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The Psychology Of Aviation Surprise: An 8 Year Update Regarding The Noticing Of Black Swans, Christopher D. Wickens
The Psychology Of Aviation Surprise: An 8 Year Update Regarding The Noticing Of Black Swans, Christopher D. Wickens
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009
We describe the limitation that people have in noticing very unexpected, surprising “offnominal”, or black swan events, as reflected in the psychology of change blindness; and how this limitation can compromise aviation safety. We then describe a three phase program of research examining pilot response to these black swan events, using (1) a meta-analysis to reveal the miss rate in noticing black swans, (2) a model of visual attention to predict this miss rate, and (3) the same model to make predictions regarding the safety impact of NextGen technology and procedures.
Simulator Motion…It Rocks! (Or Maybe Not), Bob Jacobs
Simulator Motion…It Rocks! (Or Maybe Not), Bob Jacobs
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009
I want to briefly share some of our early work at the University of Illinois Aviation Research Laboratory relating to the nature and role of motion cueing and its relationship to pilot performance in flight training, skill evaluation, and flight instrument utilization. First, though, I’d like to offer some personal testimony about Stan Roscoe, the director of the Lab, so that you can appreciate the extraordinary environment we were provided in which to pursue our research and to learn.
The Role Of Common Methods In Personnel Selection, Thomas R. Carretta
The Role Of Common Methods In Personnel Selection, Thomas R. Carretta
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009
Cognitive ability is the most widely researched psychological construct in studies of determinants of occupational performance. Results of meta-analyses of common selection methods in personnel psychology indicate that general mental ability (g) is the best predictor of training and job performance involving core technical proficiency. For training, the predictiveness of g is incremented by measures of personality and specialized job knowledge. For job incumbents, the predictiveness of g is incremented by personality, job knowledge, and work sample performance. In addition to the predictive validity of g, personality, and prior job knowledge, their role in the acquisition of additional job knowledge …
Simulation Results For Highlighting Runway Safety Critical Information On Cockpit Displays Of Traffic Information, Peter Moertl
Simulation Results For Highlighting Runway Safety Critical Information On Cockpit Displays Of Traffic Information, Peter Moertl
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009
This paper describes the results of a human in the loop simulation that evaluated enhancements to a Cockpit Display of Traffic Information (CDTI). Runway safety critical information was highlighted on the CDTI to facilitate flight crew situation awareness and conflict detection for different groups of pilots (General Aviation and commercial) and under different operational settings (crew and single pilot). The evaluated CDTI enhancements are currently being defined by RTCA Special Committee 186 and based on the use of Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B). The results suggest that highlighting of certain traffic relevant information is promising to increase pilot’s hazard detection over …
Towards A Meaningful Presentation Of Fms Trajectory Information For Tactical Self-Separation, S.B.J. Van Dam, M. Mulder, M.M. (René) Van Paassen
Towards A Meaningful Presentation Of Fms Trajectory Information For Tactical Self-Separation, S.B.J. Van Dam, M. Mulder, M.M. (René) Van Paassen
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009
In the context of future airspace management concepts, the flight crew will need tactical navigation support for airborne self-separation. Applying ecological interface design principles, a state-based navigation tool was designed that uses functional information overlays that show how traffic and aircraft performance constrain the horizontal maneuvering. The state-based system has been enhanced with a visualization of intent information from the flight plan trajectory (Van Dam, Paassen, & Mulder, 2007). This paper discusses in detail the exchange of intent information using ADS-B. It presents some promising ideas to show intent in a more meaningful and pilot-intuitive way, particularly focusing on the …
A Methodology And Tools For The Prospective Identification Of Nextgen Human Factors Issues, Ken Funk
A Methodology And Tools For The Prospective Identification Of Nextgen Human Factors Issues, Ken Funk
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009
The Human-Machine Systems Engineering Methodology (HMSEM) is a systematic method to prospectively identify relevant human fallibilities, potential errors, and general human factors issues in a complex, high-risk system, then develop design recommendations for remediations to counteract the fallibilities, avoid or mitigate the errors, and resolve the issues. HMSEM uses IDEF0 functional modeling, task analysis, human fallibilities analysis, and Failure Modes and Effects Analysis, organizing the information for and from the analyses in a workbook. The results of its application to several tasks on the NextGen flight deck suggest that it can be a valuable complement to other means to anticipate …
Near-Term Nextgen And Class 2 Efbs, Thomas L. Seamster Ph.D., Barbara G. Kanki Ph.D.
Near-Term Nextgen And Class 2 Efbs, Thomas L. Seamster Ph.D., Barbara G. Kanki Ph.D.
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009
This study is based on data collected at the Electronic Flight Bag (EFB) Advanced Software and Authorization Workshop for US operators currently involved in EFB software evaluation or implementation for their own fleets. With most US operators not taking delivery of new, larger aircraft in the next few years, they are considering ways of displaying near-term NextGen data on board existing aircraft through systems such as the EFB. The workshop collected operator near-term needs in the areas of EFB user interface and standardization and EFB advanced software applications. The analysis of the data collected during the workshop provided a prioritized …
An Interface For Inbound Traffic Route Planning, Ewout S. Van Dijk, M.M. (René) Van Paassen, Max Mulder, Mariska I. Roerdink
An Interface For Inbound Traffic Route Planning, Ewout S. Van Dijk, M.M. (René) Van Paassen, Max Mulder, Mariska I. Roerdink
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009
It is expected that, with increasing automation, the emphasis in the air traffic controllers’ work will shift from tactical control towards supervision and planning of aircraft trajectories. To support this work, a planning interface for area controllers has been developed. The interface uses a normal Plan View Display (PVD) supplemented with a Time-Space Diagram (TSD), that visualizes the travel of the incoming aircraft across their planned track. With the constraints on speed and timing as given in the TSD, the interface permits direct manipulation of the arrival time within these constraints. Using a simulation of air traffic, the interface was …
Analysis Of Ramp Damage Incidents And Implications For Future Composite Aircraft Structure, Barbara G. Kanki Ph.D., Connie L. Brasil
Analysis Of Ramp Damage Incidents And Implications For Future Composite Aircraft Structure, Barbara G. Kanki Ph.D., Connie L. Brasil
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009
As aircraft manufacturers use increasing amounts of composite materials in primary aircraft structures, an understanding of how composite damage may occur is crucial. One likely setting for composite damage events is the ramp and gate areas where “ramp rash” is a common occurrence. Costly consequences to airlines and the potential to jeopardize safety are an everyday hazard. In order to better understand how such events unfold in today’s operations, 104 ramp damage reports that were voluntarily submitted to the NASA Aviation Safety Reporting System (ASRS) were analyzed. Factors including environmental conditions, aircraft state, aircraft damage locations and types of ramp …
Modeling Pilot Cognitive Behavior For Predicting Performance And Workload Effects Of Cockpit Automation, Guk-Ho Gil, David Kaber, Sang-Hwan Kim, Karl Kaufmann, Theo Veil
Modeling Pilot Cognitive Behavior For Predicting Performance And Workload Effects Of Cockpit Automation, Guk-Ho Gil, David Kaber, Sang-Hwan Kim, Karl Kaufmann, Theo Veil
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009
The objective of this research was to develop a model of pilot cognitive behavior to predict performance and workload while using varying degrees of cockpit automation to serve as a basis for future systems design. A cognitive task analysis (CTA) was conducted on expert pilot performance a flight control panel (FCP), control-display unit (CDU) and flight management system, and an enhanced CDU (CDU+) providing pre-programmed arrivals from air traffic control in a simulated landing and approach task. Cognitive models were developed from the CTA using an enhanced form of the GOMS language, including a set of additional task operators, to …
Design And Evaluation Of A Cognitively Engineered Systems Monitoring Display, Michael J. Findler, Dr. S. Narayanan, Jeff S. Collier, Dr. William Marshak
Design And Evaluation Of A Cognitively Engineered Systems Monitoring Display, Michael J. Findler, Dr. S. Narayanan, Jeff S. Collier, Dr. William Marshak
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009
A new format was derived from a Visual Thinking cognitive psychology paradigm and permits easy understanding of multiple system parameters with different directions and unit scaling. This new “Sprocket” format allows rapid cross check, characterizing multiple failure thresholds, and easy detection of out-of-tolerance conditions and a gestalt state awareness. The format was evaluated in a dual task, aviation-oriented experiment.
The Coming Paradigm-Shift In Maintenance: From Metals To Composites, Alan Hobbs, Connie Brasil, Barbara Kanki
The Coming Paradigm-Shift In Maintenance: From Metals To Composites, Alan Hobbs, Connie Brasil, Barbara Kanki
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009
The purpose of this study is to examine the current maintenance practices of airline operators in the detection and repair of damage to composite structures, with the aim of learning lessons that will be applicable to the maintenance of future advanced composite airplanes. A process map was created to capture the events and activities that occur from the moment a damage event occurs, through damage detection, assessment and repair. The study is identifying areas where operational risks may negatively impact the process, where personnel are required to make judgments in the absence of procedural guidance, and areas where future tools …
Flight Deck Display Technologies For 4dt And Surface Equivalent Visual Operations, Lawrence (Lance) J. Prinzel Iii, Denise R. Jones, Kevin J. Shelton, Jarvis (Trey) J. Arthur, Randall E. Bailey, Angela S. Allamandola, David C. Foyle, Becky L. Hooey
Flight Deck Display Technologies For 4dt And Surface Equivalent Visual Operations, Lawrence (Lance) J. Prinzel Iii, Denise R. Jones, Kevin J. Shelton, Jarvis (Trey) J. Arthur, Randall E. Bailey, Angela S. Allamandola, David C. Foyle, Becky L. Hooey
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009
NASA research is focused on flight deck display technologies that may significantly enhance situation awareness, enable new operating concepts, and reduce the potential for incidents/accidents for terminal area and surface operations. The display technologies include surface map, head-up, and head-worn displays; 4DT guidance algorithms; synthetic and enhanced vision technologies; and terminal maneuvering area traffic conflict detection and alerting systems. This work is critical to ensure that the flight deck interface technologies and the role of the human participants can support the full realization of the Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen) and its novel operating concepts.
Nextgen Flight Deck Human Factors Issues, Ken Funk, Robert Mauro, Immanuel Barshi
Nextgen Flight Deck Human Factors Issues, Ken Funk, Robert Mauro, Immanuel Barshi
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009
This paper describes a project to compile, from a literature review and preliminary analyses, an initial but reasonably comprehensive list of NextGen flight deck human factors issues. It describes the methodology that was used, presents representative issues from the list that resulted, and makes recommendations to continue work to update the list and use it as the basis for suggested NextGen flight deck standards and design requirements.
Assisting Air Traffic Control In Planning And Monitoring Continuous Descent Approach Procedures, A. Van Der Eijk, M. Mulder, M.M. (René) Van Paassen, A. C. In ‘T Veld
Assisting Air Traffic Control In Planning And Monitoring Continuous Descent Approach Procedures, A. Van Der Eijk, M. Mulder, M.M. (René) Van Paassen, A. C. In ‘T Veld
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009
In advanced noise abatement procedures, the approach of an aircraft is optimized to reduce the noise on the ground. A drawback of many noise abatement procedures is that air traffic controllers are forced to increase spacing, leading to a significant reduction of runway capacity. A display, named the Time-Space Diagram, has been developed to assist controllers in metering, sequencing and merging aircraft flying noise abatement procedures such as the Continuous Descent Approach. Although initial tests were promising, it was recommended that the information could be enhanced by supporting common controller spacing techniques. The improved display was tested in an experiment, …
Predicting The Unpredictable: Estimating Human Performance Parameters For Off-Nominal Events, Becky L. Hooey, Christopher D. Wickens, Ellen Salud, Angelia Sebok, Shaun Hutchins, Brian F. Gore
Predicting The Unpredictable: Estimating Human Performance Parameters For Off-Nominal Events, Becky L. Hooey, Christopher D. Wickens, Ellen Salud, Angelia Sebok, Shaun Hutchins, Brian F. Gore
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009
A parameter meta-analysis was conducted to characterize human responses to off-nominal events. The probability of detecting an off-nominal event was influenced by characteristics of the offnominal event scenario (phase of flight, expectancy, and event location) and the presence of advanced cockpit technologies (head-up displays, highway-in-the-sky displays, datalink, and graphical route displays). The results revealed that the presence of these advanced technologies hindered event detection reflecting cognitive tunneling and pilot complacency effects.
Risk Assessment In Aviation, Robert Mauro, Immanuel Barshi
Risk Assessment In Aviation, Robert Mauro, Immanuel Barshi
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009
In aviation, many actions are taken to reduce risk. However, not all risks can be avoided. To effectively manage risk, managers and regulators must evaluate and compare risks associated with different threats. Yet, it is frequently difficult to obtain reasonable assessments of these risks. Traditional approaches often produce unsatisfactory results when the probability of failure is low but the costs of failure are high -- as is often the case in modern civil aviation. Attempts to use a single dimension to evaluate threats often lead to unreliable and contentious assessments. Many risk assessment heuristics and displays can yield misleading and …
Fractal Time Series Analysis Of Human Heartbeat Intervals In A Change Blindness Task, Sheldon M. Russell, Gregory J. Funke, Camilla C. Knott, Benjamin A. Knott
Fractal Time Series Analysis Of Human Heartbeat Intervals In A Change Blindness Task, Sheldon M. Russell, Gregory J. Funke, Camilla C. Knott, Benjamin A. Knott
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009
Fractal analysis is a set of techniques used in the study of complex systems to understand patterns of variability that are often observed in non-linear and natural systems. These techniques have been successfully applied to the study of human physiology, such as gait, heart rate variability, and respiration (West, 2004). Understanding variability in physiological measures may provide insight into human performance, individual workload, and stress. As an exploration of the possible contributions of fractal analysis to human performance, heart rate data from an existing research study was re-analyzed using methods common in fractal analysis of time series data. Results indicate …
Situational Awareness Assessment In Flight Simulator Experiment, Henk Van Dijk, Koen Van De Merwe, Rolf Zon
Situational Awareness Assessment In Flight Simulator Experiment, Henk Van Dijk, Koen Van De Merwe, Rolf Zon
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009
Within the HILAS (Human Integration into the Lifecycle of Aviation Systems) project a flight simulator experiment was performed. The aim of the experiment was to study and select relevant Human Factors tools for pilot Situational Awareness assessment. One specific scenario was designed in which a malfunction of the aircraft was simulated: an Indicated Air Speed discrepancy. The malfunction was introduced during flight and slowly progressed over time while researchers monitored if and how pilots detected the discrepancy. Pilot behaviour was studied during the scenario; i.e. pilots’ Situational Awareness was assessed via eye trackers and rating scales.
Aviation Automation Design And Implementation - The Need For Human Factors Considerations, Karl Fennell, Shawn Pruchnicki, David Mckenney, Helena Reidemar, Kevin Comstock
Aviation Automation Design And Implementation - The Need For Human Factors Considerations, Karl Fennell, Shawn Pruchnicki, David Mckenney, Helena Reidemar, Kevin Comstock
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009
This document outlines the Air Line Pilots Association’s (ALPA) aviation automation concerns and expresses the recommendations of both experienced pilots and experts alike. Refer to our statement of position document for additional details at www.ALPA.org under Safety, HFT (Human Factors and Training). Safe and effective aviation automation∗ is only possible when human factors principles are utilized properly. We strongly encourage engineers, regulators, and operators to apply human factors considerations at every stage of aviation automation hardware, software, and procedure design. Occasionally procedures or products are implemented without these considerations. This inattention can make usage problematic and has produced unintended consequences …
Providing Evidence Of A Multiple-Process Model Of Trust In Automation, Stephen Rice, Gayle Hunt
Providing Evidence Of A Multiple-Process Model Of Trust In Automation, Stephen Rice, Gayle Hunt
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009
This study focuses on the effects of human responses to computer automation aids. Previous research has shown that different types of automation errors (false alarms and misses) affect human trust in different ways. False alarms tend to negatively affect operator compliance, whereas misses tend to negatively affect operator reliance. Participants were asked to determine whether an enemy target was present or absent in a series of images, a task similar to what a UAV operator might be asked to perform. A diagnostic aid provided recommendations before participants viewed each image. Reliability and type of automation error were manipulated in order …
Development Of Method For Crm Skills Asessment, Hiroka Tsuda, Tomoko Iijima, Fumio Noda, Kohei Funabiki
Development Of Method For Crm Skills Asessment, Hiroka Tsuda, Tomoko Iijima, Fumio Noda, Kohei Funabiki
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009
Crew Resource Management (CRM) is currently considered as one of the most effective methods for avoiding human errors or minimizing their effects. In training, measurement of the level of flight crews’ CRM Skills is necessary in order to evaluate objectively which Skills have been adequately learned and which are lacking. The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) has developed CRM Skills Behavioral Markers and CRM Skills Measurement Methods that can identify a crew’s level of CRM Skills by which human errors and threats are managed. A series of simulated-LOFT (line oriented flight simulation training) were conducted to examine the applicability of …
Training Interventions To Reduce Air Force Predator Mishaps, Robert Nullmeyer, Gregg Montijo
Training Interventions To Reduce Air Force Predator Mishaps, Robert Nullmeyer, Gregg Montijo
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009
The use of unmanned aerial systems (UASs) is expanding rapidly. In military operations, this increased use has been accompanied by relatively high mishap rates compared with rates across more mature manned aircraft. These higher rates led to multiple high-level reviews of unmanned operations, but surprisingly little consensus emerged across reports regarding root causes. To help close this gap, Air Force Predator Class A mishap reports through FY 2008 were analyzed in detail. Mishap rates, counts, and causal factors appeared to shift systematically over time, with an increase in mishap reports citing shortfalls in several skill and knowledge areas in FY …
A Pc Based Methodology For Crm – Corporate Resource Management Practice Training, Lisia Maria Espinola Da Silva Pacheco Cabral, Selma Selma Leal De Oliveira Ribeiro, Luiz Landau, Cunha Gerson
A Pc Based Methodology For Crm – Corporate Resource Management Practice Training, Lisia Maria Espinola Da Silva Pacheco Cabral, Selma Selma Leal De Oliveira Ribeiro, Luiz Landau, Cunha Gerson
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009
On 2003, the National Civil Aviation Agency (ANAC – Agência Nacional de Aviação Civil) elaborated the Civil Aviation Instruction (IAC - Instrução de Aviação Civil) 060-1002A, reviewed on 2005, about the CRM Training, based on the AC – Advisor Circular 120-51 A-E of FAA - Federal Aviation Administration, aiming at giving a standard direction about the subject for civil aviation organizations. The purpose of the study is to use a PC Based Methodology for the CRM Training / 2nd. Phase - Recurrent Practice and Feedback, in a low cost artificial environment differently from the LOFT – Line Oriented Flight Training, …
Proposing Attitude Indicator Modifications To Aid In Unusual Attitude Recovery, Nathan B. Maertens
Proposing Attitude Indicator Modifications To Aid In Unusual Attitude Recovery, Nathan B. Maertens
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009
Pilots’ inability to recover from unusual attitudes (UA) is a major factor in loss of control in-flight (LOCIF) accidents, the largest cause of commercial aviation fatalities (Boeing, 2008). One study found 58% of professional pilots and 72% of general aviation pilots were unable to recover from LOCIF upsets (Regional Aviation News, 2008). Statistics also show that LOCIF is the only fatal aviation accident type not to appreciably decrease over a 21 year period ending in 2002 (Sumwalt, 2003a). A revision of the attitude indicator (AI) is proposed to examine if this would reduce the problem by keeping pilots from flying …
A Compatibility Analysis Of Attitude Display Formats, Motonori Yamaguchi, Robert W. Proctor
A Compatibility Analysis Of Attitude Display Formats, Motonori Yamaguchi, Robert W. Proctor
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009
The present research investigated factors that contribute to the compatibility of attitude display formats with actions taken to control an aircraft. In three experiments, participants performed a speeded response task in which they responded by banking an aircraft according to a nonspatial aspect of lateralized stimuli. The format of attitude display was horizon-moving or aircraftmoving, and each participant used normal and reversed controls. These manipulations dissociated influences of three response factors (aircraft, display, hand) on the stimulus-response compatibility, or Simon, effect. The influences of the three factors on the Simon effect were nearly additive, and their contributions depended on the …
Modeling The Effects Of Hud Visual Properties And Configurations On A Multi-Dimensional Measure Of Clutter, Sang-Hwan Kim, David B. Kaber, Karl Kaufmann, Theo Veil, Amy L. Alexander, Emily M. Stelzer, Lawrence J. Prinzel
Modeling The Effects Of Hud Visual Properties And Configurations On A Multi-Dimensional Measure Of Clutter, Sang-Hwan Kim, David B. Kaber, Karl Kaufmann, Theo Veil, Amy L. Alexander, Emily M. Stelzer, Lawrence J. Prinzel
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009
The objectives of this study were to: validate a multidimensional measure of display clutter for advanced head-up displays (HUDs) incorporating enhanced and synthetic vision systems (EVS/SVS); assess the influence of HUD configuration on pilot perceptions of display clutter and flight performance; and model clutter scores in terms of visual display properties. Eighteen pilots flew a flight simulator in a landing approach using three different sets of HUD configurations (low, medium, or high clutter). Pilot ratings of overall display clutter and its underlying dimensions were recorded along with flight performance measures (deviations from localizer, glideslope, altitude and approach speed). A display …
Design Of An Ecological Vertical Separation Assistance Cockpit Display, F. M. Heylen, S.B.J. Van Dam, M. Mulder, M.M. Van Paassen
Design Of An Ecological Vertical Separation Assistance Cockpit Display, F. M. Heylen, S.B.J. Van Dam, M. Mulder, M.M. Van Paassen
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009
A tactical navigation support tool was designed to effectively deal with conflict situations in the vertical plane, while preserving travel freedom as much as possible. Based on Ecological Interface Design principles, the Vertical Separation Assistance Display is developed as an extension to the existing Vertical Situation Display. Functional information is presented via overlays that show pilots how their vertical maneuvering possibilities are constrained by ownship performance, and by limits imposed by surrounding traffic. A questionnaire-based evaluation shows that the ecological overlays considerably improved pilot traffic awareness in vertical conflict situations.
Effects Of Visual, Seat, And Platform Motion During Flight Simulator Air Transport Pilot Training And Evaluation, Judith Bürki-Cohen, Andrea L. Sparko, Young Jin Jo, Tiauq H. Go
Effects Of Visual, Seat, And Platform Motion During Flight Simulator Air Transport Pilot Training And Evaluation, Judith Bürki-Cohen, Andrea L. Sparko, Young Jin Jo, Tiauq H. Go
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009
Access to affordable and effective flight-simulation training devices (FSTDs) is critical to safely train airline crews in aviating, navigating, communicating, making decisions, and managing flightdeck and crew resources. This paper provides an overview of the Federal Aviation Administration- Volpe Center Flight Simulator Human Factors Program examining the requirements for the qualification and use of FSTDs. We will summarize past research investigating the need for a full hexapod-platform motion system, describe regulatory and industry developments, and report on current activities.
Contribution Of High-Frequency Eeg Features To Physiogicallybased Operator Workload Estimation, Jason W. Monnin, Justin R. Estepp
Contribution Of High-Frequency Eeg Features To Physiogicallybased Operator Workload Estimation, Jason W. Monnin, Justin R. Estepp
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009
Physiologically-based cognitive workload assessment can discriminate changing levels of operator functional state in complex task environments. In this paradigm, electroencephalography (EEG) is a commonly used physiological measure. Spectral power in clinical frequency bands is used to derive features to train an artificial neural network (ANN) classifier to recognize changes in cognitive workload. Recent research has suggested that power in high frequency bands may be influenced by electromyographic artifact. In a previous study, nineteen channels of EEG were recorded (from 10 participants) during a complex uninhabited air vehicle (UAV) control simulation in which task difficulty was manipulated to induce changes in …