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2010

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Articles 5311 - 5340 of 5693

Full-Text Articles in Medicine and Health Sciences

Roles Of Adiponectin And Its Receptors In Foam Cell Transformation, Ling Tian Jan 2010

Roles Of Adiponectin And Its Receptors In Foam Cell Transformation, Ling Tian

All ETDs from UAB

Macrophages play a critical role in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis by producing pro-inflammatory mediators and transforming into lipid-laden foam cells. The prevention of lipid accumulation and inflammation in macrophage foam cells, therefore, represents a promising target for effective therapy for atherosclerosis. Adiponectin is a circulating cytokine primarily expressed and secreted by adipocytes, and is downregulated in obesity-linked diseases including type 2 diabetes, coronary artery disease and hypertension. In oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL)-induced human THP-1 macrophage foam cells, adiponectin suppresses lipid accumulation through decreasing lipid uptake and increasing high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-mediated lipid efflux. The potential mechanisms that adiponectin utilizes …

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Cgmp Pde As A Novel Molecular Target For The Prevention And Treatment Of Breast Cancer, Heather Nicole Tinsley Jan 2010

Cgmp Pde As A Novel Molecular Target For The Prevention And Treatment Of Breast Cancer, Heather Nicole Tinsley

All ETDs from UAB

Breast cancer remains a major health concern, despite efforts to develop improved therapeutics. Chemoprevention is a promising strategy for reducing breast cancer-related morbidity and mortality. However, with the exception of the selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), which have limited efficacy and severe toxicities, no drugs have been approved for breast cancer chemoprevention. Studies demonstrate that certain nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) display promising chemopreventive efficacy. Unfortunately, the depletion of physiologically important prostaglandins due to inhibition of the cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes results in potentially fatal toxicities, which exclude the use of NSAIDs and COX-2 selective inhibitors for chemoprevention. Ample data, however, suggest …

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Investigation Of The Cese Framework For Viscous Flows, Balaji Shankar Venkatachari Jan 2010

Investigation Of The Cese Framework For Viscous Flows, Balaji Shankar Venkatachari

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A transient viscous solver has been developed based on the novel space-time conser-vation element solution element (CESE) framework. Till date, the numerical accuracy of the CESE framework in modeling inviscid flow problems has been well documented, while very little work has been done in regards to modeling transient viscous flows. In this work, an attempt to fill that gap in literature was carried out by rigorously investigat-ing the numerical accuracy and computational performance of the CESE framework in simulating such flows. The study aims at gaining a deeper understanding on the numeri-cal accuracy and dissipation characteristics of the CESE framework, …

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Red Blood Cell And Hemoglobin Dependent Modulation Of Reactive Species Metabolism: Implications For Vascular Homeostasis, Dario A. Vitturi Jan 2010

Red Blood Cell And Hemoglobin Dependent Modulation Of Reactive Species Metabolism: Implications For Vascular Homeostasis, Dario A. Vitturi

All ETDs from UAB

The recent discovery that red blood cells might mediate hypoxic blood flow together with accumulating evidence that suggests a role for the modulation of vascular inflammation has reshaped the way we think about the function of these cells. In this thesis we investigate the mechanisms that regulate these newly appreciated functions and focus on i) the ability of red cells to couple oxygen sensing with nitrite reduction and nitric oxide formation and ii) the role of the beta93cys, a conserved residue amongst mammalian hemoglobins and whose function remains unclear. Data will be presented that demonstrate that nitrite reduction to nitric …

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Development And Validation Of A Palliative Care Needs Assessment Instrument-English/Arabic Versions (Pcna-Eav), For Use With Patients With Advanced Cancer, Susan Edith Volker Jan 2010

Development And Validation Of A Palliative Care Needs Assessment Instrument-English/Arabic Versions (Pcna-Eav), For Use With Patients With Advanced Cancer, Susan Edith Volker

All ETDs from UAB

The aim of this study was to develop and translate a psychometrically valid and reliable, population-based, needs assessment instrument, the PCNA-EAV, to measure the health care and support needs of patients with advanced cancer. The cross-sectional study design combined qualitative and quantitative methods, to test instrument reliability and validity, and to examine the association between sample characteristics and health care and support needs. The 116-item, PCNA-EAV, comprised 10 domains of need: physical/functional; social; psychological/emotional; information; communication; helpful resources; financial; religious/spiritual; priority of need; and preference for care The target population was all cancer patients in the department of oncology at …

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Usp14: A Link Between The Proteasome And Synaptic Function, Brandon John Walters Jan 2010

Usp14: A Link Between The Proteasome And Synaptic Function, Brandon John Walters

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The ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) is a coordinated process by which the cell can control protein distribution and abundance. Proteins are marked for turnover by the construction of a polyubiquitin chain on the protein substrate. Once engaged by the proteasome, the ubiquitin side-chain is disassembled by proteasomal deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs), preventing entry of ubiquitin into the proteasome and recycling it for use in future reactions. One of the DUBs that resides on the proteasome is Ubiquitin Specific Protease 14 (Usp14), which is mutated in the ataxia (axJ) mice. This mutation results in pronounced physical deficits and, unexpectedly, a deficit in …

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Functional Determinants Of The Porin Mspa And Its Role In Permeabilizing Mycobacterial Outer Membranes, Jason Huff Jan 2010

Functional Determinants Of The Porin Mspa And Its Role In Permeabilizing Mycobacterial Outer Membranes, Jason Huff

All ETDs from UAB

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infects one third of the global population and causes approximately 2,000,000 Tuberculosis-related deaths annually. Mycobacteria are Gram positive organisms but contain a unique outer membrane (OM) which is functionally similar but structurally different from those of Gram negative bacteria. The mycobacterial OM presents an efficient permeability barrier towards hydrophilic solutes. Slow permeation kinetics of hydrophilic molecules through membranes and several discoveries of cell wall channel-forming proteins indicate that mycobacterial OMs are functionalized by proteins. MspA is the primary porin of M. smegmatis and mediates diffusion of small, hydrophilic nutrients and antibiotics across the OM. Unlike porins of …

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Role Of The Human Cytomegalovirus Tegument Protein Pp150 In The Trafficking And Assembly Of Infectious Virions, Sabarish Vellatheri Indran Jan 2010

Role Of The Human Cytomegalovirus Tegument Protein Pp150 In The Trafficking And Assembly Of Infectious Virions, Sabarish Vellatheri Indran

All ETDs from UAB

Human cytomegalovirus, a ubiquitous human pathogen, establishes a persistent infection in the infected host. HCMV assembly takes place in the nucleus and cytoplasm of infected cells by a complex and incompletely defined process. The viral DNA is enclosed by the capsid, which is surrounded by a proteinaceous tegument, which is covered by a cell-derived envelope studded with viral glycoproteins. The assembly pathway and protein interactions required for formation of the tegument layer and the function of most of the proteins in the tegument remain poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the functions of an essential abundant tegument protein, pp150, …

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The Role Of Fc Receptor-Like 2 In B Cell Signaling, Tanisha Anne Jackson Jan 2010

The Role Of Fc Receptor-Like 2 In B Cell Signaling, Tanisha Anne Jackson

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Fc receptor-like 2 (FCRL2) is a transmembrane protein with immunomodulatory potential that is preferentially expressed by memory B cells in humans. It has two consensus immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs (ITIM) in addition to a putative immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM) sequence in its cytoplasmic domain. We have confirmed the cellular distribution of FCRL2 and ana-lyzed its functional potential to show that coligation with the B cell receptor (BCR) leads to tyrosine phosphorylation of its ITIM motifs and subsequent SHP-1 recruitment to facilitate inhibition of BCR signaling. Mutational analysis indicates that the tyrosine residues in both inhibitory motifs of FCRL2 are …

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Molecular Mechanisms Of Hepatic Insulin Resistance Following Injury, Shaoning Jiang Jan 2010

Molecular Mechanisms Of Hepatic Insulin Resistance Following Injury, Shaoning Jiang

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Insulin resistance commonly occurs following injuries or critical illness independent of previous diabetic status. The development of insulin resistance and hyperglycemia is associated with increased mortality and morbidity in critically ill patients. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the acute insulin resistance following injuries remain poorly understood. With an animal model of trauma and hemorrhage, we have previously demonstrated the rapid development of insulin resistance in liver, and a critical role of TNFα in hemorrhage-induced defects in insulin signaling following resuscitation. However, hepat-ic insulin signaling is impaired prior to a significant increase in plasma TNFα, suggesting the initial development of hemorrhage-induced …

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Cardiometabolic Risk And Risk Perception Among Oklahoma American Indian Women With Previous Gestational Diabetes, Emily Jean Jones Jan 2010

Cardiometabolic Risk And Risk Perception Among Oklahoma American Indian Women With Previous Gestational Diabetes, Emily Jean Jones

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Introduction: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the number one killer of women in the United States (US). Increasing rates of CVD have been associated with the epidemic rates of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in the US. Minority women, particularly American Indian women, experience a greater burden of health risk factors and significant disparities in health status related to CVD and T2DM. Furthermore, women who have had gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) during pregnancy are at greater risk for these diseases than women who have not had GDM. However, these women often do not perceive themselves to be at risk, or, if …

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In Vitro Elucidation Of The Role And Mechanism Of Rankl In Tnf-And Il-1-Mediated Osteoclast Formation And Function, Joel Jules Jan 2010

In Vitro Elucidation Of The Role And Mechanism Of Rankl In Tnf-And Il-1-Mediated Osteoclast Formation And Function, Joel Jules

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The receptor activator of NF-қB (RANK) ligand (RANKL) and its receptor RANK play a critical role in osteoclast biology. RANK has three tumor necrosis factor receptor associated factor (TRAF)-binding motifs [PFQEP369-373 (Motif 1), PVQEET559-564 (Motif 2), and PVQEQG604-609 (Motif 3)] that regulate osteoclast formation and function. RANK also contains a TRAF-independent motif (IVVY535-538) that commits bone marrow macrophages (BMMs), which are osteoclast precursors, to the osteoclast lineage for osteoclastogenesis. Notably, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF) and interlukin-1 (IL-1) utilize TRAFs to initiate most of the signaling pathways known to be activated by RANKL but fail to form osteoclasts unless attended by …

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Role Of Epithelial Sodium Channel And Acid Sensing Ion Channel In Glioblastoma Multiforme, Niren Kapoor Jan 2010

Role Of Epithelial Sodium Channel And Acid Sensing Ion Channel In Glioblastoma Multiforme, Niren Kapoor

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Glioblastoma Multifrome is the most common and aggressive of the primary brain tumors. These tumors express multiple members of the Epithelial Sodium Channel (ENaC)/Degenerin (Deg) family, associated with a basally active amiloride sensitive cation current. We hypothesize that this glioma current is mediated by a hybrid channel composed of a mixture of Epithelial Sodium Channel (ENaC) and Acid Sensing Ion Channel (ASIC) subunits. To test this hypothesis we made dominant negative cDNAs for ASIC1, αENaC, and γENaC. D54-MG glioma cells transfected with the dominant negative constructs for ASIC1, αENaC, or γENaC showed reduced protein expression for each of the specific …

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The Role Of The Intracellular Signaling Pathway In Ehrlichia Canis Infection In Vitro, Chang-Hyun Kim Jan 2010

The Role Of The Intracellular Signaling Pathway In Ehrlichia Canis Infection In Vitro, Chang-Hyun Kim

All ETDs from UAB

Ehrlichia canis is a pleomorphic obligatory intracellular gram-negative bacterium that causes tick-borne canine ehrlichiosis. A systematic investigation on the pathogenesis of the disease has been hindered largely by lack of a reliable quantitative assay. Using quantitative real time PCR (qPCR), a quantitative assay for E. canis was developed and validated. Using the qPCR, the intracellular proliferation kinetics of E. canis in the canine 030F cell-line was studied for the first time. Many intracellular bacterial pathogens have been shown to use Ca2+ signaling in the host cells to induce their own internalization and proliferation. However, it is not clear how Ca2+ …

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Identification And Characterization Of Downstream Target Genes Of The Bmp Signaling Pathway, Nam Chul Kim Jan 2010

Identification And Characterization Of Downstream Target Genes Of The Bmp Signaling Pathway, Nam Chul Kim

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During nervous system development, neurons proliferate, differentiate, project their axons to their targets and make synapses with them. At the neuromuscular junction of Drosophila, these functional synapses enlarge as the body grows to maintain physiologically effective synaptic transmission with the muscles. Drosophila Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) type II receptor, Wishful thinking (Wit), is important in this proper synaptic growth and function. To identify transcriptional targets of Wit signaling, we performed microarray experiments comparing normal controls to wit mutants. Through this study, we found that some of the verified target genes showed isoform-specific regulation in wit mutants, and that several neuropeptide …

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The Role Of Gli1 In Eralpha-Negative Breast Cancer: Promoting Survival, Migration, Invasion, And Metastasis, Yeon-Jin Kwon Jan 2010

The Role Of Gli1 In Eralpha-Negative Breast Cancer: Promoting Survival, Migration, Invasion, And Metastasis, Yeon-Jin Kwon

All ETDs from UAB

Glioma-associated oncogene homolog 1 (Gli1) is a well-known oncogene and a transcription factor that mediates several signaling pathways important for tumor progression, such as hedgehog, TGFß, Ras, and EGFR. Although Gli1 is known to play an important role in cancers of brain, skin, prostate, and the pancreas, the role of Gli1 in breast cancer was not previously well-defined. Therefore, this dissertation focuses on defining the role of Gli1 and the mechanism underlying Gli1-mediated transcription in breast cancer. Interestingly, the major findings of the dissertation clearly indicate that Gli1 promotes cell survival and is predictive of a poor outcome in Estrogen …

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Role Of 14-3-3&Tau In Autophagy And Role Of Edd In P53 Regulation, Shiyun Ling Jan 2010

Role Of 14-3-3&Tau In Autophagy And Role Of Edd In P53 Regulation, Shiyun Ling

All ETDs from UAB

Unrestricted cell proliferation and suppression of cell death are two essential events for tumor development. My dissertation research involves two proteins, 14-3-3 &tau and EDD which are involved in diverse pathways related to these two fields in recent studies. Previous study demonstrates that 14-3-3ô regulates p21 degradation. Up-regulation of 14-3-3ô is seen in breast cancer and is correlated with the down-regulation of p21 in breast cancer. Amplification or overexpression of EDD was observed in breast cancer and ovarian cancers. Illustrating the new roles of these two proteins in proliferation and cell death will advance our knowledge in tumorigenesis and help …

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Identification And Characterization Of Virulence Factors Of Mycoplasmas, Wenyi Luo Jan 2010

Identification And Characterization Of Virulence Factors Of Mycoplasmas, Wenyi Luo

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Mycoplasmas cause a group of diseases that are characterized by their chronicity and resistance to treatment. Diseases caused by the murine pathogens Mycoplasma pulmonis and Mycoplasma arthritidis are often studied as models of human diseases caused by a variety of chronic pathogens that induce a similar pathology. Among several candidate pathogenic factors, superantigens and degradative enzymes such as glycosidases are potentially important but not well characterized. The M. arthritidis mitogen (MAM) is a superantigen secreted by M. arthritidis. Its role with respect to arthritogenicity and toxicity is unclear. To improve the efficiency of transformation and hence enhance efforts to generate …

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Lim Kinase 1 And Twinstar In Synaptic Plasticity Of Drosophila Motoneurons, James Brian Machamer Jan 2010

Lim Kinase 1 And Twinstar In Synaptic Plasticity Of Drosophila Motoneurons, James Brian Machamer

All ETDs from UAB

Modification of the actin cytoskeleton is essential for synaptic plasticity, which is believed to underlie the brain's capacity for learning and memory. Regulation of the actin cytoskeleton by LIM Kinases (LIMK1 and LIMK2) and their downstream targets Actin Depolymerization Factor/Cofilin (ADF/Cofilin) in the mouse forebrain modulates dendritic spine morphology, synaptic function, long-term potentiation (LTP), and learning and memory, but appear dispensable for the regulation of most forms of presynaptic plasticity. However, these analyses were performed in mice mutant for single members of these gene families, and thus the interpretation of these results is confounded by potential compensatory activity of homologous …

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Translocation And Function Of Akt In The Mitochondria, Keri A. Mans Jan 2010

Translocation And Function Of Akt In The Mitochondria, Keri A. Mans

All ETDs from UAB

The ubiquitously expressed kinase Akt is a known survival protein, and is involved in multiple cell signaling cascades, notably the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway. Active Akt translocates from the plasma membrane to different subcellular compartments, including mitochondria, where it phosphorylates compartment-specific substrates. The mechanism of this translocation and the specific function of Akt within the mitochondria remains a mystery. The goals of this study were to elucidate the mechanism by which Akt enters the mitochondria and examine the role of Akt in mitochondrial function. Finally, the possibilities of using post-mortem human brain tissue to study mitochondrial function in normal and …

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Translation Initiation Signaling Components Altered By Mechanical Load Dictate Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy, David Lawrence Mayhew Jan 2010

Translation Initiation Signaling Components Altered By Mechanical Load Dictate Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy, David Lawrence Mayhew

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The regulation of protein synthesis (i.e., mRNA translation) is an energetically costly and extensively regulated process, which is primarily regulated at the initiation step. Mechanical load is a potent stimulus of translation in skeletal muscle, and thus this tissue provides an excellent model system to study the plasticity of the translational apparatus. We investigated the effects of alterations in translation initiation cell signaling pathways in skeletal muscle using a variety of in vitro and in vivo mouse and human model systems. Collectively, our results suggest that, although many proteins in translational signaling pathways are responsive to mechanical load, the response …

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A Comparative Study Of Radiological Threat Environments And Radiation Control, Lisa C. Mccormick Jan 2010

A Comparative Study Of Radiological Threat Environments And Radiation Control, Lisa C. Mccormick

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Radiation Control Programs (RCPs) differ from state to state as does their integration with public health agencies. The purpose of this study was threefold: to describe and compare across states the environmental radiological attributes of RCPs, to describe how these programs are organized structurally within state government, and to identify if RCPs differ structurally in environments of differing radiological attributes. Publicly available information from the Nuclear Regulatory Commission and state agency websites was used to determine both the environmental attributes and the different approaches states use to organize RCPs. States were grouped based on environmental attributes by employing a principle …

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Prevalence And Susceptibility Of Cryptococcus Neoformans To Fluconazole In Hiv Patients In Kenya, Rennatus Magina Mdodo Jan 2010

Prevalence And Susceptibility Of Cryptococcus Neoformans To Fluconazole In Hiv Patients In Kenya, Rennatus Magina Mdodo

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In an applied analysis, examining the association between log transformed C-reactive

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Genotyping Of Streptococcus Mutans Using Multilocus Sequence Typing, Stephanie Momeni Jan 2010

Genotyping Of Streptococcus Mutans Using Multilocus Sequence Typing, Stephanie Momeni

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ABSTRACT The role of Streptococcus mutans has been extensively studied using a variety of genotyping techniques. Repetitive extragenic palindromic polymerase chain reaction (rep-PCR) is an effective tool for screening large-scale epidemiological studies with high discriminatory power and reproducibility. For this study, multilocus sequence typing (MLST) analysis is used to evaluate genotypes previously identified as unique using rep-PCR. Twenty-two unique S. mutans rep- PCR genotypes were selected from a longitudinal study. Four additional isolates were selected from each genotype group of the 6 most commonly occurring genotypes (n=30) for further analysis. Real-time PCR was performed using eight housekeeping S. mutans gene …

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The Role Of Parental Autonomy Support In The Motivation Of The Health Behaviors Of Diet And Exercise In Older Adolescents, Shannon A. Morrison Jan 2010

The Role Of Parental Autonomy Support In The Motivation Of The Health Behaviors Of Diet And Exercise In Older Adolescents, Shannon A. Morrison

All ETDs from UAB

regardless of the degree of heteroskedasticity. Moreover, in the presence of high leverage

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Host Preference Profile In An Area Of Eastern Equine Encephalitis (Eee) Virus Transmission In Alabama, Ana Lucia Oliveira Jan 2010

Host Preference Profile In An Area Of Eastern Equine Encephalitis (Eee) Virus Transmission In Alabama, Ana Lucia Oliveira

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osteoporosis susceptibility, perceived osteoporosis severity, perceived barriers to

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A Nucleolar Specificity Factor For E2f1 Induced Cell Death, Jason Chang Paik Jan 2010

A Nucleolar Specificity Factor For E2f1 Induced Cell Death, Jason Chang Paik

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The E2F family of transcription factors are important regulators of cell proliferation, and are often dysregulated in cancers. One member of the E2F family, E2F1, also has the ability to induce apoptosis; therefore, uncovering how E2F1-induced apoptosis is controlled is of interest in understanding tumorigenesis. To this end, we identified RRP1B as a novel target specifically induced by E2F1. RRP1B expression is specifically upregulated by E2F1 overexpression, but not other E2F family members. RRP1B expression is correlated with E2F1 expression during the cell cycle, and is significantly induced after DNA damage. The minimal RRP1B promoter region responsive to E2F1 was …

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The Impact Of Ehr Systems On Physician Productivity And Performance, Anantachai Panjamapirom Jan 2010

The Impact Of Ehr Systems On Physician Productivity And Performance, Anantachai Panjamapirom

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This study examines the relationship between electronic health record (EHR) adoption and physicians' operational productivity and financial performance. The resource-based view of the firm (RBV) was utilized as a theoretical framework to develop and address four hypotheses. Specifically, the first two hypotheses address the impact of EHR adoption status (i.e., electronic- vs. paper-based medical records), and the other two hypotheses focus on the length of EHR adoption (i.e., years of EHR adoption). This cross- sectional study used secondary data from the 2008 physician compensation and production survey conducted by the Medical Group Management Association (MGMA). Multiple linear regression analysis was …

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Pneumococcal Vaccine Response And Aging In Human, Saeyoung Park Jan 2010

Pneumococcal Vaccine Response And Aging In Human, Saeyoung Park

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Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major human pathogen, especially for young children and older adults. To protect from pneumococcal diseases, 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV23) has been used clinically since 1983. However, PPV23 is not so effective among old adults with its protective efficacy diminishing with age. We confirmed that young and old adults, who were immunized with PPV23, have comparable pneumococcal polysaccharide (PS) specific IgG levels. Interestingly, we found that old adults had lower IgA and IgM antibody levels than young adults for three serotypes (serotype 14, 18C and 23F). Consistent with the previous results, opsonic capacities of immune sera …

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Regulation Of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Signaling And Metabolism By Platelet-Derived Growth Factor, Jessica Perez Jan 2010

Regulation Of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Signaling And Metabolism By Platelet-Derived Growth Factor, Jessica Perez

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Growth factors are important inducers of vascular cell growth whose regulation is altered during the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. An increase in growth factor and cytokine production, as well as lipid oxidation is observed in cardiovascular disease (CVD) and contributes to altered vascular cell signaling, exacerbated atherosclerotic lesions and heart failure. A change in cellular bioenergetic status due to mitochondrial dysfunction or damage has also been noted in CVD. In this thesis, we first examine cell signaling pathways in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) which are activated in response to platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and regulate the cell cycle protein changes …

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