Medicine and Health Sciences Commons^™

ความสําเร็จของการปิดทับเนื้อเยื่อในโดยอ้อมด้วยแคลเซียมไฮดรอกไซด์เปรียบเทียบกับการ รักษาเนื้อเยื่อในที่มีชีวิตด้วยยาปฏิชีวนะผสม 3 ชนิดในฟันกรามน้ํานมล่าง, ตรีษา ศาสตระรุจิ, ชุติมา ไตรรัตน์วรกุล

Chulalongkorn University Dental Journal

วัตถุประสงค์ เพื่อเปรียบเทียบความสําเร็จทางคลินิกและภาพรังสีที่ระยะเวลา 6 เดือนของวิธีปิดทับเนื้อเยื่อใน โดยอ้อมด้วยแคลเซียมไฮดรอกไซด์และวิธีรักษาเนื้อเยื่อในที่มีชีวิตด้วยยาปฏิชีวนะผสม 3 ชนิดในฟันกรามน้ํานมล่าง วัสดุและวิธีการ ตัวอย่างศึกษาคือ ฟันกรามน้ํานมล่างที่มีรอยผลึกใกล้เนื้อเยื่อในที่ไม่มีอาการหรืออาการแสดงถึง การอักเสบของเนื้อเยื่อในชนิดผันกลับไม่ได้ จํานวน 68 ของผู้ป่วยเด็กอายุ 3-8 ปี แบ่งฟันออกเป็นสองกลุ่ม โดยการสุ่ม กลุ่มควบคุมคือฟันที่รักษาด้วยวิธีปิดทับเนื้อเยื่อในโดยอ้อมด้วยแคลเซียมไฮดรอกไซด์ (34 ซี่) กลุ่มทดลองคือฟันที่รักษาด้วยวิธีรักษาเนื้อเยื่อในที่มีชีวิตด้วยยาปฏิชีวนะผสม 3 ชนิด (34 ซี่) ทั้งสองกลุ่มจะได้รับ การบูรณะด้วยครอบฟันโลหะไร้สนิมในครั้งเดียวกับการรักษาเนื้อเยื่อในและเปรียบเทียบความสําเร็จทางคลินิกและ ภาพรังสีที่ระยะ 6 เดือนของทั้งสองวิธีโดยใช้การทดสอบด้วยไคสแควร์ที่ระดับความเชื่อมั่นร้อยละ 95 ผลการศึกษา ความสําเร็จทางคลินิกที่ระยะ 6 เดือนของทั้งสองวิธีอยู่ที่ร้อยละ 100 แต่ความสําเร็จทางภาพรังสี ที่ระยะ 6 เดือนของวิธีปิดทับเนื้อเยื่อในโดยอ้อมด้วยแคลเซียมไฮดรอกไซด์อยู่ที่ร้อยละ 82.35 และวิธีรักษา เนื้อเยื่อในที่มีชีวิตด้วยยาปฏิชีวนะผสม 3 ชนิดอยู่ที่ร้อยละ 76.47 ความล้มเหลวทางภาพรังสีที่พบมากที่สุดคือ พบเงาดําบริเวณรอยแยกรากฟัน โดยพบร้อยละ 14.70 ในกลุ่มปิดทับเนื้อเยื่อในโดยอ้อมด้วยแคลเซียมไฮดรอกไซด์ และร้อยละ 17.65 ในกลุ่มวิธีรักษาเนื้อเยื่อในที่มีชีวิตด้วยยาปฏิชีวนะผสม 3 ชนิด สรุป ความสําเร็จทางคลินิกและภาพรังสีที่ระยะเวลา 6 เดือนของวิธีปิดทับเนื้อเยื่อในโดยอ้อมด้วยแคลเซียม ไฮดรอกไซด์ไม่มีความแตกต่างกับวิธีรักษาเนื้อเยื่อในที่มีชีวิตด้วยยาปฏิชีวนะผสม 3 ชนิดอย่างมีนัยสําคัญทางสถิติ (p = 0.76) (2 ทันต จุฬาฯ 2552;32:157-66)

Microtensile Bond Strength Of Four Contemporary Dental Adhesives, Vichuda Sereepanpanich, Sirivimol Srisawasdi

Chulalongkorn University Dental Journal

Objective This study evaluated microtensile bond strength (MTBS) of two newly developed self-etch adhesives compared to a two-step self-etch adhesive and a three-step total-etch adhesive, and determined the effect of surface moisture on MTBS of the new single-step self-etch adhesive. Materials and methods Twenty-five extracted human third molars were ground flat to expose mid-coronal dentin, and teeth were randomly divided into five experimental groups, which were Adper Scotchbond Multipurpose, Clearfil SE Bond, Adper SE Plus Self-Etch Adhesive, Adper Easy Bond Self-Etch Adhesive, and Adper Easy Bond Self-Etch Adhesive in moist condition groups. Each of the adhesives was used to bond …

ผลของเคซีนฟอสโฟเปปไทด์-อะมอร์ฟัสแคลเซียมฟอสเฟตเพสต์ต่อความแข็งของเคลือบฟันที่สัมผัสกับน้ําคลอรีน: การศึกษาในห้องปฏิบัติการ, ธาริณี พนมเริงศักดิ์, สมหมาย ชอบอิสระ, สุชิต พูลทอง

Chulalongkorn University Dental Journal

วัตถุประสงค์ เพื่อศึกษาผลของเคซีนฟอสโฟเปปไทด์-อะมอร์ฟัสแคลเซียมฟอสเฟตเพสต์ที่มีต่อความแข็งของเคลือบฟันที่ไม่ผ่านการขัดที่สัมผัสน้ําคลอรีนในห้องปฏิบัติการ วัสดุและวิธีการ เตรียมฟันกรามน้อยที่ถอนเพื่อวัตถุประสงค์ในการจัดฟันทั้งหมด 12 ซี่ สําหรับทดสอบความแข็ง ด้วยเครื่องทดสอบความแข็งในระดับนาโน สุ่มตัวอย่างแบบอิสระเป็น 2 กลุ่ม กลุ่มทดลองนําไปทาเคซีน ฟอสโฟเปปไทด์-อะมอร์ฟัสแคลเซียมฟอสเฟตเพสต์เป็นเวลา 3 นาที และแช่ในน้ําลายเทียมเป็นเวลา 30 นาที ส่วนกลุ่มควบคุมไม่ได้ทาสารใด ๆ ทดสอบความแข็งเคลือบฟันก่อนและหลังจากนําทั้งสองกลุ่มไปแช่ในน้ําคลอรีนที่ มีค่าความเป็นกรดด่างเท่ากับ 5.3 เป็นเวลา 2 ชั่วโมง และแช่ในน้ําลายเทียมอีก 8 ชั่วโมง นําค่าความแข็งหน่วยเป็น จิกะปาสคาล มาวิเคราะห์ด้วยสถิติวิลดอกซัน ไซน์ แรงค์ เทสต์ (p = 0.05) ผลการศึกษา ค่าความแข็งของเคลือบฟันก่อนและหลังสัมผัสน้ําคลอรีนที่มีค่าความเป็นกรดด่างเท่ากับ 5.3 เป็น เวลา 2 ชั่วโมง และแช่ในน้ําลายเทียมอีก 8 ชั่วโมง มีความแตกต่างกันอย่างไม่มีนัยสําคัญทางสถิติทั้งในกลุ่มควบคุม (4.34 + 0.92 และ 4.38 + 0.72 จิกะปาสคาล) และกลุ่มทดลอง (4.91 + 0.32 และ 5.05 + 1.29 จิกะปาสคาล) สรุป เคซีนฟอสโฟเปปไทด์ - อะมอร์ฟัสแคลเซียมฟอสเฟตเพสต์ไม่มีผลต่อความแข็งของเคลือบฟันที่สัมผัส น้ําคลอรีนที่มีค่าความเป็นกรดด่างเท่ากับ 5.3 เป็นเวลา 2 ชั่วโมง และแช่ในน้ําลายเทียม 8 ชั่วโมง ในห้องปฏิบัติการ (ว ทันต จุฬาฯ 2552;32:203-12)

Cytotoxicity Of Two Thai White Portland Cements Mixed With Bismuth Oxide On Primary Human Osteoblasts, Thanomsuk Jearanaiphaisarn, Chootima Ratisoontorn

Chulalongkorn University Dental Journal

Objective To compare the cytotoxicity of two Thai white portland cements mixed with bismuth oxide (PCA and PCB) with white mineral trioxide aggregate (white ProRoot® MTA) on primary human osteoblasts and to investigate cell morphology on the materials. Materials and methods PCA, PCB and white ProRoot® MTA were mixed with distilled water. Standard cylinder discs of each tested material were prepared. Primary human osteoblasts were exposed to material extracts on different extraction time points (days 1, 3, 7 and 14). Cell viability was assessed by using methyltetrazolium assay. Differences in mean percentage of cell viability were analyzed by one-way analysis …

An Examination Of Chimpanzee Use In Human Cancer Research, Jarrod Bailey

Laboratory Experiments Collection

Advocates of chimpanzee research claim the genetic similarity of humans and chimpanzees make them an indispensable research tool to combat human diseases. Given that cancer is a leading cause of human death worldwide, one might expect that if chimpanzees were needed for, or were productive in, cancer research, then they would have been widely used. This comprehensive literature analysis reveals that chimpanzees have scarcely been used in any form of cancer research, and that chimpanzee tumours are extremely rare and biologically different from human cancers. Often, chimpanzee citations described peripheral use of chimpanzee cells and genetic material in predominantly human …

Automatic Recognition Of Frog Calls Using A Multi-Stage Average Spectrum, Wen-Ping Chen, Song-Shyong Chen, Chun-Cheng Lin, Ya-Zhung Chen, Wen-Chih Lin

Bioacoustics Collection

The automatic recognition of animal sounds is one of the powerful techniques for replacing the traditional ecological survey method that mainly depends on manpower, which is hence both costly and time consuming. This study developed an automatic frog call recognition system based on the combination of a pre-classification method of the syllable lengths and a multi-stage average spectrum (MSAS) method. In this system, the input frog syllables are first classified into one of the four groups determined by the pre-classification method according to syllable length. Then the proposed MSAS method is used to extract the standard feature template to analyze …

New Dentist News (September 2009), Ada Committee On The New Dentist

New Dentist News

New Dentist News offers timely information on scientific, social, educational, political and economic developments affecting new dentists. This collection is historical and items may not reflect current standards. For up-to-date information contact the ADA. The New Dentist News was alternately titled ADA Lifeline, 1997-June 2001.

Sleep-Disordered Breathing Affects Auditory Processing In 5–7 Year-Old Children: Evidence From Brain Recordings, Alexandra P.F. Key, Dennis L. Molfese, Louise O’Brien, David Gozal

Center for Brain, Biology, and Behavior: Faculty Publications

Poor sleep in children is associated with lower neurocognitive functioning and increased maladaptive behaviors. The current study examined the impact of snoring (the most common manifestation of sleep-disordered breathing) on cognitive and brain functioning in a sample of 35 asymptomatic children ages 5–7 years identified in the community as having habitual snoring (SDB). All participants completed polysomnographic, neurocognitive (NEPSY) and psychophysiological (ERPs to speech sounds) assessments. The results indicated that sub-clinical levels of SDB may not necessarily lead to reduced performance on standardized behavioral measures of attention and memory. However, brain indices of speech perception and discrimination (N1/P2) are sensitive …

Effects Of Genistein Following Fractionated Lung Irradiation In Mice., Andrea E Para, Andrea Bezjak, Ivan W T Yeung, Jacob Van Dyk, Richard P Hill

Oncology Publications

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: This study investigated protection of lung injury by genistein following fractionated doses of radiation and its effect on tumor response.

MATERIAL AND METHODS: C3H/HeJ mice were irradiated (100 kVp X-rays) with 9 fractions of 3.1 Gy over 30 days (approximately equivalent to 10 Gy single dose) and were maintained on a genistein diet ( approximately 10mg/kg). Damage was assessed over 28 weeks in lung cells by a cytokinesis block micronucleus (MN) assay and by changes in breathing rate and histology. Tumor protection was assessed using a colony assay to determine cell survival following in situ irradiation of …

Tobacco Control Interest Groups And Their Influence On Parliamentary Committees In Canada, Robyn E. Hastie, Anita Kothari

Health Studies Publications

Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine how tobacco control interest groups influence tobacco policy decision-making through submissions and presentations to parliamentary committees.

Methods: A qualitative content analysis was used to examine the presentations and submissions on tobacco-related legislation made to parliamentary committees between 1996 and 2004. The sample was identified from the public list of tobacco-related bills tabled in both the House of Commons and the Senate; the Government of Canada website and LEGISinfo were used to determine which committee reviewed the relevant bill. Committee clerks were asked to send submissions and presentations related to specific bills …

What's Happening: September, 2009, Maine Medical Center

What's Happening

No abstract provided.

Using Primary Care To Bend The Curve: Estimating The Impact Of A Health Center Expansion On Health Care Costs, Leighton C. Ku, Patrick Richard, Avi Dor, Ellen Tan, Peter Shin, Sara J. Rosenbaum

Geiger Gibson/RCHN Community Health Foundation Research Collaborative

This research brief, the third in a series examining the link between national health reform proposals and community health centers, estimates the cost savings that would be realized by making important investments in non-profit health centers as an element of national health reform. Key findings include:

Increasing health center capacity by another 20 million patients by 2019 (to 39 million patients) under health reform can be expected to generate an additional $35.6 billion savings in 2019 and $212 billion in additional savings over the 2010-2019 ten-year time period.

Were the Medicaid prospective payment rate system to be applied to exchange …

Lymphangiosarcoma Of The Arm Presenting With Lymphedema In A Woman 16 Years After Mastectomy: A Case Report, Yasir J. Sepah, Masood Umer, Asim Qureshi, Shaista Khan

Section of Orthopaedic Surgery

Lymphangiosarcoma following breast cancer is a relatively rare entity, with around 300 cases so far reported worldwide. Affecting the long term survivors of breast cancer, lymphangiosarcoma (Stewart-Traves Syndrome) has a high mortality rate. Since lympedema following radical mastectomy or axillary clearance and radiotherapy seems to be the main predisposing factor, further research regarding modifications in the surgical technique of axillary nodes dissection as well as the development of new chemotherapeutic agents effective in lymphangiosarcoma are required.

Contraception, Synergies And Options, Rashid Jooma, Adnan A. Khan

Section of Neurosurgery

No abstract provided.

Characteristics Of A Healthy Environment, Saima Khalid

Institute for Educational Development, Karachi

No abstract provided.

Reducing Dangerous Nighttime Events In Persons With Dementia Using A Nighttime Monitoring System, Meredeth A. Rowe, Annette Kelly, Claydell Horne, Steve Lane, Judy Campbell, Brandy Lehman, Chad Phipps, Meredith Keller, Andrea Pe Benito

Nursing Faculty Publications

Background: Nighttime activity, a common occurrence in persons with dementia, increases the risk for injury and unattended home exits, and impairs the sleep patterns of caregivers. Technology is needed that will alert caregivers of nighttime activity in persons with dementia to help prevent injuries and unattended exits. Methods: As part of a product development grant, a randomized pilot study was conducted to test the effectiveness of a new night monitoring system designed for informal caregivers to use in the home. Data from 53 subjects were collected at 9 points in time over a 12-month period regarding injuries and unattended home …

Introduction Of A Qualitative Perinatal Audit At Muhimbili National Hospital, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania, Hussein Kidanto, Ingrid Mogren, Jos Van Roosmalen, Angela N. Thomas, Lennarth Nystrom, Gunilla Lindmark

Faculty of Health Sciences, East Africa

Background Perinatal death is a devastating experience for the mother and of concern in clinical practice. Regular perinatal audit may identify suboptimal care related to perinatal deaths and thus appropriate measures for its reduction. The aim of this study was to perform a qualitative perinatal audit of intrapartum and early neonatal deaths and propose means of reducing the perinatal mortality rate (PMR).

Methods From 1st August, 2007 to 31st December, 2007 we conducted an audit of perinatal deaths (n = 133) with birth weight 1500 g or more at Muhimbili National Hospital (MNH). The audit was done by three obstetricians, …

Utilization Of Dantrolene In Stiff-Person Syndrome: A Case Report, John M. Vasudevan, Md, S. Kamal Fetouh, Md,, Nethra S. Ankam, Md, Adam L. Schreiber, Do, Ma

Department of Rehabilitation Medicine Faculty Papers

Setting: University hospital-based acute rehabilitation.

Patient: 75-year-old woman with Stiff-Person Syndrome (SPS) with a recent fall and Colles fracture.

Case Description: Four months prior to admission, the patient was diagnosed with SPS, negative for anti-GAD antibodies. Diagnosis was based on a 3-year history of progressive rigidity leading to frequent falls and fractures. Anxiety and fear of falling limited her mobility, and she sustained a sacral pressure ulcer during acute hospitalization. On admission, history was remarkable for unsteady gait and muscle cramps exacerbated when startled or excited. Examination was remarkable for rigidity in her axial and limb muscles. She presented …

Human Amniotic Fluid Stem Cells Do Not Differentiate Into Dopamine Neurons In Vitro Or After Transplantation In Vivo., Angela E Donaldson, Jingli Cai, Ming Yang, Lorraine Iacovitti

Farber Institute for Neuroscience Faculty Papers

Although embryonic stem (ES) cells can generate dopamine (DA) neurons that are potentially useful as a cell replacement therapy in Parkinson's disease (PD), associated ethical and practical concerns remain major stumbling blocks to their eventual use in humans. In this study, we examined human amniotic fluid stem (hAFS) cells derived from routine amniocenteses for their potential to give rise to DA neurons in vitro and following transplantation into the 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rat brain. We show that undifferentiated hAFS cells constitutively expressed mRNAs and proteins typical of stem cells but also cell derivatives of all three germ layers, including neural progenitors/neurons (nestin, …

Workers Electrocuted While Working In Elevated Buckets, Kentucky Injury Prevention And Research Center

Kentucky Haz Alerts--Motor Vehicle

To prevent worker electrocutions while working near over-head power lines:

• Employers should implement and enforce a formal written electrical safety training program that includes work around overhead lines.
• An observer should be designated by the employer to perform an electrical hazard
• evaluation prior to commencing new work activities.
• A hazard assessment of the job site and route of travel, including aerial and ground hazards and obstacles, within the job site should be performed by a competent person before work commences.

Evaluation Of Laparoscopic Appendectomy Vs. Open Appendectomy: A Retrospective Study At Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan, Yasmin Vellani, Shaheena Bhatti, Ghina Shamsi, Yasmin Parpio, Tazeen Saeed Ali

School of Nursing & Midwifery

OBJECTIVE: To compare open and laparoscopic appendectomies and to evaluate the level of efficacy of both types of appendectomy performed at Aga Khan University Hospital (AKUH).

METHODS: Based on this strong study rationale, a clinical audit of patient's records was performed to evaluate the significance of this technique as a treatment modality. The study population comprised of patients with appendicitis admitted in the Department of Surgery from January 2004 to December 2004. The patients' charts were reviewed to ascertain whether the procedure was done as an acute case or as an elective procedure. The predictor variables explored in this study …

Chinese Coal Mines--The Industrial Death Trap, Amber Mehmood

Department of Emergency Medicine

No abstract provided.

The Effects Of Shoe Traction And Obstacle Height On Lower Extremity Coordination Dynamics During Walking., Leslie Decker, Jeremy J. Houser, John M. Noble, Gregory M. Karst, Nicholas Stergiou

Journal Articles: Physical Therapy

This study aims to investigate the effects of shoe traction and obstacle height on lower extremity relative phase dynamics (analysis of intralimb coordination) during walking to better understand the mechanisms employed to avoid slippage following obstacle clearance. Ten participants walked at a self-selected pace during eight conditions: four obstacle heights (0%, 10%, 20%, and 40% of limb length) while wearing two pairs of shoes (low and high traction). A coordination analysis was used and phasing relationships between lower extremity segments were examined. The results demonstrated that significant behavioral changes were elicited under varied obstacle heights and frictional conditions. Both decreasing …

Early And Late Treatment Of Migraine With Dhe Ns (Migranal®), Meryl Latsko, Md, Mph, Stephen D. Silberstein, Md

Department of Jefferson Headache Center Papers and Presentations

To examine the use of DHE NS (Migranal®) in the early and late treatment of migraine in subjects with a history of cutaneous allodynia.

Editorial, C Nayak

Indian Journal of Research in Homoeopathy

No abstract provided.

Inhibition Of Chemically Induced Carcinogenesis By Drugs Used In Homeopathic Medicine, K Hari Kumar, E Sunila, Girija Kuttan, K Preethi, C Venugopal, Ramadasan Kuttan

Indian Journal of Research in Homoeopathy

Homeopathy is considered as one modality for cancer therapy. However, there are only very few clinical reports on the activity of the drugs, as well as in experimental animals. Presently we have evaluated the inhibitory effects of potentized homeopathic preparations against N′- nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA) induced hepatocellular carcinoma in rats as well as 3- methylcholanthrene-induced sarcomas in mice. We have used Ruta, Hydrastis, Lycopodium and Thuja, which are commonly employed in homeopathy for treating cancer. Administration of NDEA in rats resulted in tumor induction in the liver and elevated marker enzymes such as gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, glutamate pyruvate transaminase, glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase …

Cuscuta Reflexa: A Double Blind Homoeopathic Pathogenetic Trial, R Shaw, V Siddiqui, Rajpal Rajpal, Vinay Singh, N Dey

Indian Journal of Research in Homoeopathy

Objective: To elicit the pharmacodynamic response of the drug, Cuscuta reflexa (dodder) on healthy human volunteers, in non-toxic doses. Methodology: Drug Cuscuta reflexa was proved through a double-blind method. The homoeopathic preparation of the drug was proved in three potencies (6C, 30C and 200C) on 13 volunteers who were selected and declared apparently healthy during their pre-trial medical examination by specialists and through their routine pathological investigations. The volunteers consumed 56 doses (four doses per day for fourteen days) of each potency (6C, 30C and 200C) in three stages for a varying period. The symptoms generated during the trial period …

Ephedra Vulgaris - A Multicentric Clinical Verification Study Conducted By Ccrh, P Chakraborty, A Khurana, J Singh, M Rai, Pramodji Singh, A Vichitra, A.K.N. Singh, Deepa Chakraborty, D Singh

Indian Journal of Research in Homoeopathy

Ephedra vulgaris is a lesser known drug which has been used in Homoeopathy for clinical conditions like exophthalmos (Grave′s disease) and headache which was subjected to clinical verification during the study. Besides verification of its use in conditions like inflammation of thyroid gland, enlargement of thyroid gland, palpitation of heart, stiffness of neck, disturbed sleep and general weakness, other clinical conditions in which it has been found useful are conjunctivitis, coryza, anorexia and warts. A total of 1657 patients were studied in this multicentric clinical verification trial at various Institutes/Units under Central Council for Research in Homoeopathy to confirm the …

Prevalence Of Thyroid Disorders In School Children In Delhi - Post Iodization Scenario: An Epidemiological Survey Conducted Under The First Phase Of Emr Project On "Effects Of Homoeopathic Treatment On Natural History Of Autoimmune Thyroiditis", Chauhan V, Manchanda R, Narang Archana, Marwaha R, Arora Saurav, Nagpal Latika

Indian Journal of Research in Homoeopathy

Screening of 4543 children between 6-18 years of age from different schools of Delhi was done during the first phase of research study under EMR project by AYUSH, for thyroid function status-clinically, serologically & ultrasonographically. Data of 4506 children has been analyzed & it has been found that goiter is prevalent at mild endemic level in children (17%) even after two decades of iodization. Significant increase in anti TPO ab positivity (6.39%) and thyroid dysfunction (11.92%) raises suspicion about the role of environmental goitrogens and prolonged iodine supplementation

Adding Gabapentin To A Multimodal Regimen Does Not Reduce Acute Pain, Opioid Consumption Or Chronic Pain After Total Hip Arthroplasty, H. Clarke, S. Pereira, D. Kennedy

PT Faculty Publications

Background: Gabapentin (GPN) is effective in reducing post-operative pain and opioid consumption, but its effects with regional anesthesia for total hip arthroplasty (THA) are not known. We designed this study to determine whether (1) gabapentin administration reduces pain and opioid use after THA using a multimodal analgesic regimen including spinal anesthesia; (2) pre-operative administration of gabapentin is more effective than post-operative administration. Methods: After REB approval and informed consent, 126 patients were enrolled in a double-blinded, randomized-controlled study. Patients received acetaminophen 1 g per os (p.o.), celecoxib 400 mg p.o. and dexamethasone 8 mg intravenously, 1-2 h pre-operatively. Patients were …