Medical Education Commons^™

Overuse Of Antibiotics In Children For Upper Respiratory Infections (Uris): A Dilemma, Malika Taufiq, Rukhsana Wamiq Zuberi

Department for Educational Development

No abstract provided.

Students’ Research: Tradition Ahead Of Its Time, Haider A Naqvi

Department of Psychiatry

This view point describes the experience of introducing research at an undergraduate level during clinical rotation in psychiatry. Objective of this initiative was to encourage critical thinking, self directed learning and sensitization to mental health issues. This contributed to student learning besides galvanizing their interest in the subject. The opinion piece aims to expose various issues to students’ research in the context of medical education in Pakistan.

The Learners' Perspective On Internal Medicine Ward Rounds: A Cross-Sectional Study, M. Tariq, Afaq Motiwala, Syed Umer Ali, Mehmood Riaz, Safia Awan, Jaweed Akhter

Department of Medicine

Background: Ward rounds form an integral part of Internal Medicine teaching. This study aimed to determine the trainees' opinions regarding various aspects of their ward rounds, including how well they cover their learning needs, how they would like the rounds to be conducted, and differences of opinion between medical students and postgraduates. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on a total of 134 trainees in Internal Medicine, comprising medical students, interns, residents and fellows, who were asked to fill in a structured, self-designed questionnaire. Most of the responses required a rating on a scale of 1-5 (1 being highly unsatisfactory …

Antisecretory And Analgesic Activities Of Terminalia Bellerica, Arif-Ullah Khan, Anwar Hassan Gilani

Department of Biological & Biomedical Sciences

This study describes the antisecretory and analgesic activities of the crude extract of Terminalia bellerica (Tb.Cr). T. bellerica extract inhibited the castor oil-induced intestinal fluid secretion in mice at the dose range of 300 - 1000 mg/kg. The extract also dose-dependently (50 - 100 mg/kg) reduced the numbers of acetic acid-mediated writhes in mice. These results indicate that T. bellerica exhibit antisecretory and anti-nociceptive effects, hence justifying its medicinal use in diarrhea and pain.

Latent Tuberculosis Among Pregnant Mothers In A Resource Poor Setting In Northern Tanzania: A Cross-Sectional Study, Faheem G. Sheriff, Karim P. Manji, Mohamed P. Manji, Mohamedsuhel M. Chagani, Rose M. Mpembeni, Ahmed Jusabani, Zaheerabbas A. Alwani

Faculty of Health Sciences, East Africa

Background:

Untreated latent TB infection (LTBI) is a significant risk factor for active pulmonary tuberculosis, hence predisposing to adverse pregnancy outcomes and mother to child transmission. The prevalence of latent tuberculosis in pregnancy and its association, if any, with various socio-demographic, obstetric and clinical characteristics was evaluated.

Methods:

Northern Tanzania was chosen as the study site. In a cross-sectional study, a total of 286 pregnant women from 12 weeks gestational age to term were assessed. Screening was undertaken using an algorithm involving tuberculin skin testing, symptom screening in the form of a questionnaire, sputum testing for acid fast bacilli followed …

Ego Defense Mechanisms In Pakistani Medical Students: A Cross Sectional Analysis, Maria A. Parekh, Hina Majeed, Tuba R. Khan, Anum B. Khan, Salman Khalid, Nadia M. Khwaja, Roha Khalid, Mohammad A. Khan, Ibrahim M. Rizqui, Imtiaz Jehan

Department of Biological & Biomedical Sciences

Background: Ego defense mechanisms (or factors), defined by Freud as unconscious resources used by the ego to reduce conflict between the id and superego, are a reflection of how an individual deals with conflict and stress. This study assesses the prevalence of various ego defense mechanisms employed by medical students of Karachi, which is a group with higher stress levels than the general population. Methods: A questionnaire based cross-sectional study was conducted on 682 students from five major medical colleges of Karachi over 4 weeks in November 2006. Ego defense mechanisms were assessed using the Defense Style Questionnaire (DSQ-40) individually …

Analysis Of The Uk Recommendations On Obesity Based On A Proposed Implementation Framework, Amudha S. Poobalan, Lorna S. Aucott, Sheraz Ahmed, W. Cairns S. Smith

Department of Paediatrics and Child Health

Background: There is considerable expertise in the obesity field in identifying, appraising, and synthesising evidence to develop guidelines and recommendations for policy and practice. The recommendations, while based on evidence, are not formulated in a way that readily leads to implementation. This paper analyses the recent UK recommendations on obesity using a proposed implementation framework. Methods: Two bibliographic databases (Medline and Embase) and various health related and government websites were systematically searched for obesity recommendations published between 1996 and 2007. All the documents published on recommendations for either prevention or treatment of obesity in the UK were assessed. A proposed …

Blepharophimosis-Ptosis-Epicanthus Inversus Syndrome In A Pakistani Pedigree, Tanveer Anjum Chaudhry, Mirza Umair Khalid, Taimur Saleem, Khabir Ahmad

Section of Ophthalmology

Blepharophimosis-ptosis-epicanthus inversus syndrome (BPES) is a rare developmental ocular disorder. We report this condition affecting 4 members of a Pakistani family across three generations. A 2-year-old girl was brought to the clinic by her father for the correction of her shortened palpebral fissures. Examination findings were consistent with BPES. The girl's father, paternal grandfather and paternal aunt also had identical features. The distance between the medial canthi of the index case was 30 mm, and the lengths of vertical and horizontal palpebral fissure were 6 mm and 20 mm, respectively. BPES must be considered an important differential diagnosis in patients …

Continuing Medical Education : The Dcpe Perspective, Wasim Jafri

Department of Continuing Professional Education

No abstract provided.

Deceptive Cultural Practices That Sabotage Hiv/Aids Education In Tanzania And Kenya, Mary Oluga, Susan Kiragu, Mussa K. Mohamed, Shelina Walli

Institute for Educational Development, East Africa

In spite of numerous HIV/AIDS‐prevention education efforts, the HIV infection rates in Sub‐Saharan Africa remain high. Exploring and understanding the reasons behind these infection rates is imperative in a bid to offer life skills and moral education that address the root causes of the pandemic. In a recent study concerning effective HIV/AIDS‐prevention education, conducted in Tanzania and Kenya among teacher trainees and their tutors, the notion of mila potofu (defined by educators as ‘deceptive’ cultural practices) emerged as a key reason for educators’ difficulties in teaching HIV/AIDS prevention education in schools and for high HIV infection rates. Since these cultural …

Modulations Of Cell Cycle Checkpoints During Hcv Associated Disease, Anwar Ali Siddiqui, Saira Sarfraz, Wasim Jafri, Saeed Hamid, Syed Ali

Department of Biological & Biomedical Sciences

Background

Impaired proliferation of hepatocytes has been reported in chronic Hepatitis C virus infection. Considering the fundamental role played by cell cycle proteins in controlling cell proliferation, altered regulation of these proteins could significantly contribute to HCV disease progression and subsequent hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This study aimed to identify the alterations in cell cycle genes expression with respect to early and advanced disease of chronic HCV infection.

Methods

Using freshly frozen liver biopsies, mRNA levels of 84 cell cycle genes in pooled RNA samples from patients with early or advanced fibrosis of chronic HCV infection were studied. To associate mRNA …

Ace-I Induced Angioedema: A Case Report And Review Of Literature, Philip Adebayo, Olutayo Christopher Alebiosu

Faculty of Health Sciences, East Africa

Although rare, angioedema has been documented to occur following the administration of angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors are the leading cause of drug induced angioedema. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors induced angioedema is a class effect that can affect between 0.1% and 0.5% of patients taking the drug. It is rarely documented in Nigeria. Lisinopril is a commonly prescribed angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors-I which is considered to be generally safe and well tolerated. We report a case of angioedema following the use of lisinopril.

Predictors Of Recurrence Of Urethral Stricture Disease Following Optical Urethrotomy, Ali Akbar Zehri, M. H. Ather, Q. Afshan

Faculty of Health Sciences, East Africa

Objective:

To assess the predictors of recurrence in Optical urethrotomy (OU) for male urethral strictures.

Methods: 148 male patients treated with OU with intent to treat during the period of January 2003– December 2008 were included in the study. Charts were reviewed for demographics, cause of stricture, stricture length and need for ancillary procedure following OU. The time to recurrence following OU was noted. All patients were evaluated postoperatively with uroflowmetry monthly for the first 3 months, every 3 months during year 1 and every 6 months during year 2. After year 2 most patients were followed annually.

Results:

139 …

In Vitro And In Vivo Anthelmintic Activity Of Terminalia Arjuna Bark, Hafiz Allah Bachaya, Zafar Iqbal, Muhammad Nisar Khan, Abdul Jabbar, Anwar Hassan Gilani, Islam-Ud Din

Department of Biological & Biomedical Sciences

The present study was carried out to evaluate the anthelmintic activity of Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.) bark locally used as an anthelmintic. Lethal median concentration (LC50 values) of methanolic extract of T. arjuna bark in egg hatch and larval development tests against Haemonchus contortus ova and larva were found to be 645.65 and 467.74 μg mL-1, respectively. Inadult motility assay, efficacy of the extract was evident by the mortality of H. contortus at different hours post exposure. Invivo results revealed maximum (87.3%) egg count percent reduction (ECR) in sheep treated with crude methanolic extract @ 3 g kg-1 body …

An Audit Of Editorial Processing At Jcpsp: Issues And Compliance, Saba Sohail

Department of Radiology

No abstract provided.

Career Goals Of Trainee Physicians In Internal Medicine, Muhammad Junaid Patel, Mehmood Riaz, M. Tariq, Sajjad Jamil, Tayyaba Ansari, M. Shoaib Khan, Abdul Jawwad Samdani, Syed Imran Ayaz, Ayesha Sorathia, Jaweed Akhtar

Section of Internal Medicine

OBJECTIVE: To survey Internal Medicine trainees' future career choices and factors influencing their decision-making.

DESIGN: Cross-sectional study.

PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY: The Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, from November 2006 to January 2007.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A standard questionnaire was administered to the residents and Interns working in the Department of Internal Medicine of The Aga Khan University Hospital. The questionnaire covered demographic details, specialty choice, work-time distribution and factors influencing career choice. Descriptive statistics were applied.

RESULTS: A total of 49 doctors participated with 57% females; and 43% males, having 33% interns and 67% residents. A minority (22%) …

Attributes Of An Effective Clinical Teacher: A Survey On Students' And Teachers' Perceptions, Firdous Jahan, Shazia Sadaf, Saira Kalia, Abdullah Khan, Hasan Bin Hamza

Department of Family Medicine

OBJECTIVE: To identify the attributes of effective clinical teacher, using a self-filled survey questionnaire, that students and faculty value most, and to compare the opinion of student and faculty regarding the same.

STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional study.PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY: The Aga Khan University Hospital (AKUH), Karachi from October 2006 to January 2007. Subject and Methods: Clinical faculty at AKUH and students in clinical years were included in this survey after taking their written informed consent. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire administered to all participants. Responses were compared.RESULTS: A total of 119 students in clinical years (3, 4 …

The Unifying Dilemma Of The Pakistani Science Journals, Saba Sohail

Department of Radiology

No abstract provided.

Why Pakistani Medical Graduates Must Remain Free To Emigrate, Zarmeneh Aly, Fawad Taj

Medical College Documents

No abstract provided.

The Association Of Complex Liver Disorders With Hbv Genotypes Prevalent In Pakistan, Saeeda Baig, Anwar Ali Siddiqui, Waqaruddin Ahmed, Huma Qureshi, Ambreen Arif

Department of Biological & Biomedical Sciences

Background

Genotyping of HBV is generally used for determining the epidemiological relationship between various virus strains and origin of infection mostly in research studies. The utility of genotyping for clinical applications is only beginning to gain importance. Whether HBV genotyping will constitute part of the clinical evaluation of Hepatitis B patients depends largely on the availability of the relevance of the evidence based information. Since Pakistan has a HBV genotype distribution which has been considered less virulent as investigated by earlier studies from south East Asian countries, a study on correlation between HBV genotypes and risk of progression to further …

Improving The Teaching Skills Of Residents As Tutors/Facilitators And Addressing The Shortage Of Faculty Facilitators For Pbl Modules., Wasim Jafri, Khalid Mumtaz, William P. Burdick, Page S. Morahan, Rosslynne Freeman, Tabassum Zehra

Department of Continuing Professional Education

BACKGROUND:

Residents play an important role in teaching of medical undergraduate students. Despite their importance in teaching undergraduates they are not involved in any formal training in teaching and leadership skills. We aimed to compare the teaching skills of residents with faculty in facilitating small group Problem Based Learning (PBL) sessions.

METHODS:

This quasi experimental descriptive comparative research involved 5 postgraduate year 4 residents and five senior faculty members. The study was conducted with all phase III (Final year) students rotating in Gastroenterology. The residents and faculty members received brief training of one month in facilitation and core principles of …

Problem-Based Versus Conventional Curricula: Influence On Knowledge And Attitudes Of Medical Students Towards Health Research, Hassan Khan, Ather M. Taqui, Muhammad Rizwanulhaq Khawaja, Zafar Fatmi

Community Health Sciences

Background

Medical education curricula in developing countries should emphasize training in health research. This study compares the knowledge and attitudes towards health research between undergraduate medical students undertaking Problem Based Learning (PBL) versus conventional Lecture Based Learning (LBL).

Methods

Two groups comprising 66 (LBL) and 84 (PBL) 4th and 5th year students from the medical college of Aga Khan University were administered a structured and validated questionnaire. Knowledge and attitudes of the two groups were recorded on a scale (graduated in percentages) and compared for statistical difference.

Results

PBL students scored 54.0% while LBL students scored 55.5% on the knowledge …

Impact Factor - Uses, Abuses, Obstacles And Alternatives, Saba Sohail

Department of Radiology

No abstract provided.

Knowledge And Attitudes About Health Research Amongst A Group Of Pakistani Medical Students, Hassan Khan, Muhammad Rizwanulhaq Khawaja, Abdul Waheed, Muhammad Ameen Rauf, Zafar Fatmi

Community Health Sciences

Background

Health research training is an important part of medical education. This study was conducted to assess the level of knowledge and attitudes regarding health research in a group of Pakistani medical students at Aga Khan University, Karachi.

Methods

It was a cross-sectional pilot study conducted among a group of Pakistani medical students. Through stratified random sampling, a pre-tested, structured and validated questionnaire was administered to 220 medical students. Knowledge and attitudes were recorded on a scale (graduated in percentages).

Results

Mean scores of students were 49.0% on knowledge scale and 53.7% on attitude scale. Both knowledge and attitudes improved …

Knowledge And Skills In Community Oriented Medical Education (Come)Self-Ratings Of Medical Undergraduates In Karachi, Ayesha Aziz, Ambreen Kazi, Ashraf Jahangeer, Zafar Fatmi

Community Health Sciences

Objective:

To assess the satisfaction of medical students regarding community oriented knowledge and skills that are proposed to be part of the current undergraduate medical curriculum.

Methods: Competencies listed in the regulations for medical education designed by the Pakistan Medical and Dental Council (PMDC) were used to develop a self-administered questionnaire. Using the questionnaire 220 final year students of 3 public sector medical schools self-rated the knowledge and skills that should be part of the curriculum. For analysis the questions were grouped into courses of Basic, Clinical and Community Health Sciences. Students ranked their perceptions on a Likert scale of …

A Case For Case Reports, Saba Sohail

Department of Radiology

No abstract provided.

Re-Emphasizing The Publication Ethics, Saba Sohail, Jamshed Akhtar

Department of Radiology

No abstract provided.

Manuscripts Categorization And Their Accreditation, Jamshed Akhtar, Saba Sohail

Department of Radiology

No abstract provided.

Morning Report Is An Effective Teaching Activity: Residents And Faculty Perspectives, M. Tariq, Shahab Abid, Wasim Jafri

Section of Internal Medicine

No abstract provided.

Male Condom Use In Tanzania: Results From A National Survey, Joe Lugalla, Saidi Kapinga

Institute for Educational Development, East Africa

Objective: To determine factors associated with male condom use in Tanzania.

Methods: Data from the 1996 Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey (TDHS) was used.

In this survey, a national representative sample of sexually active men (N= 1898) and women (N=7027) were interviewed to obtain information about potential predictors of sexual practices and condom use.

Results: Two hundred and ninety (4.1%) women and 288 (15.2%) men had used condoms during their last sexual encounter. Men aged 20-24 years and women aged 15-19 years reported the highest rate of condom use. In both men and women, condom use increased with increasing level …