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Articles 1831 - 1860 of 2048

Full-Text Articles in Psychiatry and Psychology

The Effects Of A Scenario Based Gps Training Program On Pilot Proficiency In The General Aviation Pilot, Wayne A. Dornan, John Bertrand, Paul Craig Jan 2005

The Effects Of A Scenario Based Gps Training Program On Pilot Proficiency In The General Aviation Pilot, Wayne A. Dornan, John Bertrand, Paul Craig

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

Currently, General Aviation (GA) pilots working toward their instrument rating (IFR) in aircraft equipped with Global Positioning System (GPS) technology receive little, if any, formal flight instruction on GPS technology. Therefore, the hypothesis examined in this study was that instrument rated pilots already certificated to fly IFR / GPS have insufficient knowledge of the GPS technology to use it effectively. Our goal was to develop a single pilot crew, scenario-based training program to increase the knowledge and safety of pilots using this technology by focusing on GPS mode awareness, situational assessment, risk and time management, and situational awareness.. The study …

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Pilot Support For Distance-Based In-Trail Following Tasks, J.M.C. (Sjoerd) De Groot, M.M. (René) Van Paassen, Max Mulder Jan 2005

Pilot Support For Distance-Based In-Trail Following Tasks, J.M.C. (Sjoerd) De Groot, M.M. (René) Van Paassen, Max Mulder

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

Transferring the spacing task from the air traffic controller to the pilot can benefit efficiency and capacity. To separate a chain of aircraft, time-based rather than distance-based principles are preferred as they result in better performance in case of gradual reducing speeds in arrival streams. The present-day air traffic management systems, however, operate mainly on a spatial rather than a temporal basis, and air traffic controllers monitor the distance between trailing aircraft to determine if separation requirements are satisfied. If the disadvantages of distance-based spacing can be dealt with, the implications of introducing distance-based procedures for the current controller and …

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Safety Strategies Which Also Improve Operational Performance, Dr. Gary Eiff, Michael Suckow Jan 2005

Safety Strategies Which Also Improve Operational Performance, Dr. Gary Eiff, Michael Suckow

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

Research has demonstrated that workers in aviation maintenance operations often perceive that safety and operational goals are in conflict. Investigators at Purdue University have worked with numerous aviation companies over the past eleven years to improve safety and control maintenance human errors. During that time, it has become apparent that safety goals, strategies and programs are differentially supported depending on the operational and economic pressures experienced by an organization. Purdue researchers have often traced operational and performance stressors back to poorly structured processes and other factors that result in artificially induced perceptions for the need to sacrifice safety for performance. …

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Changes In Safety Attitudes In A Canadian Regional Airline Following A Merger, Dr. Mark Fleming, Bernadette Gatien, Captain Rob Vacher Jan 2005

Changes In Safety Attitudes In A Canadian Regional Airline Following A Merger, Dr. Mark Fleming, Bernadette Gatien, Captain Rob Vacher

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

The present study examines the impact a merger had on pilot safety attitudes. Pre and post merger safety attitudes among a sample of Canadian pilots were examined using the Flight Management Attitudes Questionnaire 2.1 (FMAQ) (Merritt, Helmreich, Wilhelm, & Sherman, 1996) and the Flight Management Attitudes and Safety Survey (FMASS) (Sexton, Wilhelm, Helmreich, Merritt, & Klinect, 2001). Data were collected from 232 airline pilots prior to a large-scale merger using the FMAQ 2.1. Approximately 1 year following the merger, FMASS data were collected from the newly merged organization. We hypothesized that pilots’ safety attitudes were negatively impacted due to uncertainty …

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Synergy Of Virtual Visual And Auditory Displays For Uav Ground Control Stations, Susan R. Dowell, R. Jar Shively Jan 2005

Synergy Of Virtual Visual And Auditory Displays For Uav Ground Control Stations, Susan R. Dowell, R. Jar Shively

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) operators must remotely manipulate payload sensors, while maintaining situational awareness from a displaced ground control station (GCS). Potential use of helmet-mounted displays (HMD) in piloting UAVs and controlling payload sensors has been previously investigated (de Vries & Padmos, 1997; Draper, Ruff, & LaFleur, 2001; Morphew, Shively, & Casey, 2004). Stated benefits of HMD use for targeting tasks included immersion in the search environment and possible reduction of tactical footprint. In the current study, it was hypothesized that the pairing of 3-D audio alerts with the HMD would result in more robust performance differences between HMD and …

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Decision Making During An Airline Rescheduling Task: A Contextual Control Model Description, Karen M. Feigh, Amy R. Pritchett, Julie A. Jacko, Tina Denq Jan 2005

Decision Making During An Airline Rescheduling Task: A Contextual Control Model Description, Karen M. Feigh, Amy R. Pritchett, Julie A. Jacko, Tina Denq

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

This paper examines decision makers’ selection of contextual control modes as described by Hollnagel’s Contextual Control Model, and evaluates real-time, unobtrusive measures of a decision maker’s immediate mode. In a two-part experiment, participants performed airline rescheduling tasks. The first portion varied task time limits, the second introduced a sudden change in the task. Participants reported operating in, and transitioning between, different contextual control modes in response to time limits and task changes. Computer interaction did not correlate to contextual control modes. Contextual control modes did not correlate with TLX ratings of demand and effort, but did correlate with TLX-frustration and …

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An Evaluation Of Head-Mounted Displays In An Airborne Command And Control Simulation Environment, Scott M. Galster, Rebecca D. Brown, Brent T. Miller, Alison M. Tollner Jan 2005

An Evaluation Of Head-Mounted Displays In An Airborne Command And Control Simulation Environment, Scott M. Galster, Rebecca D. Brown, Brent T. Miller, Alison M. Tollner

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

An examination of HMDs to ameliorate the problems associated with display clutter in an Air Battle Management environment was conducted. Information to complete tasks was given via two HMDs, on the primary display, or via paper. The results indicated that the paper condition engendered a higher percent of correct responses and faster response times in several of the tasks performed. The specific experimental results are presented and future experimental design propositions are discussed.

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Effects Of Workload And Visibility On Mission Rehearsal, Tessa Gorton, Gavan Lintern Jan 2005

Effects Of Workload And Visibility On Mission Rehearsal, Tessa Gorton, Gavan Lintern

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

Mission rehearsal poses new opportunities and new challenges for flight simulation. The general issue, how to promote transfer to the criterion task, is the same for mission rehearsal as it is for training. On the other hand, the goal of mission rehearsal is to promote sensitivity to or awareness of contextual details that are crucial to success of a specific mission while the goal of training is to develop generic skills. It is not clear, at this stage, what implications these different goals have for the design of simulators. For the navigation mission examined here we hypothesized that high workload …

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Development And Validation Of A Survey To Assess Safety Culture In Airline Maintenance Operations, Alyssa Mitchell Gibbons, Terry L. Von Thaden, Douglas A. Wiegmann Jan 2005

Development And Validation Of A Survey To Assess Safety Culture In Airline Maintenance Operations, Alyssa Mitchell Gibbons, Terry L. Von Thaden, Douglas A. Wiegmann

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

This paper describes the development and validation of a survey to assess safety culture in airline maintenance operations according to the five-factor model of safety culture proposed by Wiegmann et al. (2002). Maintenance technicians at two FAR Part 121 scheduled passenger airlines (N = 109 and 76) completed the original version of the survey. The results yielded useful diagnostic information about the safety culture of each airline, but factor analyses indicated that the five-factor model may not be adequate to describe the data. A more complex model is proposed and modifications to the survey are suggested.

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Development And Integration Of A Human-Centered Volumetric Cockpit Situation Display For Distributed Air-Ground Operations, Stacie Granada, Arik Quang Dao, Dominic Wong, Walter W. Johnson, Vernol Battiste Jan 2005

Development And Integration Of A Human-Centered Volumetric Cockpit Situation Display For Distributed Air-Ground Operations, Stacie Granada, Arik Quang Dao, Dominic Wong, Walter W. Johnson, Vernol Battiste

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

In the Distributed Air Ground Traffic Management (DAG-TM) simulation environments pilots flew desktop simulators, which included a Cockpit Situation Display (CSD). Within the current paper we will briefly review the tasks pilots were responsible for in the simulations and subsequently evaluate the tools made available on the CSD to assist the pilots in executing their tasks. Some of the tasks pilots were responsible for in the simulations included the following: to create and evaluate user-preferred routes, meet flight scheduling requirements at the meter fix, selfspace behind designated aircraft, and maintain separation with other aircraft. Some of the tools offered within …

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Experimental Analysis Of The Integration Of Mixed Surveillance Frequency Into Oceanic Atc Operations, Laura Major Forest, R. John Hansman Jan 2005

Experimental Analysis Of The Integration Of Mixed Surveillance Frequency Into Oceanic Atc Operations, Laura Major Forest, R. John Hansman

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

Technical capabilities for improved surveillance over the oceans are currently available through the use of satellites. However, all aircraft operators will not equip simultaneously because of the high costs required. Consequently, as these CNS systems are integrated into oceanic air transportation architecture, the controller will have to manage the current low frequency surveillance in parallel with enhanced surveillance. The cognitive effects of the mixed equipage environment were studied through experimental analysis. The results confirm that there are human performance issues with integrating mixed surveillance capabilities, which may result in safety and efficiency limitations.

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Flight Simulation As An Investigative Tool For Understanding Human Factors In Aviation Accidents, Bart Elias Jan 2005

Flight Simulation As An Investigative Tool For Understanding Human Factors In Aviation Accidents, Bart Elias

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

As aviation accidents become more complex, the need to better understand human factors aspects increasingly requires more sophisticated investigative tools and techniques. The capabilities of modern research, engineering, and flight training simulators provide human performance investigators with unique opportunities to reconstruct aviation accidents and test hypotheses regarding possible causal and contributing human factors. Two recent examples - the investigation of a flight test accident in October 2000, and the investigation of the crash of American Airlines flight 587 in November 2001 - highlight the potential role of flight simulation as an investigative tool. Building on these experiences, agencies responsible for …

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Evaluation Of Workload In High Complexity Work Place: An Experiment During A Real Situation, Carlos Gomes De Oliveira D Sc, Selma Leal De Oliveira Ribeiro D Sc Jan 2005

Evaluation Of Workload In High Complexity Work Place: An Experiment During A Real Situation, Carlos Gomes De Oliveira D Sc, Selma Leal De Oliveira Ribeiro D Sc

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

Some workplace have been widely changed with regard to their automation process, which has promoted a more complex environment concerning the task performance, demanding to the operator the introducing of new abilities. In the aeronautic activity the workload also has been diversified, as the mental demand has been enhanced. The needs of determining the impact of the workload on the operator due to such work place, evidencing a more complex nature, shows to be more important, mainly when looking at the certification requirements for new aircraft development. Such certification process is responsible for determining the minimum aircrew necessary, based on …

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The Role Of Working Memory In Maintaining Situation Awareness, Dr. Kamilla Run Johannsdottir, Dr. Chris M. Herdman, Dr. Jo-Anne Lefevre Jan 2005

The Role Of Working Memory In Maintaining Situation Awareness, Dr. Kamilla Run Johannsdottir, Dr. Chris M. Herdman, Dr. Jo-Anne Lefevre

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

Basic and applied research suggests that working memory (WM) supports situation awareness (SA) in dynamic environments. However, the relationship between WM and SA has not been well articulated. The present paper explores the potential role of WM in SA-based tasks by a) using a well-established WM model to conceptually link the two concepts and b) empirically testing this link. A dual-task paradigm was used where participants tracked an object against a moving background. Periodically, participants were required to either predict where the tracked object would be or to search for it. In addition to the tracking task participants concurrently performed …

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The Development Of An Intelligent Helicopter Performance Instrument System Incorporating Human Factors And Skilled Based Expertise, Michael Hardy, Steven Thatcher Jan 2005

The Development Of An Intelligent Helicopter Performance Instrument System Incorporating Human Factors And Skilled Based Expertise, Michael Hardy, Steven Thatcher

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

Studies by Iseler and De Maio (2001) suggest that the helicopter accident rate in the USA is 10 times that of airline accidents, with 20% attributed to pilot error. US Army/NASA studies (Hart 1998) have developed a number of strategies with the goal of reducing the helicopter accident rate including real-time prediction, measurement and pilot cueing. Hardy and Thatcher (2004) described early development work in designing an intelligent helicopter performance instrument system that conducts performance predictions in real time that is being pursued with the aim of providing pilot cueing indicating sufficient performance is or is not available for takeoff, …

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Improving Taxi Efficiency Through Coordinated Runway Crossings, Becky L. Hooey Jan 2005

Improving Taxi Efficiency Through Coordinated Runway Crossings, Becky L. Hooey

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

The Coordinated Runway Crossing concept aims to improve the efficiency of airport surface operations by providing taxi clearances that contain a time or speed component. The goal is to enable pilots to arrive at, and cross, active runways without a delay. Eight commercial captains participated in a ninety-minute semi-structured interview that explored issues associated with coordinated runway crossings. The results of these interviews were used to generate preliminary information requirements, system requirements, and procedural requirements for a future coordinated runway crossing system.

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Experimental Analysis Of Task Prioritization Training For A Group Of University Flight Technology Students, Amy L. Hoover, Kenneth H. Funk Ii Jan 2005

Experimental Analysis Of Task Prioritization Training For A Group Of University Flight Technology Students, Amy L. Hoover, Kenneth H. Funk Ii

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

The purpose of this study was to evaluate changes in task prioritization performance between pilots who participated in a CTM training course and those who did not. A pretest-posttest control group design with random assignment was used. Pilots enrolled in the Central Washington University Flight Technology Program flew pretest and posttest simulated flights on a Frasca FTD. During a two week period between pretest and posttest simulated flights pilots in the experimental group participated in a CTM training course and pilots in the control group did not. Comparison of pre- and posttest error rates shows the experimental group had a …

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Task Analysis For Safety Assessment In En-Route Air Traffic Control, Satoru Inoue, Hisae Aoyama, Kota Kageyama, Kazuo Furuta Jan 2005

Task Analysis For Safety Assessment In En-Route Air Traffic Control, Satoru Inoue, Hisae Aoyama, Kota Kageyama, Kazuo Furuta

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

The tasks involved in Air Traffic Control (ATC) make heavy demands on the information processing capacities of air traffic controllers. In particular, human factors problems that lead to both major and minor incidents are considered to be a serious problem for ATC in Air Traffic safety. Therefore, the need to analyze error mechanism, which occurs due to complex factors, and the need for developing systems that can deal with these errors are increasing. We examined the functional problems in an ATC system from the human factors aspects, and concluded that solution of this problem needs some kinds of measures. This …

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Cockpit Technology And Weather Related Decision Making: An Integrative Review, N. R. Johnson, D. A. Wiegmann, J. Goh, C. D. Wickens Jan 2005

Cockpit Technology And Weather Related Decision Making: An Integrative Review, N. R. Johnson, D. A. Wiegmann, J. Goh, C. D. Wickens

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

This paper provides a synthesis of the empirical studies to date that have investigated weather-related pilot decision making. Of particular interest is how new cockpit technologies such as synthetic vision systems and graphical weather information systems interact with flight experience, risk perception, risk-taking tendencies and selfconfidence in affecting pilots’ decision to continue flight into adverse weather. A conceptual framework for integrating and interpreting the results of these various studies is also be proposed.

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Evidence Against Crew Resource Management As A Cognitive Skill, Stacey M. L. Hendrickson, David L. Trumpower, Timothy E. Goldsmith, Peder J. Johnson Jan 2005

Evidence Against Crew Resource Management As A Cognitive Skill, Stacey M. L. Hendrickson, David L. Trumpower, Timothy E. Goldsmith, Peder J. Johnson

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

In recent years, airlines have begun to train and assess crew resource management (CRM) tasks similarly to technical tasks. However, in order for individual CRM categories (e.g., workload management, communication, situation awareness, etc.) to be viewed as skills, performance on a particular CRM category should transfer to different situations. In this study, we examined how well CRM behaviors generalized across different flight contexts. We analyzed pilot performance from five line oriented evaluations (LOEs). The LOEs were divided into phases of flight and many different behaviors were graded within each LOE, some of which were previously classified as belonging to a …

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Pilot Perspectives On Avoiding Cfit, Robert M. Jenney Jan 2005

Pilot Perspectives On Avoiding Cfit, Robert M. Jenney

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

According to Flight Safety Foundation, Controlled Flight Into Terrain (CFIT) accidents are a leading cause of commercial aviation fatalities. CFIT is not selective; it is prevalent in corporate aviation and, all too alarmingly, in other segments of general aviation. This paper is a pilot-to-pilot conversation specifically about avoiding CFIT and, in the process, about airmanship. All are invited to listen in.

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An Analysis Of Communications For Arrival In Real-Time Air Traffic Control Simulation, Kota Kageyama, Hisae Aoyama Jan 2005

An Analysis Of Communications For Arrival In Real-Time Air Traffic Control Simulation, Kota Kageyama, Hisae Aoyama

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

Air Traffic Control (ATC) communications between air traffic controllers and pilots are the most essential task in ATC operations. This paper describes results from an analysis of ATC communications in real-time (human- in-the-loop) simulation experiments. We analyzed communication data for arrival traffic of a radar control position in a Japanese terminal airspace. We assumed that particularly in a radar position, traffic volume directly influences ATC communication volume. In order to verify this assumption, we study on correlation between traffic volume and the amount of communication events issued by controllers. In addition, we examined ATC clearance phraseology and evaluated as a …

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Evaluation Of Aircraft Maintenance Operations Using Process Measures, Kunal Kapoor, Pallavi Dhawada, Nikhil Iyengar, Joel S. Greenstein, Anand K. Gramopadhye Jan 2005

Evaluation Of Aircraft Maintenance Operations Using Process Measures, Kunal Kapoor, Pallavi Dhawada, Nikhil Iyengar, Joel S. Greenstein, Anand K. Gramopadhye

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

This research focuses on the development of a proactive system (a Web-based Surveillance and Auditing Tool - WebSAT), which promotes standardization in data collection and identifies the contributing factors that impact aircraft safety. This system will document the processes and the outcomes of maintenance activities, make the results more accessible, and reduce future maintenance error rates. WebSAT will capture and analyze data for the different operations involved in surveillance, auditing, and airworthiness directives. To achieve standardization in data collection, data needs to be collected on certain variables which measure maintenance processes. These variables are defined as process measures. The process …

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The Air Traffic Selection And Training Battery: What It Is And Isn’T (And How It Has Changed And Hasn’T), Raymond E. King, Andrew R. Dattel Jan 2005

The Air Traffic Selection And Training Battery: What It Is And Isn’T (And How It Has Changed And Hasn’T), Raymond E. King, Andrew R. Dattel

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has developed a new selection procedure, the Air Traffic Selection and Training (AT-SAT) computerized test battery, to help select Air Traffic Control Specialists. AT-SAT is an aptitude test and not a test of air traffic control knowledge. Of the 264 applicants who have taken AT-SAT, 155 responded to a job announcement, while 109 previously passed the OPM (pre-employment) test and had to achieve a passing score on AT-SAT before they were admitted into training at the FAA Academy. Of the 155 job-announcement applicants, 131 (84.52%) achieved a passing score of 70 or greater (termed a …

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General Aviation Vfr-Into-Imc: Z-Score Filtering Of Demographic And Personality Variables, And The Personality Paradox, William Knecht Jan 2005

General Aviation Vfr-Into-Imc: Z-Score Filtering Of Demographic And Personality Variables, And The Personality Paradox, William Knecht

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

Does pilot personality affect risk-taking with weather? Armchair logic says “Yes,” while data often say “No.” In this work, we apply the technique of z-score filtering (slice analysis) to pilot takeoff decisions made in the face of simulated adverse weather seen at taxiway level. Such a filtering technique might prove useful, provided emphasis is kept to maintain experiment-wise reliability. Statistical and methodological problems with personality data are discussed. The results of this particular data set showed a strong effect of weather on takeoffs, as measured by visibility, cloud ceiling, and the interaction of the two. But, despite best efforts, no …

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Interface Design To Actualize Human-Machine Coordination In The Highly Automated Cockpit, Daisuke Karikawa, Makoto Takahashi, Masaharu Kitamura, Capt. Akira Ishibashi Jan 2005

Interface Design To Actualize Human-Machine Coordination In The Highly Automated Cockpit, Daisuke Karikawa, Makoto Takahashi, Masaharu Kitamura, Capt. Akira Ishibashi

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

Although automated systems in an advanced cockpit have contributed to the enhancement of the safety, they have also increased the system’s complexity which can be a cause of inappropriate situation awareness (SA). In this paper, a supportive method for enhancing SA in the highly automated cockpit has been proposed, focusing on the following two points. One is to support in grasping the situation from a broader perspective which can contribute to the detection of SA errors and to better understanding of the system’s activities. The other is mitigating additional cognitive burden by supportive information. For the achievement of both an …

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Surprise And Unexpectedness In Flying: Factors And Features, Janeen Kochan, Eyal Breiter, Florian Jentsch Jan 2005

Surprise And Unexpectedness In Flying: Factors And Features, Janeen Kochan, Eyal Breiter, Florian Jentsch

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

This database analysis was conducted to determine which factors, or combination of factors, play a part in creating an unwanted outcome due to surprising or unexpected events encountered by pilots. The purpose of this study was to identify likely precursors to perceived surprising and unexpected events and, to advance our understanding of the overt behaviors and misbehaviors found in response to these events. This study also sought to determine if there were any significant differences between commercial air carrier and general aviation flight operations in regard to surprising and unexpected events. The results of this study indicated that the involvement …

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Program Update And Prospects For In-Flight Simulation Upset Recovery Training, Janeen A. Kochan, James E. Priest Jan 2005

Program Update And Prospects For In-Flight Simulation Upset Recovery Training, Janeen A. Kochan, James E. Priest

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

The Flight Research Training Center, established in 2002 in cooperation with the Federal Aviation Administration, focuses on improving the safety of commercial air transportation through the reduction of the loss-of-control events, which continue to be the leading cause of fatal commercial air carrier accidents (Boeing Commercial Airplanes Group, 2004). The primary research purpose of this program is the optimization of in-flight simulation based upset recovery training. The goal of the training is to have a beneficial impact on the loss-of-control accident and incident rate. The program is designed to collect research data through an extensive training program offered to commercial …

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Assessing Human Factors Risks In Air Traffic Management Research, Paul Krois, Jacqueline Rehmann Jan 2005

Assessing Human Factors Risks In Air Traffic Management Research, Paul Krois, Jacqueline Rehmann

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

This paper describes guidance for assessing human factors risks of research capabilities. The risk scales in the present study were used to assess concepts of the FAA Target System Description, part of the National Airspace System architecture. Results help identify areas where human factors analyses are needed and strengthen the business case for human factors assessments. Repeated high risk ratings provide R&D managers with additional information about whether or not to proceed with specific capabilities.

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How High Is High Enough? Quantifying The Impact Of Air Traffic Control Tower Observation Height On Distance Perception, William K. Krebs, Glen Hewitt, Steven R. Murrill, Ronald G. Driggers Jan 2005

How High Is High Enough? Quantifying The Impact Of Air Traffic Control Tower Observation Height On Distance Perception, William K. Krebs, Glen Hewitt, Steven R. Murrill, Ronald G. Driggers

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2005

Each year the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) builds approximately seven air traffic control towers in the national airspace system. Each airport has unique surface and airspace characteristics, but all airports must determine the location and height of the new air traffic control tower (ATCT). These two factors impact cost and safety; therefore the FAA must develop a quantitative means in measuring what improvement in ATCT visibility can be gained by increasing tower height at different locations on the airport surface. Two metrics were developed (Object Discrimination, Line of Sight Angle of Incidence) to assess the impact of tower height on …

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