments included short-term and long-term memory, learning, delayed recognition and mental rotation. Sensory measures included visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, auditory thresholds, speech intelligibility and tactile sensitivity. Significant differences in contrast sensitivity was obtained as a function of age and pilot status. Also, young pilots (24-42 years) have greater tactile sensitivity than older pilots (64-88 years), and both non-pilot groups. In general, younger participants performed better on the assessments than the older subjects regardless of pilot status. Although, the mean differences …

Assessing Readiness For Collaboration In Military C2 Centers, Dr. Joseph B. Lyons, Stephanie D. Swindler, Dr. Jacob J. Wolf, Patrick J. Vinvent

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007

The present research explored the concept of collaborative readiness within a logistics command and control center which was undergoing an organizational change targeting collaborative processes. A series of collaboration-centric items were piloted during an ongoing organizational assessment which was administered to approximately 240 personnel. The results suggested that collaborative readiness could be conceptualized by four overall dimensions: 1) general effectiveness and attitudes, 2) technology adaptability and external collaboration, 3) collaboration enablers, and 4) job characteristics.

Testing A Maneuver Space-Based Collision Avoidance System: Experiment 1, William R. Knecht

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007

A new data visualization technology is demonstrated for en-route tactical aircraft separation maintenance. This technology displays maneuver space (MS), a nonveridical coordinate space based on the four key maneuver elements of heading, speed, altitude, and available maneuver time. In this first major test of a prototype 4D collision avoidance system (4CAS), eight licensed general aviation pilots each flew eight simulated free flight scenarios, with the goal of deviating as little as possible from a pre-assigned flight path, while still maintaining standard separation from traffic. Compared to a cockpit display of traffic information (CDTI), the CDTI+4CAS condition showed performance advantage for …

Collaboration Technologies And The Supervisory Control Of Ucavs In Tactical C2: Effects On Performance And Workload, Gregory J. Funke, April M. Bennett, W. Todd Nelson, Scott M. Galster

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007

The present study was an initial attempt to characterize team performance, workload, and situational awareness associated with two types of UCAV control schemes coupled with several collaboration technologies. Six people participated in a simulated suppression of enemy air defense (SEAD) mission, which required cooperation between all participants in order to meet mission objectives. UCAVs were controlled by UCAV operators and supervised by air battle managers (ABMs) or controlled directly by ABMs. Participants could communicate verbally, through instant messages, and on some trials, using a virtual whiteboard. Results of the experiment indicated that team performance was negatively impacted by direct UCAV …

A Human Factors Analysis Of Miscommunication Between Pilots And Air Traffic Controllers In Taiwan, Wen-Jiang Chang, Eric Min-Yang Wang, Wen-Ling Tsai, Wei Hsu, Jin-Ru Yen, Hero Ho

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007

The objective of this research was to analyze the human factors, which involved in specific types of miscommunication between pilots and air traffic controllers (ATCs). The study was based on the transcripts of pilot and ATC communication, which including the thirty flight incidents filed by local ATC authority. The research team consisted of an experienced air traffic controller, a pilot, and professors of linguistics, transportation management, human factors, and several assistants. The cases were analyzed and discussed thoroughly; as a result, seventeen types of communication error were identified from these incidents. Among these communication errors, three of seventeen types were …

The Effects Of Gps And Moving Map Displays On Pilot Navigational Awareness While Flying Under Vfr, Stephen M. Casner

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007

GPS and moving map displays are popularly believed to increase pilot navigational awareness – further empowering the already aware pilot with additional information about their position and surroundings. In a first experiment, pilots’ beliefs about their own navigational awareness were compared to their measured awareness while navigating along a cross-country route. The results demonstrate a familiar out-of-the-loop effect and a marked disparity between what pilots believed and how they performed. In a second experiment, different pilots were asked to more actively participate in the navigation process while performing the same navigational task. The results indicate that this additional involvement significantly …

Peer Victimization, Depression, And Suicidality In Adolescents, Anat Brunstein Klomek, Frank Marrocco, Marjorie Kleinman, Irvin Sam Schonfeld, Madelyn S. Gould

Publications and Research

Objective: To assess the association between bullying behavior and depression, suicidal ideation, and suicide attempts among adolescents. Method: A self-report survey was completed by 9th- through 12th-grade students (n = 2342) in six New York State high schools from 2002 through 2004. Regression analyses were conducted to examine the association between being victimized and bullying others with depression, ideation, and attempts. Results: Approximately 9% of the sample reported being victimized frequently, and 13% reported bullyingothers frequently. Frequent exposure to victimization or bullying others was related to high risks of depression, ideation, and suicide attempts compared …

Understanding The Personal And Clinical Utility Of Psychiatric Advance Directives: A Qualitative Perspective, Mimi M. Kim, Richard A. Van Dorn, Anna M. Scheyett, Eric E. Elbogen, Jeffrey W. Swanson, Marvin S. Swartz, Laura A. Mcdaniel

Faculty and Staff Publications

Psychiatric advance directives (PADs) are legal tools that allow competent individuals to declare preferences for future mental health treatment when they may not be capable of doing so as a result of a psychiatric crisis. PADs allow individuals to maintain self–determination during times when they are most vulnerable to loss of autonomy and in need of assistance to make their preferences known and honored. This article describes the content of twenty–eight open–ended, semi–structured qualitative interviews of adults with PADs who have experienced psychiatric crises. The qualitative analysis revealed three major themes from the interviews: (1) PADs as tools for empowerment …

Recruiting New Members, Irvin Sam Schonfeld

Publications and Research

The Annual Convention of the Association for Psychological Science took place in New York City from May 25 to May 28, 2006. We attended the convention and had a number of goals that we wanted to accomplish: assume a position on the graduate student board, present at a poster session, attend various conference events, and recruit conferees for the Society for Occupational Health Psychology. It is the last goal about which we are writing. We hope that this article will help our SOHP colleagues recruit, at some future time, new members for our organization.

Historical Perspective: The Historical Development Of The Society For Occupational Health Psychology, Leslie B. Hammer, Irvin Sam Schonfeld

Publications and Research

The Society for Occupational Health Psychology (SOHP) is the first professional group of its kind in the United States. The development of the Society can be traced to the development of the field of occupational health psychology (OHP). OHP is an interdisciplinary partnership of the psychological and occupational health sciences. The goals of this partnership include the improvement of the quality of people’s working lives and the enhancement of the safety, health, and well-being of workers. To our knowledge the first time the term occupational health psychology became visible in the research literature is in 1986 in a book chapter …

Childhood Psychological Maltreatment And Quality Of Marriage: The Mediating Role Of Psychological Distress, Andrea R. Perry, David K. Dilillo, James Peugh

Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications

This study examined the role of adult psychological distress in mediating associations between childhood psychological maltreatment and marital satisfaction in a sample of 65 newlywed couples. Results indicated that a significant linkage between psychological maltreatment (including emotional abuse and emotional neglect) and marital satisfaction was eliminated when accounting for global psychological distress, hostility, and depression in the overall sample. These findings were moderated by gender, such that for men, the long-term cOl'relates of emotional abuse were mediated by broad psychological distress and paranoia. Conversely, for women, relations between emotional abuse and emotional neglect and later marital satisfaction were mediated by …

Towards An Understanding Of The Process And Mechanisms Of Change In Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: Linking Innovative Methodology With Fundamental Questions [Editorial], Adele Hayes, Debra A. Hope, Sarah Hayes

Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications

There is now consistent evidence to support the efficacy of cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT) to reduce clinical symptoms and improve quality of life across a variety of clinical problems (Butler, Chapman, Formen, & Beck, 2006). This outcome research typically relies on a pretreatment-posttreatment design and follow-up assessments at fixed intervals beyond post-test. These outcome studies have been important in answering questions about if a treatment works and, to some extent, for whom it works. However, these designs provide much less information about the mechanisms of treatment—why or how an intervention works. There has been a resurgence of interest in studying …

A Statistical Taxonomy And Another “Chance” For Natural Frequencies, Adrien Barton, Shabnam Mousavi, Jeffrey R. Stevens

Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications

Commentary on Barbey & Sloman: "Base-rate respect"

The conclusions of Barbey & Sloman (B&S) crucially depend on evidence for different representations of statistical information. Unfortunately, a muddled distinction made among these representations calls into question the authors’ conclusions. We clarify some notions of statistical representations which are often confused in the literature. These clarifications, combined with new empirical evidence, do not support a dual-process model of judgment.

When Quantity Trumps Number: Discrimination Experiments In Cotton-Top Tamarins (Saguinus Oedipus) And Common Marmosets (Callithrix Jacchus), Jeffrey R. Stevens, Justin N. Wood, Marc D. Hauser

Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications

The capacity for non-linguistic, numerical discrimination has been well characterized in non-human animals, with recent studies providing careful controls for nonnumerical confounds such as continuous extent, density, and quantity. More poorly understood are the conditions under which animals use numerical versus nonnumerical quantification, and the nature of the relation between these two systems. Here we test whether cotton- top tamarins and common marmosets can discriminate between two quantities on the basis of the amount of food rather than on number. In three experiments, we show that when choosing between arrays containing different numbers and sizes of food objects, both species …

Personal Values As A Mediator Between Parent And Peer Expectations And Adolescent Behaviors, Laura M. Padilla-Walker, Gustavo Carlo

Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications

The current study examined the mediating role of adolescents’ personal values on the relation between maternal and peer expectations for prosocial behaviors and adolescents’ self-reported prosocial and antisocial behaviors. One hundred thirty-four adolescents (mean age = 16.22 years, 54% girls) completed measures of their own values and behaviors, as well as their perceptions of the positive expectations that their mother and their best friend(s) had for their (the adolescents’) prosocial behaviors. Stepwise regression analyses suggested that adolescents’ personal prosocial values mediated the relation between adolescents’ perceptions of both maternal and peer expectations and adolescents’ prosocial behaviors. In addition, for boys, …

“Introduction” To Modeling Complex Systems: Volume 52 Of The Nebraska Symposium On Motivation, Bill Shuart, William D. Spaulding, Jeffrey Poland

Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications

Capturing the complexity of human behavior has been a recurring theme in the Nebraska Symposium on Motivation:
We expect behavior to be patterned or integrated, and to make biological sense; and so patterning and biological utility are what we see. And of course what we see is actually there-behavior in general is not chaotic; it is organized. (Nissen, 1954, p. 314)
When fundamental psychologists do make excursions into the human motivational world ... it is rare that they survey the requirements for theory or pre-theory by intensive descriptive analysis of behavior related to such motives as produced by concrete human …

Multilevel Models For Examining Individual Differences In Within-Person Variation And Covariation Over Time, Lesa Hoffman

Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications

Heterogeneity of variance may be more than a statistical nuisance—it may be of direct interest as a result of individual differences. In studies of short-term fluctuation, individual differences may relate to the magnitude of within-person variation as well as to level of an outcome or its covariation with other processes. Although models for heterogeneous variances have been utilized in group contexts (i.e., dispersion models), they are not usually applied in examinations of intraindividual variation. This work illustrates how an extension of the multilevel model for heterogeneous variances can be used to examine individual differences in level, between- and within-person covariation, …

Ecological Momentary Assessment Of Older Women's Health, Janice Penrod, Jeremy B. Yorgason, Susan J. Loeb, Chin-Fang Liu, Lesa Hoffman, Sarah H. Gueldner, Leonard W. Poon

Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications

Living with chronic co-morbidities implies long-lasting, always present conditions associated with highly variable health trajectories. In this study, ecological momentary assessment was used to explore nine older women's experiences of living with co-morbidities. Each participant completed a daily diary, which focused on 10 variables related to energy, pain, effort expended, and an overall health rating, for 21 days. Hierarchical linear modeling was used to explore intra-individual variation in daily health experiences and health-related burden, and determine the extent to which health-related burden was related to daily health experiences. Each of the daily health experience variables sipiificantly predicted health-related burden. Over …