Medicine and Health Sciences Commons^™

Efficacy And Safety Of Ozoralizumab Versus Moxibustion For Rheumatoid Arthritis, Luthfiana Rofhani Susanti, Arifa Mustika, Lita Diah Rahmawati, Citrawati Dyah Kencono Wungu

Folia Medica Indonesiana

Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic inflammatory disease that symmetrically damages the synovial membrane, affecting approximately 13% of the global population. Systemic complications and substantial declines in quality of life may result from untreated rheumatoid arthritis. This study investigated the safety and efficacy of moxibustion and ozoralizumab in reducing disease activity scores in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Between July 2023 and February 2025, we conducted a thorough search on four online databases (PubMed, Cochrane, Scopus, and ProQuest) using keywords, reference searches, and other methods following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The obtained randomized controlled trials (RCTs) …

Hypnopressure As A Non-Invasive Method For Anxiety And Pain Management In Primigravidae During Active Labor, Yeni Fitrianingsih, Hanung Prasetya, Rani Widiyanti

Folia Medica Indonesiana

Highlights:
1. This study applied hypnopressure, an innovative method that combines auditory hypnosis with acupressure on effective uterine points, namely the Hegu (LI4) and Sanyinjiao (Sp6) points.
2. This innovation offers an effective method for managing labor pain in primigravidae during the active phase of the first labor stage compared to hypnotherapy and acupressure administered separately.

Abstract
Psychological factors, such as fear and anxiety, are often responsible for prolonged labor. Anxiety affects 58% of primigravidae, while 2–4% experience pain with scores ranging from 30 to 40 out of 50. Hypnopressure is an innovative combination of hypnotherapy and acupressure applied on …

Reduction Of Postoperative Nausea And Vomiting Induced By Spinal Anesthesia: Peppermint And Lavender Aromatherapies As Complementary Therapies, Taufan Arif, Maria Diah Ciptaningtyas, Navalia Nailin Mudviyanti, Fitriana Kurniasari Solikhah

Folia Medica Indonesiana

Highlights:
1. This study provides insight into the effectiveness of peppermint and lavender aromatherapies in reducing postoperative nausea and vomiting in patients following spinal anesthesia.
2. Aromatherapies with peppermint and lavender administered three times within six hours have demonstrated potential as an easy-to-apply intervention that reduces postoperative nausea and vomiting.
3. In terms of effectiveness, however, peppermint aromatherapy exhibits a higher effectiveness in reducing nausea and vomiting compared to lavender aromatherapy.

Abstract
Nausea and vomiting are common occurrences after surgery with spinal anesthesia, potentially leading to complications and delayed recovery. Hypotension associated with spinal, epidural, and combined spinal-epidural anesthesia is …

Prognostic Nutritional Index With Wound Complication After Laparotomy In Colorectal Cancer Patients At Dr. Zainoel Abidin General Hospital Banda Aceh, Amirul Hadi, Muhammad Yusuf, Iflan Naufal, Imam Hidayat

Folia Medica Indonesiana

Colorectal cancer patients generally undergo laparotomy as part of the management. The earliest complications of laparotomy are bleeding, surgical wound infection, and anastomotic dehiscence. Albumin-lymphocytes are indicators of nutritional status and inflammation combined in the Prognostic Nutritional Index (PNI). Evaluation of PNI related to the degree of post-laparotomy wounds in colorectal cancer has not been widely explained. Objective: to find out the correlation of PNI for laparotomy wound complications in colorectal cancer patients at Dr. Zainoel Abidin General Hospital Banda Aceh. Method: A cross-sectional study will assess the correlation of PNI to the degree of post-operative wounds with the South …

The Differences Between Pre- And Post-Therapy Levels Of Platelet Count And Platelet Indices In Children With Immune Thrombocytopenia Purpura, Regina Rania Cahya Kusumaningrum, Mia Ratwita Andarsini, Yetti Hernaningsih, Pradana Zaky Romadhon

Folia Medica Indonesiana

Highlights:
1. This study was the first to analyze the therapeutic response in children with ITP at Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya.
2. This study analyzed the response of platelet count and indices, including MPV, PDW, P-LCR, and PCT to therapy, which provides a more comprehensive perspective on therapy response in children with ITP.
3. This study explored the effectiveness of various therapeutic approaches based on ITP categories, offering new insights into the most effective treatment options for children with ITP.

Abstract
Immune Thrombocytopenia Purpura (ITP) is an autoimmune disorder triggered by antiplatelet autoantibodies. Clinically, ITP is classified into …

Urine Periostin Level And Renal Function In Malignancy Patients Treated With High-Dose Cisplatine, Harry Yusuf, Andhika Rachman, M Bonar Marbun, Hamzah Shatri, Putri Aliya Ahadini

Folia Medica Indonesiana

Cisplatin has been used extensively as a cancer treatment. Nephrotoxicity, which is assessed by blood urea levels, blood creatinine, and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), is caused by cisplatin metabolites that build up in the kidneys. Because of these indicators' numerous flaws, optimal biological markers are required. One of the key mediators of inflammatory processes, such as kidney fibrosis and inflammation, is periostin. In cancer patients undergoing high-dose cisplatin therapy, the purpose of this study is to ascertain how urine periostin changes and how it relates to kidney function. This cross-sectional study was carried out at the National Center General …

Centella Asiatica Nanoparticles As Potential Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitor For Cognitive Decline Therapy Using Ellman's Method: An In Vitro Study, Nathania Nathania, Selvina Cindy Kusumaningrum, Reny I'Tishom, Feranita Kumalasari, Ria Margiana

Folia Medica Indonesiana

Highlights:
1. This research contributes novel data to current studies by combining the potential of Centella asiatica extract with PEG-400 to develop a therapeutic agent aimed at improving cognitive function through an effective drug delivery system capable of penetrating the blood-brain barrier.
2. The findings of this study revealed that the combination of Centella asiatica extract and PEG-400 at an adequate ratio exhibits great potential as an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.

Abstract
Cognitive impairment, caused by neurocognitive changes and neuroinflammation, affects 65.6 million elderly people worldwide and can interfere with their quality of life. Centella asiatica is recognized for its neuroprotective potential …

The Tubarial Glands: Key Anatomical Features And Clinical Significance, Dwi Martha Nur Aditya, Winnie Nirmala Santosa, Jefman Efendi Marzuki, Devitya Angielevi Sukarno, Baharuddin Baharuddin, Dita Sukmaya Prawitasari, Sajuni Sajuni, Adhimas Setyo Wicaksono, Stephanie Natasha Djuanda

Folia Medica Indonesiana

Medical technological advancements have revealed previously unknown anatomical features in the nasal cavity known as tubarial glands. However, many questions remain unanswered concerning these glands. Through this systematic review, we sought to analyze the tubarial glands, including their major discovery, anatomical and histological features, and clinical significance. Articles were identified according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines, with data collected from Scopus, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, and PubMed until September 2024. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) were utilized with various terminology: "tubarial gland*", "tubarial salivary gland*", and "radiotherapy”. The inclusion criteria were: (1) resources categorized as original …

Combination Therapy For Cryptosporidiosis In Immunocompromised Patients: A Systematic Review, Wiwien Sugih Utami, M.S. Irham Rozaq, Laksmi Indreswari, Cholis Abrori, Bagus Hermansyah

Folia Medica Indonesiana

Cryptosporidium sp. is a gastroenteritis-causing pathogen that may increase mortality and morbidity in immunocompromised patients. Diarrhea is a common problem among acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients, with 30–60% of patients in developed countries and 90% in developing countries affected. The prevalence of cryptosporidiosis is 3–5% of the global population, with 14.42% of those affected being immunocompromised. There is currently no vaccine available to prevent cryptosporidiosis, while nitazoxanide monotherapy is ineffective in eradicating the organism in immunocompromised hosts and malnourished children. This study aimed to determine the most effective combination therapy for cryptosporidiosis in immunocompromised patients. This study used a systematic …

Stroke Pada Lansia Di Indonesia: Gambaran Faktor Risiko Berdasarkan Gender (Ski 2023), Annisa Darmawati, Sabarinah Prasetyo, Miftahun Najah

Jurnal Biostatistik, Kependudukan, dan Informatika Kesehatan

Stroke merupakan masalah kesehatan di Indonesia dengan prevalensi 8,3 kasus per seribu penduduk. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh gambaran faktor risiko stroke pada lansia berdasarkan gender, dengan fokus pada faktor yang dapat dimodifikasi seperti aktivitas fisik, pola makan, kebiasaan merokok, dan pemeriksaan tekanan darah rutin. Penelitian ini menggunakan data sekunder dari Survei Kesehatan Indonesia (SKI) 2023 yang dirancang potong lintang. Sampel studi ini adalah subjek berusia ≥60 tahun (lansia) yang melaporkan diri atau didiagnosis stroke. Hasilnya memperlihatkan subyek laki – laki (54,7%) dan perempuan (45,3%) pada sampel lansia penderita stroke. Lansia stroke yang termasuk kategori lansia muda pada laki – …

Examining Adolescence And Agency In The Midst Of International Crisis: Pandemics, Pandemonium, And Zombie Young Adult Literature, T. Hunter Strickland

Dialogue: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Popular Culture and Pedagogy

The COVID-19 pandemic of 2020-22 brought an abundance of changes to secondary education as students transitioned across the country to virtual and hybrid learning contexts. Teachers flexed quickly and frequently to support the learning that students acquired in these new, digital spaces even as school, district, and state demands on teaching increased. The English/Language Arts classroom pivoted along with others as teachers sought out digital reading and writing resources for students to engage in. In the midst of a national crisis, a metaphorical monster that sought to destroy, much like Beowulf ’s dragon did, adolescent readers, despite the discourses of …

It’S Complicated: The Level Of Risk Assigned To A Missing Person, Time They Were Missing For, And The Tasks Performed By Police Investigators., Karen Shalev, Craig Collie

International Journal of Missing Persons

This study examines the number of tasks police investigators perform by the level of risk assigned to cases and the length of time the investigations take to resolve. It analyses 40,091 solved cases from 2019 using data from eight English police forces, as part of a wider research project of missing person investigations demand on police resources. The findings show that (1) low and high risk with a search area cases have a relationship to the duration of the investigation; (2) there is a relationship between the risk classification and the number of tasks assigned to the case; (3) the …

Supporting & Protecting Repeat Missing Children From Different Residential Environments: A Scoping Review, Kirsty Bennett Dr, Petra Salisbury, Rebecca O'Keefe, Sharon Vincent, Bethany Mccarthy

International Journal of Missing Persons

Repeat missing children pose a significant financial burden onto services, including the police, social services, and health providers. Recognising that 37 to 65 percent of missing child reports each year are repeats, efforts have been made by academics and practitioners to understand this societal problem. Research has identified the risks causing children to go missing and the harms that they experience, but these focus primarily on children missing from residential care only. This PRISMA (2020) scoping review of 76 studies explores strategies implemented to prevent repeat missing episodes, and the role/influence of the home environment (e.g., with parents/guardians, and foster …

A Systematic Review Of The Long-Term Efficacy Of Physical Activity Interventions In Reducing Risk Factors For Obesity In Adults, Jude Ominyi, Andrew Clifton, Noreen Cushen-Brewster

International Journal of Physical Activity and Health

Background: Regular physical activity (PA) provides numerous health advantages, including lowering mortality rates and preventing obesity. Despite well-established guidelines advising 150-300 minutes of moderate-intensity or 75-150 minutes of vigorous-intensity aerobic PA weekly, sedentary lifestyles remain prevalent, especially in industrialised nations. This systematic review examines the long-term effectiveness (12-24 months) of PA interventions aimed at reducing obesity risk among adults, with a particular focus on identifying strategies that promote sustained adherence.

Methods: A comprehensive literature search was performed using multiple databases, including Cochrane Library, PubMed, and Embase, focusing on studies published between January 2004 and January 2024. The inclusion …

Gender Representation Of Presenters At American Academy Of Ophthalmology Conferences From 2004-2019, Eleanor Burton, Chase Paulson, Ayesha Patil, Ruby Garcia, Sydni Johnson, Josie White, Adriana Rush, Devin Eddington, Jeff H. Pettey, Rachel G. Simpson

Journal of Academic Ophthalmology

Importance: Gender equity is an important topic in medicine and accurate trends are essential to evaluate historical, current, and future trends.

Objective: To describe changes in gender representation at American Academy of Ophthalmology (AAO) meetings from 2004 to 2019.

Participants: Presenters at the American Academy of Ophthalmology meetings from 2004 to 2019.

Design & Setting: This is a retrospective cross-sectional study. Data was extracted using AAO annual and subspecialty meeting archives for every third year between 2004 and 2019. Sessions were stratified by category and subspecialty. Poster sessions were excluded. Gender was considered binary and determined …

Predictors Of Ophthalmology Resident Research Engagement, Shreya Luthra, Natalie Anne Homer

Journal of Academic Ophthalmology

Purpose

United States Ophthalmology Residency programs employ many strategies to foster resident academic productivity. The present study assesses the efficacy of these initiatives in promoting research engagement.

Methods 

A 19-question electronic survey was administered to current PGY2 - PGY4 U.S. ophthalmology residents. Primary outcome measures included peer-reviewed publications and national conference presentations while in residency.

Results 

Eighty-one ophthalmology residents completed the survey, including trainees across all ages, genders, and regions. Of respondents, 34.5% reported allocated research time, 96.3% a required research project, 32.1% a research mentor, and 27.1% a formal research curriculum. Only 7% of respondents had not yet published …

Representation Of Women At Select Academic Ophthalmology Institutions In The United States, Hazem M Mousa, Camryn Thompson, Sri Meghana Konda, Keke Liu, Jay Rathinavelu, Terry Lee, Katherine Peters, Kevin J. Jackson, Laura Enyedi, Pratap Challa, Sharon Fekrat

Journal of Academic Ophthalmology

Purpose: To investigate the representation of women among ophthalmology faculty members at select academic institutions in the United States (US).

Design: Cross-sectional study

Subjects: Clinical faculty members at the top 20 academic ophthalmology institutions in the U.S. according to US News and World Report ranking

Methods: Gender as reported on institutional websites either directly or via pronouns, academic rank, medical school graduation year, and subspecialty were collected about clinical faculty members with MD, MD/PhD, MBBS or DO from their respective institutional websites. The number of publications for each faculty member was collected using Scopus ® (Elsevier, …

Cataract Simulator Training And Medical Student Attitudes Towards Ophthalmology, Victor Sanchez, Christian Diaz, Zachary Elkin, Laura Palazzolo, Andrea Blitzer, Manjool Shah, Christina R. Prescott

Journal of Academic Ophthalmology

Introduction: Simulation-based learning offers novel opportunities to teach ophthalmology to medical students and inspire interest in the field. Eyesi surgical simulators have become widely adopted by ophthalmology departments and may serve a purpose in medical student education. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of cataract simulators on medical student attitudes towards ophthalmology and to assess their performance/improvement on a series of simulator tasks.

Methods: This was a prospective, cross-sectional study of 31 medical students. Participants were recruited through an email sent via the school’s listserv. Enrolled students completed a series of tasks on the …

Real-World Assessment (Rwa): Validity Evidence For Cataract Surgery With A Tool Your Faculty Will Actually Use, Grace L. Paley, Hui Zhao, Victoria M. Addis, Casey J. Beal, Geetha K. Davis, Gabriela M. Espinoza, Michael S. Lee, Stacy L. Pineles, Jamie B. Rosenberg, Robert T. Swan, Misha F. Syed, Evan L. Waxman, Susan M. Culican

Journal of Academic Ophthalmology

Background: We developed and implemented a real-world assessment tool (RWA) for resident surgery. It was designed to improve utility by reducing faculty and trainee cost (completion and training time, cognitive burden). RWA uses an entrustability scale where higher scores indicate a resident’s readiness for independent surgical practice. We describe a two-phase implementation of RWA and report validity evidence for cataract surgery assessment.

Methods: RWA was developed iteratively with resident and faculty input and piloted at a single residency program in phase 1. Phase 2 implemented RWA at 11 ophthalmology residency programs. The main outcome measures were 1) number …

Student Perceptions Of A Novel No-Cost Mobile Application For Ophthalmic History And Physical Examination, Soryan Kumar, Anagha Lokhande, Spandana Jarmale, Arnav Kumar, Samantha Rosenthal, Grayson W. Armstrong, Michael Migliori, Jamie Schaefer

Journal of Academic Ophthalmology

Background: Mobile applications have shown promise in enhancing medical trainee performance. In ophthalmology, a comprehensive mobile app can streamline the trainee education process by providing guidance for patient intake. Language barriers pose additional challenges impacting the quality of care for Spanish-speaking patients; literature has documented the adverse impacts of inadequate translation on quality of medical care for both trainees and patients. We aim to develop a free mobile application to guide medical trainees through the ophthalmic patient intake process and assist with Spanish-language translation.

Methods: We developed EyeCheck as a free mobile application for ophthalmology trainee education with …

Community Outreach Vision Screenings With Student-Led Eye Health Education Improves Student Eye Health Knowledge And Ophthalmic Health Disparities Awareness, Tannia M. Rodriguez, Karim Dirani, Samantha M. Arsenault, Ryan Lee Freedman, John-Michael Guest, Kathleen George, Collin Richards, Leo Hall, Mark S. Juzych, Anju Goyal

Journal of Academic Ophthalmology

BACKGROUND: The high prevalence of vision impairment and discordant lack of eye care utilization makes it essential to develop effective avenues to educate the future physician work force regarding basic eye health knowledge and ophthalmic health disparities. The public is often not aware that blinding eye diseases can begin asymptomatically. It is important for medical students to understand basic eye health knowledge, such as blinding eye diseases can begin asymptomatically. The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of an eye health knowledge 5-Point Teaching Intervention (5PTI) and structured patient intake form on student eye health knowledge and …

Where Do Gorillas Get Their Protein? Plant-Based Diet For A Healthier Lifestyle, Cheryl Track

International Journal of Faith Community Nursing

After watching what they thought to be an interesting and educational documentary on nutrition, my friends, Sharon and Scott, felt inspired to challenge themselves by undertaking some dietary changes apart from their regular eating habits. What started out as a short “trial run” to explore plant-based dieting, Sharon and Scott quickly realized this alternative eating style proved beneficial. In a short period of time, two individuals with their own fitness and wellness goals saw noticeable changes in lab results and experienced positive changes to their overall health – enough evidence leaving them convinced the “trial run” with plant-based dieting should …

Grief And Loss: Catholic Filipino Traditions, Edgar D. Montesa

International Journal of Faith Community Nursing

Catholic Filipino traditions regarding death, loss, and grief, consist of Christian, paganistic and animistic elements. The peculiar beliefs and practices reflect ethnic Filipinos' values and views of things. They help contemporary Filipinos cope with a loved one's death and with the challenges posed by a pandemic. They have certain implications for faith community nurses.

A Phone Coaching Intervention To Improve Blood Pressure And Hypertension Self-Management Practices In A Community-Based Setting: Pilot Study, Ann Moore, Pandora Goode, Elijah Onsomu, Dionne Roberts

International Journal of Faith Community Nursing

Hypertension is common in the African American (AA) community, and AAs have disproportionately lower rates of blood pressure control in comparison to other races. Because hypertension self-management practices are performed mostly by patients and family members, there is a critical need to acquire adequate hypertension self-management practices. Phone Coaching (PC) has been supported in the literature as an effective intervention to improve hypertension self-management practices. The purpose of this project was to pilot test a 12-week hypertension self-management program with a phone coaching component for AAs in a community-based setting to improve blood pressure measures and self-management practices. All participants …

Feasibility Of Virtual Lifestyle Physical Activity Program For South Asian Indian Immigrant Women: Dance And Spousal/Partner Dyad Meetings, Manju Daniel Dr., Susan Weber Buchholz Dr., Pamela Semanik Dr., Sachin Vispute

International Journal of Faith Community Nursing

Culturally relevant, physical activity (PA) interventions are important in lowering the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in South Asian Indian immigrant (SAI) women. This 12-week study aimed to determine the feasibility (recruitment, engagement, satisfaction, obtaining measures, retention) of implementing a virtual lifestyle PA program. The outcomes measured included steps/day; minutes of moderate-vigorous PA (MVPA/week) and cardiovascular health measures (aerobic fitness, blood pressure, body mass index, and waist circumference) in women. The intervention targets included benefits/barriers to PA, self-efficacy, social support, and couples’ satisfaction. We recruited six SAI spousal/partner dyads (women aged 40-65 years; < 7,500 average steps/day). The intervention included: (a) Fitbit for PA prescription and step goal setting for women; (b) Bollywood-style women-only weekly dance sessions via Zoom; and (c) dyad behavioral group meetings every two weeks via Zoom. Dance and group meeting attendance for women was 100%. The majority (83.3%) wore a Fitbit > 91.6% of days. Overall mean client satisfaction …

I’Ll Just Weight On The Lord: The Lived Experience Of Obesity, Spirituality, And Health Behaviors In African American Women, Andrea S. Poynter, Florence M. Weierbach

International Journal of Faith Community Nursing

Obesity is one of the fastest growing health concerns impacting all racial, ethnic, gender, and socioeconomic groups in the United States of America. Obesity has gained nationwide attention due to its health-related disorders such as heart disease, stroke, diabetes, and various cancer types that increase the annual medical cost on a financially stressed health system (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 2022). Obesity has reached epidemic proportions in all races and genders within the US with African American women comprising a majority of those impacted by this chronic health condition (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Offices of …

Exploring The Barriers And Supports Of Faith Community Nurses Serving In Alaska: A Qualitative Study, Nathan T. West, Phd, Lauren M. Kiker, Ba, Beverly R. Bateman, Msn, Rn, Fcn, Krista Jones, Dnp, Msn, Rn, Phna-Bc, Faan

International Journal of Faith Community Nursing

Decades of research exist on the public health impact of faith community nurses (FCNs), particularly congregational health promotion and disease prevention. However, the literature exploring the barriers and supports FCNs experience when serving their communities is limited. Thus, guided by Ziebarth’s (2016) conceptual framework of faith community nursing, this study explored the lived experiences of FCNs (N = 8) delivering care to faith communities in Alaska. Thematic analyses of qualitative data revealed three major themes including 1) the descriptions, characteristics, and roles performed by FCNs (e.g., active listening, policy-level recommendations); 2) barriers and other factors impacting FCNs’ delivery of care …

Is Semaglutide The Key To The Fight Against "Globesity"?, Melissa Travelsted, Maire M. Blankenship

International Journal of Faith Community Nursing

The obesity epidemic, referred to as "globesity" by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2001, remains a critical global health issue with escalating prevalence rates. In 2022, approximately 2.5 billion adults worldwide were overweight, with 890 million classified as obese, highlighting a significant health burden and economic impact. By 2030, projections suggest over one billion individuals globally will be affected by obesity. In the United States, where more than 40% of adults are obese, healthcare costs attributed to obesity-related illnesses exceed $173 billion annually.

Obesity is defined by a body mass index (BMI) of 30 or above and significantly increases …

Google Glass™ In Healthcare Education: A Scoping Review, David B. Gillette, Bhavana Raja

Pacific Journal of Health

Background: Google Glass™ (Glass), a wearable augmented reality device is gaining popularity in healthcare education due to its portability, affordability, and usefulness, including offering a different vantage point and potential for remote training. We conducted this scoping review to determine its applications, effectiveness, and limitations in healthcare education.

Methods: Seven electronic databases were searched for relevant studies and reports using specified search terms. Two reviewers independently screened studies for eligibility, retrieved data, and compared results.

Results: The search yielded 2,019 articles. After removing duplicates, 1,576 titles, 877 abstracts, and 408 articles were screened; 78 articles were included in this review. …

Exploration Of The Patient Experiences Of A University Lgbtq+ Community: A Preliminary Analysis, Joelle M. Kidder, Eric G. Waldon, Tracey Delnero, Michelle Brady, Kristine Himmerick, Deepti Vyas, Vienna Sa, Malinda Thao, Lindsay Gietzen

Pacific Journal of Health

PURPOSE: This qualitative study aimed to explore the lived experiences of people from a university LGBTQ+ community to inform health professional training in the interprofessional education setting.

METHODS:

Focus groups and semi-structured interviews from the University of the Pacific LGBTQ+ community were conducted by the researchers. Participants were recruited through campus-wide notification and fliers. Focus groups were held virtually on Zoom. Participants were asked to de-identify any identifying information. Informed consent and basic demographic information were obtained electronically. Participants were asked to reflect on personal experiences of their interactions within the healthcare system. The focus groups consisted of open-ended questions …