Medicine and Health Sciences Commons^™

Efficacy And Safety Of Artemether-Lumefantrine (Coartem®) Tablets (Six-Dose Regimen) In African Infants And Children With Acute, Uncomplicated Falciparum Malaria, C. Falade, M. Makanga, Zul Premji, C.E. Ortmann, M. Stockmeyer, P. Ibarra De Palacios

Pathology, East Africa

Approximately one million children die from malaria each year. A recently approved artemisinin-based tablet, Coartem (co-artemether), comprising artemether 120 mg plus lumefantrine 20 mg, given in four doses, provides effective antimalarial treatment for children in many sub-Saharan countries. However, this regimen is considered insufficient for non-immune infants and in areas where multidrug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum predominates. This open-label study assessed the efficacy and safety of co-artemether administered to 310 African children weighing 5-25 kg, with acute, uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Six doses of co-artemether were given over 3 days, with follow-up at 7, 14 and 28 days. Treatment rapidly cleared parasitemia and …

Plasma Zinc Concentrations Are Depressed During The Acute Phase Response In Children With Falciparum Malaria, C. Duggan, W.B. Macleod, N.F. Krebs, J.L. Westcott, W.W. Fawzi, Zul Premji, V. Mwanakasale, J.L. Simon, K. Yeboah-Antwi, D.H. Hamer

Pathology, East Africa

Plasma concentrations of some micronutrients are altered in the setting of acute infectious or inflammatory stress. Previous studies have provided conflicting evidence concerning the extent and direction of changes in plasma zinc concentrations during the acute phase response. We carried out an observational cohort study in 689 children enrolled in a randomized trial of zinc supplementation during acute falciparum malaria in order to evaluate the relation between plasma zinc concentration and the acute phase response. Plasma zinc was measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. On admission, 70% of all subjects had low plasma zinc (<9.2 μmol/L). Multivariate analysis of predictors of admission plasma zinc showed that admission C-reactive protein (CRP), parasite density, and study site were the most important predictors. Predictors of changes in plasma zinc from admission to 72 h included baseline CRP, change in CRP, treatment group, study site, and baseline zinc concentration. In children with acute malaria infection, baseline plasma zinc concentrations were very low and were inversely correlated with CRP (r = -0.24, P < 0.0001) and the degree of parasitemia (r = -0.19, P < 0.0001). Even when CRP and time were taken into account, zinc supplementation increased plasma zinc concentration from admission to 72 h. When available, plasma zinc concentrations should be interpreted with concurrent measures of the acute phase response such as CRP. In children whose age, diet, and/or nutritional status place them at risk of zinc deficiency, those with low plasma zinc levels should be supplemented with oral zinc and followed for clinical and/or biochemical response. © 2005 American Society for Nutritional Sciences.

Habitat Characterization And Spatial Distribution Of Anopheles Sp. Mosquito Larvae In Dar Es Salaam (Tanzania) During An Extended Dry Period, M.A. Sattler, D. Mtasiwa, M. Kiama, Zul Premji, M. Tanner, G.F. Killeen, C. Lengeler

Pathology, East Africa

Introduction: By 2030, more than 50% of the African population will live in urban areas. Controlling malaria reduces the disease burden and further improves economic development. As a complement to treated nets and prompt access to treatment, measures targeted against the larval stage of Anopheles sp. mosquitoes are a promising strategy for urban areas. However, a precise knowledge of the geographic location and potentially of ecological characteristics of breeding sites is of major importance for such interventions.

Methods: In total 151 km2 of central Dar es Salaam, the biggest city of Tanzania, were systematically searched for open mosquito breeding sites. …

Voluntary Exercise In The C57b1/6j Mouse: Phenotypic Effects Of Varying Dietary Fat Levels And Hippocampal Gene Expression Differences Between High-Level And Low-Level Exercisers, Leslie Debardeleben Mclaughlin

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

The drive to exercise voluntarily likely results from complex interactions between genes in many organ systems and various psychological parameters, such as motivation and the perception of fatigue. Reproducible variations in exercise intensity and duration are well established in laboratory rodents, but the genes responsible remain largely unknown. Also, to date, studies addressing the adaptive changes to exercise that might prevent dietary-induced obesity have focused primarily on energy intake and nutrient oxidation/partitioning, as opposed to genetics. We hypothesize that increased voluntary physical activity may be a normal mechanism in certain rodent strains to deter dietary-induced obesity and that in an …

Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Fields: A New Stimulus To Activate Intracellular Signaling, Stephen J. Beebe, Karl H. Schoenbach

Bioelectrics Publications

When new technologies are introduced into the scientific community, controversy is expected and both excitement and disappointment enrich the lives of those who initiate the new ideas. It becomes the mission of the “inventors” to embrace the burden of proof to establish their ideas and convince the skeptics and disbelievers who will undoubtedly temper their enthusiasm and test their patience. While open mindedness is generally a scientific motto, those who review patents, manuscripts, and grants do not always readily practice it, even when the evidence is convincingly presented; old ideas and concepts often die hard. So it has been and …

Simulations Of Nanopore Formation And Phosphatidylserine Externalization In Lipid Membranes Subjected To A High-Intensity, Ultrashort Electric Pulse, Q. Hu, R. P. Joshi, K. H. Schoenbach

Bioelectrics Publications

A combined MD simulator and time dependent Laplace solver are used to analyze the electrically driven phosphatidylserine externalization process in cells. Time dependent details of nanopore formation at cell membranes in response to a high-intensity (100kV∕cm), ultrashort (10ns) electric pulse are also probed. Our results show that nanosized pores could typically be formed within about 5ns. These predictions are in very good agreement with recent experimental data. It is also demonstrated that defect formation and PS externalization in membranes should begin on the anode side. Finally, the simulations confirm that PS externalization is a nanopore facilitated event, rather than the …

The Structure Of A T=169d Algal Virus, Pbcv-1, At 15Å Resolution, X. Yan, V. Bowman, N. H. Olson, James Gurnon, James L. Van Etten, Michael G. Rossmann, T. S. Baker

James Van Etten Publications

Paramecium bursaria chlorella virus 1 (PBCV-1) (genus Chlorovirus, family Phycodnaviridae), infects certain unicellular, exsymbiotic, chlorella-like green algae [1]. The PBCV-1 virion (~1x109 Da) has a linear dsDNA genome (330kbp) and contains at least 100 different proteins [1, unpublished data]. A published cryo-electron microscopy and three-dimensional (3D) image reconstruction of PBCV-1 (26Å resolution) revealed that the outer icosahedral glycoprotein capsid, with a maximum diameter of 1,900Å along the five-fold axis, consists of 1680 trimeric capsomers (trimer) and 12 pentameric capsomers (pentamer) [2]. These capsomers are arranged on a T=169d (h=7, k=8) quasi-equivalent lattice. The trimers and pentamers are organized into 20 …

Functional Implication Of The Trna Genes Encoded In The Chlorella Virus Pbcv-L Genome, Da Young Lee, Michael V. Graves, James L. Van Etten, Tae-Jin Choi

James Van Etten Publications

The prototype Chlorella virus PBCV-l encodes 11 tRNA genes and over 350 protein-encoding genes in its 330 kbp genome. Initial attempts to overexpress the recombinant A189/192R protein, a putative virus attachment protein, in E. coli strain BL21(DE3) SI were unsuccessful, and multiple protein bands were detected on Western blots. However, the full-length A189/192R recombinant protein or fragments derived from it were detected when they were expressed in E. coli BL21 CodonPlus (DE3) RIL, which contains extra tRNAs. Codon usage analysis of the a1891192r gene showed highly biased usage of the AGA and AUA codons compared to genes encoded by E. …

Cancer Information Seeking Preferences Among Health Professionals Serving American Indians In Minnesota, North Dakota, And Wisconsin, K. Knutsen, R. Strickland, J. Matloub, P. Remington, J. Kaur

Native Health Database Full Text

This article identifies cancer information resources used by health professionals in tribal health departments or Indian Health Service clinics serving American Indian communities in Wisconsin, Minnesota and North Dakota.

2005 Navajo Middle And High School Youth Risk Behavior Survey Report, Primary Navajo Yrsb Team

Native Health Database Full Text

From 1997 to 2005, the Navajo Youth Risk Behavior Surveilance System (YRBS) was implemented to be used to monitor health-risk behaviors among youth in middle and high schools. Unhealthy risk behaviors can lead to unhealthy health conditions or injuries, and could enventually lead to health or social problems as chronic diseases, disability and drug or alcohol addictions.

Monstrous Impersonation: A Critique Of Consent-Based Justifications For Hard Paternalism, Thaddeus Mason Pope

Faculty Scholarship

Restricting a person's substantially voluntary, self-regarding conduct primarily for the sake of that person is hard paternalism. Particularly in the public health context, scholars, legislators, and judges are devoting increasing attention to discussing the conditions and circumstances under which hard paternalism is justified. One popular type of argument for the justifiability of hard paternalism takes its normative warrant from the consent of the restricted person.

In this Article, I argue that scholars and policymakers should abandon consent-based arguments for the justifiability of hard paternalism. Such arguments are torn between incoherence and lacking moral force. Very few consent-based arguments successfully resolve …

Is Public Health Paternalism Really Never Justified? A Response To Joel Feinberg, Thaddeus Mason Pope

Faculty Scholarship

n the preeminent scholarly legal treatise on paternalism, The Moral Limits of the Criminal Law: Harm to Self, Joel Feinberg argues that hard paternalism is never justified because it is superfluous; all reasonable restriction of self-regarding conduct can be justified on (more palatable) soft paternalistic grounds.

In this article, I argue that Feinberg's strategy seems to work only because he "stretches" soft paternalism to justify liberty limitation that is properly described as hard paternalism. I expose Feinberg's strained appeals, and argue for honesty and transparency regarding the bases for paternalistic liberty limitation. If the rationale for public health restrictions on …

Deference, Denial, And Exclusion: Men Talk About Contraception And Unintended Pregnancy, Scott D. Johnson, Lindy B. Williams

Rhetoric and Communication Studies Faculty Publications

Individual in-depth interviews were conducted with 20 men, ages 21-48, who have fathered at least one unintended pregnancy. The goal of the interviews was to explore the experiences of these men with unintended pregnancy, their communication with partners and others, contraceptive beliefs and practices, their relationships with their partners, and the outcomes and consequences of the unintended pregnancies. This essay describes results derived from their comments regarding their contraceptive practices and the pregnancy-outcome decisions, with thematic analysis used to identify prominent themes from participant comments. Two strong themes, "deference" and "denial," and one lesser theme, "exclusion," emerged from participant responses. …

Assessing The Accuracy Of The Differential Assessment Of Autism And Other Developmental Disorders (Daadd) As A Screening Tool, Christine Jurgens

Masters Theses

Professionals are encountering children with developmental disorders more often and with more diversity than ever before. Disorder labels are being introduced increasingly early in a child's life in order to qualify them for services. However, characteristics of developmental disorders overlap significantly in young children, with features beginning to differentiate as the child enters formal education at kindergarten age. Debate continues on whether the autistic spectrum is being over-diagnosed, based on increasing incidence and prevalence statistics.

Research has suggested that developmental disorders impact multiple developmental areas, including language, socialization, sensory, motor, and medical/physical aspects and skills. Therefore, distinguishing one developmental disorder …

An Assessment Of Speech-Language Pathologists, ' Special Educators, ' And Elementary Teachers' Language Knowledge Related To Reading Instruction, Jessica Catto

Masters Theses

An assessment was designed from Louisa Cook Moats' (1996, 2000) research and questions to assess the knowledge of elementary education teachers (grades 1-3), special education teachers, and speech language pathologists in regard to several areas of reading instruction including phonemic awareness, phonics, and vocabulary/morphology.

Subjects consisted of a total of 57 educational professionals, 19 subjects in each group. Results revealed that speech-language pathologists scored significantly higher on the phonemic awareness portion of the assessment as well as total test score, when compared with elementary and special education teachers. Mean scores on the total test ranged from 78-89% accuracy. Mean scores …

A Pilot Randomized, Controlled Trial Of An In-Home Drinking Water Intervention Among Hiv + Persons, John M. Colford, Sona R. Saha, Timothy J. Wade, Catherine C. Wright, Mai Vu, Sandra Charles, Peter Jensen, Alan Hubbard, Deborah A. Levy, Joseph N. S. Eisenberg

Journal Articles: Epidemiology

Although immunocompromised persons may be at increased risk for gastrointestinal illnesses, no trials investigating drinking water treatment and gastrointestinal illness in such patients have been published. Earlier results from San Francisco suggested an association (OR 6.76) between tap water and cryptosporidiosis among HIV + persons. The authors conducted a randomized, triple-blinded intervention trial of home water treatment in San Francisco, California, from April 2000 to May 2001. Fifty HIV-positive patients were randomized to externally identical active (N = 24) or sham (N = 26) treatment devices. The active device contained a filter and UV light; the sham provided no treatment. …

The Role Of Connective Tissue Growth Factor (Ctgf) In Fibrosis Associated With Intestinal Neuroendocrine Tumors, Michael David Shapiro

Yale Medicine Thesis Digital Library

Carcinoid tumors of the small bowel often present with fibrosis in the peritumoral tissues, distant in the heart or lungs, and locally in the peritoneal cavity. The mechanism of the fibroblastic lesions in patients with small bowel carcinoids is unclear and their timely diagnosis impossible. There exists no test to determine the risk of fibrosis, detect its presence, or monitor its progression once discovered. Furthermore, no current therapy protects against such fibrosis. We have proposed that CTGF, a mediator of the profibrotic activities of TGFâ1 (a known regulator of fibrosis)is directly involved in the genesis of ileal carcinoid-related fibrosis. The …

Identifying Attitudes And Deterring Factors Toward Continuing Education Among Certified Athletic Trainers, Brian J. Hughes

Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and Practice

Objective: To explore the perceived attitudes toward continuing education and the deterrents to continuing education for certified athletic trainers (ATCs). Design and Setting: Data were collected using the Adults Attitudes Towards Continuing Education Scale (AATCES) instrument, Deterrents to Participation Scale-General (DPS-G) instrument, and self-reported demographics. Subjects: An imbedded on-line questionnaire was e-mailed three times in a 6-week period to ATCs who subscribe to the athletic trainers listserv at Indiana State University and the professional athletic trainers education listserv at Findlay University. The sample of this study consisted of approximately 1,200 ATCs of which 268 answered and returned the survey, a …

Online Learning In Nutrition And Dietetics: Student Performance And Attitudes, Dominic Upton

Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and Practice

Context: Behavioural studies can form an essential component of the Nutrition and Dietetics undergraduate degree. Aims: This study aimed to firstly produce on-line teaching material in Behavioural studies suitable for undergraduate Nutrition and Dietetic students. Secondly, to explore students’ views on the online material, and record their performance when taught through this innovative method. Methods: Nutrition and Dietetics students completed an online health psychology/sociology module and their performance compared to students who completed a traditional lecture based course. Student evaluations of the online course were also recorded. Findings: Results suggested that students taught through on-line medium performed no differently to …

Concurrent Validity Of Borg’S Rating Of Perceived Exertion In African-American Young Adults, Employing Heart Rate As The Standard, Spiridon G. Karavatas, Kamran Tavakol

Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and Practice

Borg’s Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) is a simple and convenient method of monitoring exercise intensity; however, the correlation between RPE and heart rate (HR) is not always consistent. This pilot study examined the criterion-based validity of RPE versus heart rate. Twelve fasting, healthy African-American volunteers at ages of 21-41 years performed a supervised, 45-minute brisk walk test on a treadmill over three consecutive days. Throughout the test, each subject was asked the RPE every five minutes. The subjects' heart rates were monitored continuously and recorded every minute. The overall correlation coefficient, r, between RPE and HR for all data …

The Predictive Value Of Gross Motor Development, Posture And Upper Quadrant Stability For Tmd In Children And Young Adults: A Preliminary Study, Leah Nof, Rebecca S. Rosenthal

Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and Practice

Purpose: This study investigated the relationship of onset of independent walking, upper quadrant stability and head posture and their value as predictors of temporomandibular dysfunction (TMD). Method: Quasiexperimental nonequivalent posttest design study of forty-seven subjects, ages 9 to 29, who were symptomatic or asymptomatic for TMD. Age of independent walking was recorded; temporomandibular joint (TMJ) function was examined; strength of upper quadrant musculature was tested; scapulae distances from corresponding spinous processes were measured; and standing posture was assessed. Results: Significant differences in age of onset of walking, rhomboid strength, scapulae distance from the spinous processes, and head posture were found …

Maternal Smoking Contributes To The Development Of Childhood Adhd, Kelly Sadowski, Thomas G. Parish

Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and Practice

A review of the literature was undertaken concerning maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy. A link between this behavior and an increased incidence of behavioral disorders, specifically Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) was explored. The review was performed using Medline, CINAHL, and Pubmed. Search terms used were maternal smoking, ADHD, and behavioral disorders. Maternal smoking during pregnancy appears to be associated with an increased incidence of ADHD in childhood. A direct causative relationship has not been established. However, after controlling for other potential variables such as maternal age, education and socioeconomic status, it can be concluded that smoking during pregnancy is associated …

Development Of A Generic Critical Appraisal Tool By Consensus: Presentation Of First Round Delphi Survey Results, Jeannie Burnett, Karen Grimmer, Saravana Kumar

Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and Practice

The growing importance of evidence based practice is necessitating academics and clinicians to be able to make judgments about the quality of the body of research evidence pertaining to clinical questions. There are numerous critical appraisal tools to assist this process. These are mostly designed for specific research designs, and tend not to reflect the particular concerns of allied health professionals, such as accuracy of diagnosis, adequate description of intervention, and sensitivity and utility of outcome measures. This paper reports the findings of a study which sought expert opinion on the essential criteria for critical appraisal, and whether a generic …

Renal Ischemia And Reperfusion Activates The Eif2 Alpha Kinase Perk, Heather L. Montie, Foaz Kayali, Adam J. Haezebrouck, Noreen F. Rossi, Donald J. Degracia

PCOM Scholarly Works

Inhibition of protein synthesis occurs in the post-ischemic reperfused kidney but the molecular mechanism of renal translation arrest is unknown. Several pathways have been identified whereby cell stress inhibits translation initiation via phosphorylation of the alpha subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2a, phospho-form eIF2a(P)]. Here, we report a 20-fold increase in eIF2a(P) in kidney homogenates following 10 min of cardiac arrest-induced ischemia and 10 min reperfusion. Using immunohistochemistry, we observed eIF2a(P) in tubular epithelial cells in both cortex and medulla, where the greatest eIF2a(P) staining was found in epithelial cells of the so-called watershed area at the corticomedullary junction. …

Men's Basketball Media Guide 2005-2006, Indiana State University

Intercollegiate Athletics

No abstract provided.

Understanding The Hiv/Sti Risks And Prevention Needs Of Men Who Have Sex With Men In Nairobi, Kenya, Washington Onyango-Ouma, Harriet Birungi, Scott Geibel

HIV and AIDS

Despite increasing awareness of the role men who have sex with men (MSM) can play in the dynamics of HIV transmission in Africa, research on MSM in Kenya has been limited. In response to this gap, researchers from the Institute of African Studies at the University of Nairobi and the Horizons and FRONTIERS programs of the Population Council undertook a study of MSM in Nairobi. The overall goals of the study were to understand the extent to which MSM are at risk of HIV and other STIs, identify the factors associated with risk behaviors, and identify MSM sexual health needs …

Drug Related Critical Incidents, F A. Khan, M Q. Hoda

Department of Anaesthesia

Drug related incidents are a common form of reported medical errors. This paper reviews the critical incidents related to drug errors reported from the main operating theatre suite in a teaching hospital in a developing country from January 1997 to December 2002. Each report was evaluated individually by two reviewers using a structured process. During this period, 44 874 anaesthetics were administered; 768 critical incidents were reported, 165 (21%) of which were related to drug errors. Underdosage, side-effect/drug reaction and syringe swap were the most common. A total of 76% were classified as preventable; 56% due to human error and …

Outcome For Hospitalized Road Trauma Patients At A Tertiary Hospital In Kenya, Hassan Saidi, William Macharia, John Ating'a

Paediatrics and Child Health, East Africa

Background: The developing world continues to experience a disproportionate burden of injury. About one half of injury deaths are due to motor vehicle collisions. Road traffic fatalities per 10,000 vehicles are ten to 20 times higher in Africa compared to Europe.

Patients and Methods: 233 patients were consecutively analyzed. Injury acuity was determined by calculating Injury Severity Scores (ISS) for each patient. Information on the care and treatment outcome was obtained from patient interviews, case notes and discharge summaries. Data analysis was performed using the SPSS version 10.0 statistical software.

Results: Injury accounted for 48.8% of all emergency hospitalizations into …

Clioquinol And Pyrrolidine Dithiocarbamate Complex With Copper To Form Proteasome Inhibitors And Apoptosis Inducers In Human Breast Cancer Cells, Kenyon G. Daniel, Di Chen, Shirley Orlu, Qiuzhi Cui, Fred R. Miller, Q Ping Dou

Wayne State University Associated BioMed Central Scholarship

Abstract

Introduction

A physiological feature of many tumor tissues and cells is the tendency to accumulate high concentrations of copper. While the precise role of copper in tumors is cryptic, copper, but not other trace metals, is required for angiogenesis. We have recently reported that organic copper-containing compounds, including 8-hydroxyquinoline-copper(II) and 5,7-dichloro-8-hydroxyquinoline-copper(II), comprise a novel class of proteasome inhibitors and tumor cell apoptosis inducers. In the current study, we investigate whether clioquinol (CQ), an analog of 8-hydroxyquinoline and an Alzheimer's disease drug, and pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC), a known copper-binding compound and antioxidant, can interact with copper to form cancer-specific proteasome …

Medium From Irradiated Cells Induces A Dose Dependent Expression Of Mitochondrial Changes And Bcl2 Responses In Unirradiated Human Keratinocytes, Paula Maguire, Carmel Mothersill, C. Seymour, Fiona Lyng

Articles

Exposure of unirradiated human keratinocytes to irradiated cell conditioned medium (ICCM) is known to cause a cascade of events that leads to reproductive death and apoptosis. This study investigates the effect of ICCM on clonogenic survival, mitochondrial mass and BCL2 expression in unirradiated keratinocytes. Exposure to 5 mGy, 0.5 Gy and 5 Gy ICCM resulted in a significant decrease in clonogenic survival. Human keratinocytes incubated with ICCM containing an antioxidant, N-acetylcysteine, showed no significant decrease in clonogenic survival. HPV-G cells incubated with ICCM containing a caspase 9 inhibitor showed no significant decrease in clonogenic survival when the ICCM dose was …