Medicine and Health Sciences Commons^™

The Effects Of Animal Assisted Therapy When Used As An Adjunct To Occupational Therapy In The Rehabilitation Of Persons Who Have Had Cerebral Vascular Accidents, Alice Arlene Briggs

Masters Theses

Occupational therapists can use animals to assist their clients in achieving goals in treatment. Most often dogs are used as they are more easily trained. The dog may fetch a ball thrown by the client or stand still and allow the client to brush it. These activities with the animal increase the client's range of motion, endurance and strength. Dogs as well as other animals are used in various ways to elicit the desired response from the client. No studies were found in the literature that examined the use of animals as adjuncts to, or as modalities in occupational therapy …

Critical Thinking Attributes Of Undergraduate Nursing Faculty, Julie A. Coon

Dissertations

The purpose of this study was to examine the critical thinking skills of undergraduate nursing faculty to determine how these skills compared with the established critical thinking skill norms for undergraduate nursing students and if the critical thinking skills of nursing faculty were related to the type of program they teach in, their years of experience in nursing education, their level of formal education, their preferred methods of instruction, and their level of formal training in critical thinking. Nursing faculty from 17 Associate Degree Nursing (ADN) programs and 11 Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN) programs in the State of …

Locus Of Control, Activity Level, And Living Situation Among The Elderly, Jennifer L. Birchenough

Masters Theses

The focus of this study was to investigate the relationships among locus of control, activity level, and living situation in the elderly. The participants in this study consisted of 62 elderly individuals who resided in one of three living situations: (1) independent living, (2) assisted living, and (3) comprehensive care centers. All participants were screened for cognitive status using the Mini-Mental State Assessment (Folstein, M., Folstein, S., & McHugh, 1975). Individuals who scored in the normal range then completed a Locus of Control Scale (Rotter, 1966) and the Index of Occupational Behavior (Gregory, 1983) to address the meaningfulness of, and …

Cultural Considerations In Clinical Reasoning: An Occupational Therapy Case Study, Sandra M. Winter

Masters Theses

This study looked at an occupational therapist's work with clients from varied cultural backgrounds. Qualitative research strategies and a phenomenological approach were used to gather data through interviews with a single respondent and observation of treatment. This methodology was used to examine the process utilized to acquire cultural knowledge and integrate that knowledge into treatment planning. Research focused on: (a) how the cultural background of a client influenced an occupational therapist as she planned and implemented treatment, (b) how the treatment process was influenced by cultural differences between the therapist and the client, and (c) how training or education helped …

The Relationship Between Health Locus Of Control And Health Behaviors Of Women Who Have Undergone Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting, Heather Ferrillo

Nursing Master’s Theses and Projects

Due to the increasing number of women who are diagnosed with heart disease and who are undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting, it is important to explore the psychosocial aspects involved in the recovery process of these women. This study examined the relationship between locus of control and health behaviors of women who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting.

การศึกษาผลการใช้โภชนบำบัดรักษานิ่วชนิดแมกนีเซียมแอมโมเนียม ฟอสเฟส 100% ชนิดปลอดเชื้อในสุนัขเพศเมีย, รสมา ภู่สุนทรธรรม, ไพวิภา กมลรัตน์, เดชฤทธิ์ นิลอุบล, ธนศักดิ์ บุญเสริม, ดุสิต จรุงวงศ์เสถียร

The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine

ศึกษาผลการใช้โภชนบำบัดรักษานิ่วชนิดแมกนีเซียม แอมโมเนียม ฟอสเฟต (Struvite) 100% ชนิดปลอดเชื้อในสุนัขพันธุ์ไทยผสม เพศเมีย จำนวน 8 ตัว เป็นระยะเวลา 50 วัน แบ่งสุนัขทดลองเป็น 2 กลุ่ม ๆ ละ 4 ตัว ในกลุ่มควบคุมซึ่งได้รับอาหารควบคุม พบ นิ่วในกระเพาะปัสสาวะของสุนัขจำนวน 3 ตัว อีก 1 ตัวไม่พบก้อนนิ่วหลังสิ้นสุดการทดลอง 1 ในกลุ่มทดลองซึ่งได้รับโภชนบำบัดอย่างต่อเนื่องเป็นเวลา 50 วันไม่พบก้อนนิ่วในกระเพาะ ปัสสาวะของสุนัข 3 ตัวหลังสิ้นสุดการทดลอง สุนัขอีก 1 ตัวมีก้อนนิ่วที่มีขนาดและน้ำหนักลดลง ผลการทดลองแสดงให้เห็นว่าการใช้โภชนบำบัดอย่างต่อเนื่องเป็นเวลา 50 วัน สามารถสลายหรือลดขนาดของนิ่ว แมกนีเซียม แอมโมเนียม ฟอสเฟต (Struvite) 100% ชนิดปลอดเชื้อได้ในสุนัข

What Is Your Diagnosis, Pranee Tuntivanich

The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine

No abstract provided.

ผลของการใช้ซีโอไลท์และยากำจัดกลิ่นต่อคุณลักษณะของการใช้ผลผลิตการลดก๊าชแอมโมเนียและการเปลี่ยนแปลค่าทางโลหิตวิทยาในไก่กระทง, จักรกริศน์ เนื่องจำนงค์, กฤษ อังคนาพร, สมชาย ผลดีนานา

The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine

ไก่กระทงคละเพศอายุ 1 วัน จำนวน 84 ตัว แบ่งออกเป็น 3 กลุ่ม กลุ่มละ 28 ตัว แต่ละกลุ่มมี 4 กลุ่ม ไก่กลุ่มที่ 1 เป็นกลุ่มควบคุม ไก่กลุ่มที่ 2 ได้รับซีโอไลท์ 1% ในอาหาร ตั้งแต่อายุ 1-42 วัน และไก่กลุ่มที่ 3 ได้รับการพ่นยากำจัดกลิ่น (deodorizer) ในอัตราส่วน 1:100 บนกองมูลไก่เมื่อไก่อายุได้ 21, 28, 35 และ 38 วัน ในทุกกลุ่ม ทําการวัดระดับความ เข้มข้นของก๊าซแอมโมเนียที่บริเวณเหนือกองมูลไก่ โดยใช้เครื่องมือเครเกอร์ (Drager) ที่อายุ 14, 21, 28, 35 และ 42 วัน และทำการเก็บตัวอย่างเลือดที่อายุ 14 และ 42 วัน เพื่อประเมิน ค่าทางโลหิตวิทยา เมื่อสิ้นสุดการทดลองทำการเปรียบเทียบน้ำหนักไก่ที่เพิ่มขึ้น อัตราตาย อัตราแลกเนื้อ ปริมาณการกินอาหารและค่าเฉลี่ยของการเจริญเติบโตต่อวัน จากผลการทดลอง พบว่า ระดับความเข้มข้นของก๊าซแอมโมเนียในไก่กลุ่มที่ 3 มีค่าต่ำกว่ากลุ่มที่ 1 และ 2 นอกจาก นี้น้ำหนักตัวไก่ที่เพิ่มขึ้น อัตราแลกเนื้อ และค่าเฉลี่ยของการเจริญเติบโตต่อวันในกลุ่มที่ 3 ดีกว่ากลุ่มที่ 2 อย่างมีนัยสำคัญ แต่มีค่าใกล้เคียงกับกลุ่มที่ 1 ส่วนอัตราตายไม่มีความแตกต่าง กันในทุกกลุ่ม เมื่อเปรียบเทียบอัตราส่วนของเม็ดเลือดขาวเฮทเทอโรฟิลต่อลิมโฟซัยท์ (H/L ratio) พบว่าไก่กลุ่มที่ 1 มีค่า H/L ratio สูงขึ้นเมื่อเทียบกับช่วงก่อนการทดลองอย่างมีนัย สำคัญ แต่ไก่กลุ่มที่ 2 และ 3 ไม่พบความแตกต่างในช่วงก่อนและหลังการทดลอง ซึ่งแสดงให้ เห็นว่าไก่กลุ่มที่ …

Perceived Differences Between Male And Female Occupational Therapists’ Treatment And Other Related Gender Issues, Dennis Robert Jones

Masters Theses

This study explored how occupational therapy clients perceive the treatment they receive from male and female occupational therapists. The study was conducted in a qualitative manner. Occupational therapy supervisors who have supervised both female and male occupational therapists were interviewed to gain an initial understanding of the relevant issues. More structured interviews were then conducted with clients who have been treated by both a female and a male occupational therapist. Therapists and clients were also observed during four treatment sessions.

Analysis of the data collected through interviews revealed that supervisors and clients do notice some behavioral differences in male and …

Electrodiagnosis Of Median-To-Ulnar Nerve Anastomosis And Anomalous Innervation Of The Intrinsic Hand Muscles, Chih-Liang Wu, Huann Chang, Pi-Chang Sun, Su-Fen Liao, Rai-Chi Chan

Rehabilitation Practice and Science

Communication between the median and ulnar nerves is a common anomaly in the forearm (Martin-Gruber anastomosis, MGA). The knowledge of these anastomoses and the resulting anomalous innervation patterns is of crucial importance to the clinicians and electromyographers in the performance of nerve conduction and electromyographic studies in normal patients and those with peripheral nerve lesions. One hundred forearms (fifty cases) were examined for median-to-ulnar or ulnar-to-median nerve anastomoses using surface electrodes. We found a motor median-to-ulnar nerve anastomosis occurring in 12% of forearms studied. The incidence of innervation of the different intrinsic hand muscles: abductor pollicis brevis (APB) 17%; abductor …

Patients' Attitudes Toward The Use Of Nurse Practitioners, Laurie Maxwell

Masters Theses & Specialist Projects

Since the advent of the role of nurse practitioner in the mid 1960s, nurse practitioners have practiced in traditional settings such as health departments, clinics, and physicians' offices. More recently, nurse practitioners have been utilized in non-traditional settings such as the emergency department. Some studies have been done that support the theory that nurse practitioners can function effectively in this setting; however additional studies are needed on this topic. The purpose of this study was to explore patients' attitudes toward the use of nurse practitioners and to determine what patient variables were related to these attitudes. More specifically, this study …

Characteristics And Resource Utilization Of Patients Of A Proprietary Home Health Agency In Rural South Central Kentucky, Linda Sewell

Masters Theses & Specialist Projects

The home health industry's introduction to managed care raises the prospect of reduced access to health care and poor outcomes for a vulnerable segment of our population—the rural elderly. Before effective intervention strategies can be accurately evaluated, a clearer picture of the sociodemographic features and home care service consumption is needed for this understudied group. The study was intended to provide a basis for future research into the evaluation of alternative methods of delivering effective care in terms of outcome and decreased cost for this population. A retrospective descriptive analysis was made of the patient record for the first six …

Personality Types Of Registered Nurses Employed In A Rural Community Hospital, Tina Snodgrass

Masters Theses & Specialist Projects

The purpose of this study was to identify the personality types of registered nurses in a rural community. An extensive literature review revealed that no studies, utilizing the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) to identify personality types, had been conducted with rural nurses. Jung's Psychological Type Theory was the theoretical framework for the study. The MBTI operationalizes Jung's theory and was utilized to determine the most frequently occurring personality types of the nurses. A descriptive study was conducted at a 68 bed acute care hospital. The sample consisted of 40 experienced registered nurses working in staff positions within the hospital. Sensing, …

Anthroposophic Perspectives In Primary Care, Ira S. Cantor Md, Steven Rosenzweig Md

Department of Emergency Medicine Faculty Papers

A core challenge of contemporary medicine is to integrate the technological successes of biomedical science with a comprehensive under-standing of the physical, psychosocial, ecological, and spiritual dimensions of health and illness. Toward this end, bridges are being created between conventional medicine and alternative systems of healing which reflect a holistic model of the human being. Even when both conventional and complementary approaches are used side-by-side in the same patient, they remain separate in their basic assumptions and goals. Today's mechanistic disease model is cut off from such notions as life-energy, consciousness, and spirituality, so integral to many alternative paradigms. Anthroposophically …

Jefferson Alumni Bulletin – Volume Xlvii, Number 1, December 1997

The Bulletin (formerly the Jefferson Medical College Alumni Bulletin)

Jefferson Alumni Bulletin – Volume XLVII, Number 1, December 1997 Annual Giving Celebrates a Half-Century of Strengthening Jefferson, Page 4 Screening for Breast Cancer: A Continuing Dilemma, Page 8 The McClellan house: A Link to the University’s Past, Page 12 The Bulletin Reaches its 75th Year, Page 17 Landmark Breast Cancer Meeting at Jefferson, Page 21 University and SmithKline Beecham Link Clinical Research, Page 22 Missing Cancer-Suppressor Genes May Have Deadly Effects, Page 23 Goldstein is Vice President for Research at JDFI, Page 27 Brezinski Develops Noninvasive Method to Detect Early Signs of Cancer and Heart Attacks, Page 29

The Biography Of A Scale: Contextual Factors That Influence The Measurement Of Family Functioning, Ludwig Geismar

The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare

The subject of instrument relevance is addressed by examining issues that have arisen in the use of a single scale over a forty year period. The issues revolve around the impact of varying social conditions, changing ethos, differential respondent receptiveness, and evolving research technology. Extended use of an instrument, it is argued, yields information that transcends the conventional techniques for testing instrument adequacy. The lack of opportunities in social work for accessing information on extended use of measurement tools is due, among other factors, to a preoccupation with working on subjects that are new and original and to a lack …

Ossifying Fibroma Of Nasal Cavity, Abbas Zafar Abbas Zafar, Muhammad Shafi Muhammad Shafi, Shaukat Malik Shaukat Malik, Shahid Pervez

Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine

No abstract provided.

Bad Witches: A Cut On The Clitoris With The Instruments Of Institutional Power And Politics, Joan R. Tarpley

West Virginia Law Review

No abstract provided.

Maternal Age: Influence On Length Of Gestation And Birth Weight, Charlotte Bratcher

Masters Theses & Specialist Projects

The findings indicated no significant differences among the age groups in relation to infant birth weight nor in relation to the risk factors of smoking, maternal weight gain, trimester of first entry into prenatal care, or marital status They did indicate a significant difference [F(2,85) = 4.1364, p < .05] between the oldest and the youngest group (CD = 3.37, a = .05) in relation to gestational length. These findings are significant for healthcare providers in rural areas, since much of the previous research had been done in highly urbanized or inner city settings.

A Comparison Of Listener And Speaker Perception Of Stuttering Events, Anne Jocelyn Schagen

Dissertations and Theses

Stuttering identification, measurement, research, and treatment have for many years had their basis in listener judgment of stuttering, but the covert aspects of stuttering are not behaviorally observable, and inter-rater reliability has repeatedly been shown to be low. Perkins (1990) has emphasized the importance of consulting the speaker for the most reliable perspective on stuttering identification. The question raised in this study is whether there is a significant correlation between stuttering identification based upon internal perception by a speaker who stutters, and identification based upon external perception of listeners, with points of inter-rater disagreement removed. Six adult males, aged 18 …

The Sensitivity Of Fluorescent Rabies Antibody Testing On Samples Taken From Brain Stem, Cerebellum, Cerebrum And Hippocampus, Veera Tepsumethanon, Boonlert Lumlertdacha, Channarong Mitmoonpitak

The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine

A review was carried out on 2,689 brains from animals that were found to be positive for rabies virus by a fluorescent antibody test (FAT) and mouse inoculation test (MIT). Samples were taken from the brain stem, cerebellum, cerebrum and hippocampus of each animal. FAT sensitivity was found to be 99.59, 99.29, 98.88 and 98.74 percent for each of the different sampling sites. It was concluded that the brain stem is the best site for routine rabies FAT diagnosis.

ระดับของซีรั่มโปรตีนในสุนัขที่มีการติดเชื้อพยาธิหัวใจ หรือ เออร์ริเซีย เคนีส เมื่อตรวจด้วยวิธีอิเล็คโตรโฟรีซีส, สุพจน์ วัฒนะพันธ์ศักดิ์, มีนา สาริกะภูติ, บุญเลิศ ปรีชาตั้งกิจ, อธิภู นันทประเสริฐ

The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine

ศึกษาการเปลี่ยนแปลงของซีรั่มโปรตีนในสุนัขกลุ่มควบคุม 26 ตัว สุนัขที่มีพยาธิ หัวใจ 51 ตัว และสุนัขที่ติดเชื้อ เออร์ริเชีย เคนีส (Ehrlichia canis) 8 ตัว โดยวิธี Biuret และ Cellulose acetate electrophoresis สามารถแยกส่วนประกอบของซีรั่มโปรตีน ออกเป็น อัลบูมิน อัลฟ่า-1-กลอบูลิน อัลฟ่า-2-กลอบูลิน เบต้า-กลอบูลิน และ แกมม่า- กลอบูลิน ในสุนัขกลุ่มควบคุม เพศต่างกัน ไม่พบความแตกต่างของซีรั่มโปรตีน สุนัข อายุน้อยมีค่า อัลบูมิน อัลฟ่า-2-กลอบูลิน และอัตราส่วน อัลบูมิน:กลอบูลิน สูงกว่าสุนัขอายุมาก (p < 0.05) สุนัขที่มีพยาธิหัวใจปริมาณ อัลบูมิน อัลฟ่า-2- กลอบูลิน และอัตราส่วน อัลบูมิน:กลอบูลิน ต่ำกว่าสุนัขกลุ่มควบคุม แต่มีแกมม่า-กลอบูลิน สูงกว่าสุนัขกลุ่ม ควบคุม (p < 0.05) และพบว่า 40% ของสุนัขที่มีพยาธิหัวใจปริมาณ เบต้า-กลอบูลิน สูงกว่า สุนัขกลุ่มควบคุมมาก สุนัขที่ติดเชื้อ เออร์ริเชีย เคนีส ระดับของ อัลบูมิน และอัตราส่วน อัลบูมิน:กลอบูลิน ต่ำกว่าสุนัขกลุ่มควบคุม แต่มี อัลฟ่า-1-กลอบูลิน สูงกว่า (p < 0.05) และ มีเพียง 2 ตัวที่มีค่า แกมม่า-กลอบูลิน สูงกว่า สุนัขกลุ่มควบคุมมาก การศึกษาครั้งนี้ชี้ให้ เห็นว่ามีการเปลี่ยนแปลงส่วนประกอบของซีรั่มโปรตีนในสุนัขที่มีพยาธิหัวใจหรือมี เออร์ริเชีย เคนีส และไม่พบซีรั่มโปรตีนที่มีความจำเพาะต่อสภาพการมีปรสิตทั้งสองชนิด แต่ในสุนัขที่มี พยาธิหัวใจ มีแนวโน้มที่มีเบต้า-กลอบูลิน สูงกว่าปกติ

Growth Promoters In Rabbits, Suwanna Kijparkorn, Supattra Srichairat, Somporn Wangsoongnoen

The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine

Fifty-six weanling crossbred rabbits (NZW x Native), aged 28 days, were randomly allotted to 7 groups with 8 animals per treatment and 2 animals per cage. Their diet was calculated to contain 16% crude protein with 3,300 kcal of digestible energy / kg feed. Para grass was fed ad libitum. Oxytetracycline and virginiamycin were added to the feed at levels of 5, 10 and 20 and 10, 20 and 40 mg/kg respectively and the seventh group was used as a control. Weight gain and feed intakes were recorded weekly for 10 weeks. Four rabbits from each group were slaughtered for …

Evaluation Of The Efficacy Of Dl-Methionine And Methoonine Hydroxy Analogue In Broiler Diets, S. Kijparkorn, A. Suriyasomboon, C. Nuengjamnong

The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine

Nine hundred and sixty day-old chicks of both sexes were divided into 24 groups of 40 birds each and fed for 42 days. Diets were prepared and fed over two phases (1-21 and 22-42 days of age). They were calculated to be deficient either in methionine and sulfur amino acids (negative control diet) or supplemented with 0.24% DL-Methionine (DL-M) or 0.37% Methionine Hydroxy Analogue (MHA). Weight gain and feed intake were calculated so that an evaluation of the efficacy of the 2 sources of methionine could be made. A significant response (P<0.05) in the average weight gain over negative controls (0.55+0.01 kg/bird) was found for DL-M supplemented diets (0.59± 0.01 kg/bird) in phase I, whereas MHA (0.57±0.01kg/bird) did not show any improvement. The feed conversion ratio of DL-M (1.80±0.03) and MHA (1.82±0.04) was significantly different to the negative control (1.93±0.03). There were no significant differences in all performances during phase II. The overall results showed that broilers fed with 0.24% DL-Methionine or 0.37% Methionine Hydroxy Analogue fortified rations showed the same growth rates. It may be concluded that MHA was 65% as efficient as DL-methionine in broiler chicks during the 1-21 day old period of their lives.

Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G-6-Pd) Activity Inthai Newborn And Adults: Normal Ranges And Incidence, Aranya Kittikalayawong, Chaweewan Jmpand, Panya Seksarn

Chulalongkorn Medical Journal

No abstract provided.

Dyslipidemia And Its Relation With Body Mass Index Versus Waist Hip Ratio, A Jabbar, A Irfanullah, J Akhter, Y K. Mirza

Section of Pulmonary & Critical Care

To study the magnitude of dyslipidemia in asymptomatic subjects and its relation to body mass index (BMI) and waist-hip-ratio (WHR), 88 subjects attending the health analysis programme were examined and their age, sex, BMI, WHR, fasting blood glucose and lipids were measured. The distribution of the lipid levels and the frequency of dyslipidemia were noted. Forty-eight percent had a total cholesterol of > 200 mg/dl and 50% had an HDL-cholesterol of < 40 mg/dl. On comparing the means of total cholesterol to BMI and WHR, it was found that total cholesterol level was statistically significant for WHR above and below 0.9 for males and 0.8 for females, whereas not so for BMI above and below 27 kg/m2. The prevalence of dyslipidemia in asymptomatic people in this group emphasizes the need for routine health screening for early institution of preventive measures. The correlation with WHR rather than BMI points towards importance of measuring parameters of central obesity rather than body weight and height only.

The Relationship Between Childhood Aggression And Impulsiveness, Mary Gail Glover

Graduate Theses

Previous research on the relationship between children's levels of aggression and impulsivity have been inconclusive. Studies of each of these behaviors independently have shown that they are correlated with many of the same factors. However, no studies have been found in which aggression and impulsivity have correlated specifically with each other. The purpose of the present study was to determine if a relationship exists between aggression and impulsivity in children. The participants of this study consisted of 115 children who had been tested at a center for behavioral analysis to determine diagnoses of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. They had been referred for …

Processing Strategies And Recall Performance For Narrative Passages And Word Lists Of Negative And Neutral Affective Valence In Depression, Lora L. Sloan

Theses and Dissertations

Depressed individuals have been found to exhibit memory deficits on tasks that require effortful processing. They have also been found to remember negative materials better than their nondepressed cohorts. While these findings are well-documented, there have been few studies designed to examine how and why these differences in recall occur. The present study examined prose passage and word list recall in depressed and nondepressed college students. Processing times and structure of recall were also examined to assist in determining how material was processed and remembered. Half of the passages and word lists utilized were of negative affective valence and half …

The Effect Of Systemic Doxycycline On Alveolar Bone Loss Following Periradicular Surgery, G. Reed Cummings

Loma Linda University Electronic Theses, Dissertations & Projects

Studies have shown an average of 0.5 mm to over 1.0 mm of bone loss following full thickness flap reflection. Recent investigations have revealed that the tetracycline family of antibiotics can prevent bone loss. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of systemic Doxycycline on crestal alveolar bone loss following periradicular surgery in Beagle dogs.

The experiment was divided into two phases. The first phase served as the control (Non-Doxycycline), the second phase as the experiment (Doxycycline). Full thickness flaps were reflected in the mandibular left or right quadrant (control side) of five Beagle dogs. Using a …

The Effect Of Root End Demineralization On Cementogenesis : A Long Term Investigation, Hamid R. Abedi

Loma Linda University Electronic Theses, Dissertations & Projects

Craig and Harrison¹² examined the effect of demineralization of resected root ends on wound healing following periradicular surgery. Based on its microscopic evaluations from 4-45 days, it was proposed that demineralization of resected root ends enhances cementogenesis. The purpose of this study was to investigate the longer term effects of demineralization on cementogenesis using Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA) or amalgam as root end filling materials. After completion of root canal therapy and endodontic surgery on seventy-two roots of mandibular second, third and fourth premolars of six beagle dogs, 32/72 of the root ends at random were etched with 50% …