Medical Education Commons^™

African Primary Care Research: Current Situation, Priorities And Capacity Building, Robert Mash, Akye Essuman, Riaz Ratansi, Felicity Goodyear-Smith, Klaus Von Pressentin, Zelra Malan, Marianne Van Lancker, Jan De Maeseneer

Faculty of Health Sciences, East Africa

The Sixth PRIMAFAMED (Primary Health Care/Family Medicine Education Network) workshop on ‘Capacity Building and Priorities in Primary Care Research’ was held in Pretoria, South Africa (SA), from 22 to 24 June 2014. Delegates from the following countries attended the workshop: Ghana, Nigeria, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Sudan, Malawi, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Namibia, SA, Zambia, Ethiopia, Rwanda, Mozambique, Swaziland, Belgium, and Denmark (Figure 1). Delegates were from established or emerging departments of family medicine and primary care in these countries. The central theme of the workshop was primary care research – the current situation, the priorities for research and the need for capacity …

Evaluation Of Multiple Choice And Short Essay Question Items In Basic Medical Sciences, Mukhtiar Baig, Syeda Kauser Ali, Sobia Ali, Nighat Huda

Department of Continuing Professional Education

OBJECTIVES:

To evaluate Multiple Choice and Short Essay Question items in Basic Medical Sciences by determining item writing flaws (IWFs) of MCQs along with cognitive level of each item in both methods.

METHODS:

This analytical study evaluated the quality of the assessment tools used for the first batch in a newly established medical college in Karachi, Pakistan. First and sixth module assessment tools in Biochemistry during 2009-2010 were analyzed. Cognitive level of MCQs and SEQs, were noted and MCQ item writing flaws were also evaluated.

RESULTS:

A total of 36 SEQs and 150 MCQs of four items were analyzed. The …

A Need To Climb High To Integration Ladder, Nazish Fatima, Syed Muhammad Faizan Ul Haque

Department for Educational Development

No abstract provided.

Professionalism In Medical Students At A Private Medical College In Karachi, Pakistan, Zain-Ul- Abedeen Sobani, Muhammad Masaud Mohyuddin, Syed Abdul Saeed, Fahd Farooq, Kanza Noor Qaiser, Faiz Gani, Nida Shahab Bham, Ahmed Raheem, Mohammad Asim Beg, Vikram Mehraj, Hasanat Sharif, Mughis Sheerani, Rukhsana Wamiq Zuberi

Department for Educational Development

Objective: To determine levels of professionalism in undergraduate medical students at a private medical college and assess how changes emerge during their training.

Methods: The study was conducted at Aga Khan University, a tertiary care teaching hospital, during November and December 2011. Freshmen, Year 3 and Year 5 students were requested to fill out a questionnaire. It was designed to assess the participants\' levels of professionalism and how they perceived the professional environment around them by incorporating previously described scales. The questionnaire was re-validated on a random sample of practising clinicians at the same hospital. SPSS 17 was used for …

Medical Students’ Endeavour To Make Use Of Their Mental Capabilities, Ayesha Saba Naz, Rehana Rehman, 2mehwish Hussain

Department of Biological & Biomedical Sciences

Objective: To identify and compare awareness of intellectual wellness in male and female medical students of Karachi.

Methods: The cross-sectional questionnaire-based survey comprised randomly selected 800 medical students of both gender. It was conducted from January to December 2010 in 8 medical colleges of Karachi. Responses - never, sometimes, mostly and always (numbered 0-4) - were analysed in terms of frequency, proportion and percentages by Predictive Analysis Software version 18. Chi square test was applied for comparison of intellectual wellness in both genders. Results were considered significant at p <0.05.

Results: Of the 800 questionnaires distributed, 736 (92%) were received fully …

Dementia Prevalence Estimates In Sub-Saharan Africa: Comparison Of Two Diagnostic Criteria, Stella Maria Paddick, Anna R. Longdon, Aloyce Kisoli, Catherine Dotchin, William K. Gray, Felicity Dewhurst, Paul Chaote, Raj Kalaria, Ahmed Jusabani, Richard Walker

Faculty of Health Sciences, East Africa

Background:

We have previously reported the prevalence of dementia in older adults living in the rural Hai district of Tanzania according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition (DSM-IV) criteria. The aim of this study was to compare prevalence rates using the DSM-IV criteria with those obtained using the 10/66 diagnostic criteria, which is specifically designed for use in low- and middle- income countries.

Methods:

In phase I, 1,198 people aged 70 and older were screened for dementia. A stratified sample of 296 was then clinically assessed for dementia according to the DSM-IV criteria. In addition, …

Implementation Lessons On The Use Of Innovation In Information Technology In The Developing World, Salim Hasham, Saleem Sayani

Section of Ophthalmology

Information Technology (IT) innovation and its impact on health care is of particular relevance to the developing world, which spends a fraction of what health systems spend in OECD countries. Given the issues of accessibility, affordability and quality health services in the developing world, IT can play an important role by bringing marginalized communities closer to health care systems. Aga Khan University (AKU) and the eHealth Resource Center (eHRC), which are part of Aga Khan Development Network (AKDN), are active in the developing regions of east africa, Central Asia and South East Asia and are currently initiating new changes in …

Lessons Learnt: Pilot Of Mid Rotation Feedback., Tabassum Zehra, Shazia Sadaf

Department of Medicine

The Aga Khan University went through an external review of its undergraduate medical education in December 2006 based on the accreditation guidelines by the Liaison Committee for Medical Education (LCME). The external review panel comprised of international and local experts which developed a comprehensive report on its findings with regards to LCME standards of accreditation. In the final report of the external review one of the areas highlighted as not meeting the standards of LCME was documentation of formal mid-rotation feedback of the students by the faculty in AKU clerkships through years 3 to 5. A four hour faculty development …

Stress, Job Satisfaction And Work Hours In Medical And Surgical Residency Programmes In Private Sector Teaching Hospitals Of Karachi, Pakistan, Sameer-Ur-Rehman, Rohail Kumar, Nabeel Siddiqui, Zain Shahid, Sadia Syed, Masood Kadir

Community Health Sciences

Objective: To assess stress levels, job satisfaction and working hours of the residents in Medicine and Surgery and to explore a correlation among the three factors.Methods: The questionnaire-based. Cross-sectional study was conducted in 2011 at two tertiary level teaching hospitals in Karachi, Pakistan (Ziauddin University Hospital and Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan). The study population comprised 176 residents, General Health Questionnaire-12 was used to assess the mental health of the residents and a standardised Job Satisfaction Survey tool was used to assess their work satisfaction.Results: A total of 176 residents participated in the study; 115 (65%) from Medicine, and …

Faculty And Patient Evaluations Of Radiology Residents' Communication And Interpersonal Skills, Naila Nadeem, Abdul Mueed Zafar, Muhammad Nadeem Ahmad, Rukhsana Wamiq Zuberi

Department for Educational Development

Objective: To assess communication and interpersonal skills (CIS) of radiology residents through faculty and standardised patients (SP).

Methods: In this day-long objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) in January 2009, 42 radiology residents took part at six stations in Karachi, each with a standardised patient and a faculty evaluator. Each encounter lasted 15 minutes followed by independent assessments of the residents by both the evaluators.

Results: Based on rating-scale evaluations, all cases had satisfactory internal consistency (Cronbach\'s alpha 0.6 to 0.9). The alpha values were comparatively diminutive against the checklist scores. Correlation among faculty was 0.6 (p

Conclusion: Both checklists and …

Towards A Competency-Based Postgraduate Medical Education, Farhan Saeed Vakani, Wasim Jafri, Fatima Jafri, Amina Ahmad

Department of Continuing Professional Education

No abstract provided.

Impact Of Structured Meetings On The Learning Of Faculty Members, Ambreen Usmani, Rehana Rehman, Shazia Babar, Azam Afzal

Department of Continuing Professional Education

Objective: To determine impact of structured meetings on learning and faculty development
Methodology: The observational cross sectional study was conducted at Bahria University Medical &
Dental College from October 2010 to March 2011. Feed back of all faculty members of university was
acquired on weekly structured meeting (with alternating theme of journal club and problem based scenario
presentation) by a self reported questionnaire. The responses obtained on a 5-point Likert scale were
divided into two groups; I, senior faculty (professors, associates and assistants) II, junior faculty
(lecturers). Chi square test was applied to compare categorical variables and results considered significant …

Problems And Issues In Implementing Innovative Curriculum In The Developing Countries: The Pakistani Experience, Syeda Kauser Ali, Lubna A. Baig

Department for Educational Development

Background: The Government of Pakistan identified 4 medical Colleges for introduction of COME, one from each province. Curriculum was prepared by the faculty of these colleges and launched in 2001 and despite concerted efforts could not be implemented. The purpose of this research was to identify the reasons for delay in implementation of the COME curriculum and to assess the understanding of the stakeholders about COME.

Methods: Mixed methods study design was used for data collection. In-depth interviews, mail-in survey questionnaire, and focus group discussions were held with the representatives of federal and provincial governments, Principals of medical colleges, faculty …

Antioxidant, Antimicrobial Properties And Phenolics Of Different Solvent Extracts From Bark, Leaves And Seeds Of Pongamia Pinnata (L.) Pierre, Zahid Iqbal Sajid, Farooq Anwar, Ghulam Shabir, Ghulam Rasul, Khalid M. Alkharfy, Anwarul Hassan Gilani

Department of Biological & Biomedical Sciences

This study appraises the antioxidant and antimicrobial attributes of various solvent extracts (absolute methanol, aqueous methanol, absolute ethanol, aqueous ethanol, absolute acetone, aqueous acetone, and deionized water) from bark, leaves and seeds of Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre. Maximum extraction yield of antioxidant components from bark (16.31%), leaves (11.42%) and seeds (21.51%) of P. pinnata was obtained using aqueous methanol (20:80). Of the extracts tested, the bark extract, obtained with aqueous methanol, exhibited greater levels of total phenolics [6.94 g GAE/100 g dry weight (DW)], total flavonoids (3.44 g CE/100 g DW), inhibition of linoleic acid peroxidation (69.23%) and DPPH radical …

An In Vivo Study On The Diuretic Activity Of Holarrhena Antidysenterica, Aslam Khan, Samra Bashir, Anwar Hassan Gilani

Department of Biological & Biomedical Sciences

Holarrhena antidysenterica is used as diuretic in traditional medicine. The aim of this study was to evaluate the crude extract of H. antidysentrica seeds (Ha.Cr) and its fractions, n-hexane (Ha.Hx), n-butanol (Ha.Bu) and aqueous (Ha.Aq), for their diuretic effect in Wistar rats and to investigate whether the activity is concentrated in any of the fractions. Wistar rats kept on fasting for 24 h with water ad labium, divided into normal, positive control and treated groups were orally given normal saline (20 ml/kg), hydrochlorothiazide (HCT; 10 mg/kg) and different doses of the plant material, respectively. Immediately after dosing, the rats were …

Social Context Of Disclosing Hiv Test Results In Tanzania, Joe Lugalla, Stanley Yoder, Huruma Sigala, Charles Madihi

Institute for Educational Development, East Africa

This study sought to understand how individuals reveal their HIV test results to others and the ways in which social relations affect the disclosure process. The data were collected through open-ended interviews administered in Swahili to informants who had just been tested for HIV and to those who were living with HIV in Dar es Salaam and Iringa regions. Analysis shows that social relations influence the decisions individuals make about disclosure. Most people preferred to reveal their HIV status to close family members. Most also mentioned the fear of being rejected and discriminated against as major reasons for not disclosing …

Medical Educational: The Development Of Intellect, Haider A. Naqvi

Department of Psychiatry

No abstract provided.

Physician Satisfaction Survey On Continuing Medical Education, Farhan Vakani, Wasim Jafri, Nizar Bhulani, Mughis Sheerani, Fatima Jafri

Department of Continuing Professional Education

No abstract provided.

Proposals For A Scheme For Continuing Professional Development In Pakistan, Rashid Jooma

Section of Neurosurgery

No abstract provided.

Integration Of Geriatrics Into A Spiral Undergraduate Medical Curriculum In Pakistan: Evaluation And Feedback Of Third-Year Medical Students., S. R. Sabzwari, S. Bhanji, Rukhsana W. Zuberi

Department of Family Medicine

Background: In the last decades there has been a sharp rise in the elderly population throughout the world. The unique needs of the elderly require a multidisciplinary and comprehensive medical approach. None of the 50 medical schools in Pakistan teach geriatrics in their undergraduate or postgraduate training. This paper discusses the development and implementation of the first geriatric curriculum in a medical school of Pakistan and its effect on knowledge and attitudes of third-year medical students.
Methods: The curriculum was designed through collaboration and approval of various academic departments at the Aga Khan University in Karachi Pakistan. After a review …

Implementation Of A Novel Continuous Fetal Doppler (Moyo) Improves Quality Of Intrapartum Fetal Heart Rate Monitoring In A Resource-Limited Tertiary Hospital In Tanzania: An Observational Study, Benjamin A. Kamala, Hege L. Ersdal, Ingvild Dalen, Muzdalfat Abeid, Matilda M. Ngarina, Jeffrey M. Perlman, Hussein Kidanto

Faculty of Health Sciences, East Africa

Background

Intrapartum Fetal Heart Rate (FHR) monitoring is crucial for the early detection of abnormal FHR, facilitating timely obstetric interventions and thus the potential reduction of adverse perinatal outcomes. We explored midwifery practices of intrapartum FHR monitoring pre and post implementation of a novel continuous automatic Doppler device (the Moyo).

Methodology

A pre/post observational study among low-risk pregnancies at a tertiary hospital was conducted from March to December 2016. In the pre-implementation period, intermittent monitoring was conducted with a Pinard stethoscope (March to June 2016, n = 1640 women). In the post-implementation period, Moyo was used for continuous FHR monitoring …

Medical Education: Value Based Teaching, Haider Naqvi, Ather Hussain

Department of Psychiatry

No abstract provided.

Criteria For Awarding Cme Credits To Health Physicians, Farhan Vakani, S. M. Wasim Jafri, Almas Amin, Mughis Sheerani

Department of Continuing Professional Education

No abstract provided.

The Hirsch Index - A Play On Numbers Or A True Appraisal Of Academic Output?, Taimur Saleem

Medical College Documents

Citation metrics have rapidly gained importance in today's landscape and are being increasingly utilized as a yardstick in making several important decisions regarding academic funding and appointments. The impact factor has traditionally been the metric most often employed in this regard. However, the emergence of the Hirsch index has provided an alternative to the impact factor. The h-index, despite its flaws, continues to gain acceptance and popularity in the medical community. Several medical journals have evaluated and endorsed the use of the h-index. However, it must be interpreted with all of its limitations in mind.

Institutional Review Boards - A Mixed Blessing., Taimur Saleem, Umair Khalid

Medical College Documents

Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) are an important checkpoint for all types of research in medicine. Although these bodies originated primarily in the developed world, they have special contemporary consideration in the context of developing countries due to the large number of clinical trials being conducted in these regions with the financial support of large pharmaceutical companies. IRBs are vital to ensure that all scientific investigation is conducted in a manner that is transparent, scientifically feasible and ethically sound. However, they have also been variably criticized for introducing unnecessary and often protracted bureaucracy and red tape into the system. There is …

Studies On Buddleja Asiatica Antibacterial, Antifungal, Antispasmodic And Ca++ Antagonist Activities, Farman Ali, Irshad Ali, Hidayat Ullah Khan, Arif -Ullah Khan, Anwar Hassan Gilani

Department of Biological & Biomedical Sciences

Crude extract of Buddleja asiatica Lour and its fractions, chloroform (F1), ethyl acetate (F2) and nbutanol (F3) were evaluated for antibacterial, antifungal, antispasmodic and Ca++ antagonist activities. The antibacterial activity was performed against 11 types of bacteria. The crude extract and fractions F2 and F3 exhibited significant activity, while F1 showed low activity in killing the Shigella flexenari, Sternostoma boydi and Escherichia coli. In the rest bacteria, the crude extract and all the fractions (F1 to F3) revealed minimum to nil inhibitory effect. The fungicidal activity of the crude extract and all the fractions (F1 to F3) was also performed …

Involvement Of Medical Students And Fresh Medical Graduates Of Karachi, Pakistan In Research, Kiran Ejaz, Muhammad Shahid Shamim, Muhammad Shahzad Shamim, Syed Abid Hussain

Department of Emergency Medicine

OBJECTIVE: To study the involvement in research, of final year medical students and fresh graduates of Karachi, Pakistan and to identify the factors influencing their interest in medical research.

METHODS: A cross-sectional, questionnaire based study was conducted in 2007-2008. Five institutes representing the private and public hospitals in the city were selected by cluster sampling. Final year medical students and fresh graduates were included. Descriptive statistics were charted using SPSS v.16 after double data entry.

RESULTS: Out of 378, 186 (49%) participants had journal reading habits due to the requirement of their institution. Mostly, 157 (41%) undergraduates had already participated …

Phasing Out The General Nursing Diploma Programme At Aga Khan University School Of Nursing Karachi, Pakistan, Salma Amin Rattani, Laila Akbar Ali, Shireen Salim Velji, Amina Malik

School of Nursing & Midwifery

Aga Khan University was established as medical complex in 1980 and in 1983 received charter as first private university in Pakistan. Thus nursing education moved under the umbrella of a university which allowed starting under graduate and graduate degree education and in light of global trends in nursing profession and staffing and financial impact of nursing education, 2010 was the last intake of university's founding programme; general nursing diploma. Concerns; male vs female nurses and taking nursing education as an easy route to enter in higher education resulting in unattained staffing require deliberations by stake holder including Pakistan Nursing Council.

Continuing Medical Education And Pharmaceutical Industry, Farhan Saeed Vakani, Wasim Jafri, Almas Amin, Mughis Sheerani

Department of Continuing Professional Education

Continuing medical education providers' (academia) and industrial relationship is drawing attention all over the world. To date, there are no national commercial support guidelines available in Pakistan to properly regulate cooperation between the two distinct entities. However, the fact is that the future of all continuing medical education depends on pharmaceutical support and the providers are heavily dependent on the pharmaceutical industry to remain in action. It should always be remembered that medical education and profession is regarded as a moral of enterprise based on a blind faith between the physician and the patient. The funding support by the industry …

Oral Hygiene Kap Assessment And Dmft Scoring Among Children Aged 11-12 Years In An Urban School Of Karachi, Farhan Vakani, Nadia Basaria, Shahjahan Katpar

Department of Continuing Professional Education

Objective:To assess the oral hygiene knowledge, attitude and practices among school children and evaluate their DMFT (Decayed/Missing/Filled Teeth) scores.

Study Design:

Cross-sectional study.

Place and Duration of Study:

A private school of Karachi from March to April 2008.

Methodology:

Convenient sample comprising 300 students of grade 6 within the age group of 11-12 years was selected. A knowledge, attitude and practices survey questionnaire based on quantitative indicators was filled by the students. Clinical examination was done for DMFT. Data analysis was done by using SPSS version 11. Associations were assessed using chi-square test and a p-value of < 0.001 was considered significant.

Results:

There …