Medicine and Health Sciences Commons^™

Can Gingival Crevicular Fluid Help In Diagnosing Pulp Inflammation? A Systematic Review, Wael Kassamany, Roula Abiad

BAU Journal - Science and Technology

This review aims to find if there’s a positive correlation between biological markers detected in human gingival crevicular fluid and pulp inflammation.

An electronic search of three databases; PubMed, EBSCOhost and Google Scholar was conducted using the keywords “tooth or teeth or pulp” AND “gingival crevice fluid or gingival crevicular fluid” for English articles published between the year 1990 and 2026. Information regarding study design, patients age range and gender distribution, sampling method used, types of biomarkers studied, assay test used, and key findings of each article were extracted and analyzed.

Biomarkers studied were substance P “SP”, neurokinin A “NKA”, …

Gambaran Penyebab Klaim Bpjs Rawat Inap Berstatus Pending Di Rumah Sakit Ciremai Kota Cirebon Tahun 2025, Jazim Shebrina Kharisma Sendy, Lina Khasanah, Bambang Karmanto, Maula Ismail Mohammad

Jurnal Ekonomi Kesehatan Indonesia

Pending claims involving BPJS Kesehatan remain a challenge in the healthcare financing system in Indonesia. This condition hinders the receipt of JKN funds by healthcare facilities. In general, pending claims arise due to inconsistencies in files, disease and/or action codes, or the determination of medical measures. The same problem also occurred at Tk. III Hospital 03.06.01 Ciremai, Cirebon City, with the continued discovery of pending inpatient BPJS claims in 2025. Based on these conditions, this study aims to describe the causes of pending inpatient BPJS claims based on administrative, coding, and medical aspects. This study aims to describe the causes …

Pendekatan Time-Driven Activity-Based Costing Dan Theoretical Framework Of Acceptability Untuk Estimasi Anggaran Layanan Home-Based Palliative Care Di Yogyakarta, Tatik Hariyanti, Firdaus Hafidz, Arif Budiarto

Jurnal Ekonomi Kesehatan Indonesia

Palliative care services delivered through a home care scheme in Indonesia are not yet included in the National Health Insurance (JKN) benefit package. Through a bridging guarantee scheme, since 2020 the Regional Government of the Special Region of Yogyakarta (DIY) has provided this service to the local population in accordance with applicable regulations. Therefore, a basis for budget allocation that considers the regional conditions of DIY is required. This study employed a mixed-methods approach with an explanatory sequential design, beginning with a quantitative study to estimate the prevalence of the population requiring palliative care services as well as the unit …

Analisis Pengelolaan Persediaan Obat Menggunakan Integrasi Abc–Fsn Dan Economic Order Quantity (Eoq) Di Rsud Haji Provinsi Jawa Timur, Rina Kartika Sari, Irwan Syahrir, Musa Gufron

Jurnal Ekonomi Kesehatan Indonesia

This study aims to analyze the performance of pharmaceutical inventory at RSUD Haji, East Java Province using an integrated ABC–FSN and Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) approach. A quantitative descriptive method was employed using secondary data from 560 drug items during January–December 2025. ABC analysis was used to identify the concentration of investment value, while FSN analysis was applied to evaluate drug movement patterns. Furthermore, EOQ was utilized to determine the optimal order quantity to minimize total inventory costs. The results show that the majority of inventory value is concentrated in category A (70.08%) and is dominated by fast-moving items (89.15%). …

Analisis Implementasi Clinical Pathway Terhadap Length Of Stay (Los) Dan Biaya Perawatan Pasien Anak Dengan Demam Berdarah Dengue (Dbd) Di Rsi Nu Demak, Akhmad Safi’I, Muhammad Zulfikar Asumta, Abdul Aziz

Jurnal Ekonomi Kesehatan Indonesia

Clinical pathway (CP) is a quality and cost control instrument in hospitals designed to ensure service standardization, efficiency of Length of Stay (LOS), and control of healthcare costs. Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever (DHF) in children is an infectious disease that often requires hospitalization, with considerable variation in LOS and treatment costs. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of CP implementation on LOS and cost of care among pediatric DHF patients at Rumah Sakit Islam Nahdlatul Ulama (RSI NU) Demak. This research applied a quantitative approach using a retrospective descriptive-analytic design. Data were obtained from medical records of 34 pediatric DHF …

Analisis Pending Claim Pasien Rawat Inap Di Rumah Sakit Dharma Kerti Tabanan, Gusti Ayu Putu Putri Maha Dewi, Made Karma Maha Wirajaya, Putu Ayu Laksmini, Putu Ika Farmani

Jurnal Ekonomi Kesehatan Indonesia

In the BPJS health claim submission process, not all documents submitted by the hospital can be accepted immediately. Claims are declared ineligible or pending if the submitted files are incomplete or do not meet BPJS Kesehatan requirements. At Dharma Kerti Hospital, Tabanan, from August to October 2024, 16.7% or 130 of 779 inpatient claim files were recorded as pending. This study aims to analyze the factors that influence pending claims for inpatients in the period November 2024 to January 2025 by reviewing coding, medical, and administrative aspects. The study used a mixed methods approach, namely quantitative analysis of the claim …

Determinan Kepuasan Peserta Jkn Terhadap Sistem Rujukan Berjenjang Di Provinsi Bali, Made Karma Maha Wirajaya, I Ketut Tunas, Putu Ika Farmani, Putu Ayu Laksmini

Jurnal Ekonomi Kesehatan Indonesia

The Indonesian government, through the National Health Insurance (JKN) Program, is committed to achieving Universal Health Coverage (UHC) by ensuring equitable, high-quality, and sustainable healthcare services. One key element in JKN implementation is a tiered referral system designed to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of healthcare services. However, in practice, the tiered referral system still faces various obstacles that may reduce the level of satisfaction of JKN participants with health services. This study aims to examine factors related to JKN participant satisfaction with the implementation of a tiered referral system in Bali Province. This study used an analytical cross-sectional design …

Analisis Biaya Perawatan Ulkus Diabetes Dan Implementasi Clinical Pathway Serta Cost Recovery Rate Di Rumah Sakit Xyz, Jawa Tengah, Nur Alaydrus, Chriswardani Suryawati, Puji Harto

Jurnal Ekonomi Kesehatan Indonesia

The INA-CBGs payment system in the National Health Insurance (JKN) program requires hospitals to improve cost efficiency through quality and cost containment. This study aims to analyze the implementation of the Clinical Pathway (CP) for diabetic ulcers, calculate the unit cost of care, and evaluate the Cost Recovery Rate (CRR) at XYZ Hospital, Central Java, using the Activity-Based Costing (ABC) method. A descriptive quantitative study with a cross-sectional design was conducted on all inpatients with a single diagnosis of diabetic ulcer without comorbidities from October to December 2024. Data were collected through activity-based CP observation, medical record review, and hospital …

Analisis Biaya Standar Pelayanan Minimal (Spm) Kesehatan Menggunakan Aplikasi Siscobikes Di Tingkat Kabupaten/Kota Di Indonesia, Purwa K. Sucahya, Resi Natalia Turnip, Lemi Kurniawan, Bondan Wicaksono Adhi, Iwan Supriyadi, Ni’Matun Nurlaela

Jurnal Ekonomi Kesehatan Indonesia

This research investigates the capacity of the Siscobikes (Health Costing System) application to forecast the financial requirements for the execution of Minimum Service Standards (SPM) within Indonesia’s health sector at the district and city levels.. The study utilized cross-sectional data from 166 districts/cities to ascertain the projected health financing requirements and juxtaposed these estimates with the actual budgetary allocations. The results show that each district/city requires approximately IDR 16 billion annually for SPM. Districts require around IDR 17 billion annually, while cities require approximately IDR 13 billion. Substantial regional disparities are observed: Eastern Indonesia has the highest per capita needs …

Hubungan Kadar Malondialdehida (Mda) Serum Dan Fraksi Ejeksi Ventrikel Kiri Pada Pasien Hemodialisis Reguler, Teguh Setiadi Amir, Taufik Indrajaya, Zulkhair Ali

Jurnal Penyakit Dalam Indonesia

Introduction. Malondialdehyde (MDA) is a marker of oxidative stress that is elevated in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients undergoing regular hemodialysis. Oxidative stress can affect cardiac function especially left ventricular function. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between serum MDA levels with left ventricular function in regular hemodialysis patients at Dr. Mohammad Hoesin Genaral Hospital, Palembang.

Methods. This study was an analytic observational study with a cross-sectional design conducted on regular hemodialysis patients in the Hemodialysis Installation of Dr. Mohammad Hoesin Genaral Hospital, Palembang. The MDA levels were examined from the serum of post-hemodialysis patients using ELISA …

Takikardia Ventrikel Berulang Pasca Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (Cabg): Laporan Kasus Berbasis Bukti, Ika Prasetya Wijaya, Simon Salim, Audina Dhiya Nabila

Jurnal Penyakit Dalam Indonesia

Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) remains the treatment of choice for patients with complex multivessel coronary artery disease but carries a risk of serious perioperative complications, including ventricular arrhythmias such as ventricular tachycardia (VT). Although VT following CABG is rare, it is potentially life-threatening and often results from multiple interrelated factors. This report presents a case of recurrent ventricular tachycardia after CABG and to highlight the underlying mechanisms, risk factors, and evidence-based management strategies aimed at preventing adverse outcomes.We report a 54-year-old woman with diabetes, hypertension, prior myocardial infarction, and severe left ventricular dysfunction who underwent urgent CABG for three-vessel …

Variabel Dan Model Prediktor Perdarahan Varises Esofagus Berulang Pada Pasien Sirosis Hati Di Rsupn Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo, Ifani Media Sari, Juferdy Kurniawan, Kemal Fariz Kalista, Aulia Rizka, Eka Ginanjar, Sally Aman Nasution, Leonard Nainggolan Md. Internal Medicine, Tropic-Infection Spesialist, Sukamto Koesnoe

Jurnal Penyakit Dalam Indonesia

Introduction. Liver cirrhosis is a chronic condition associated with severe complications, including esophageal variceal bleeding, which carries high morbidity and mortality rates. Approximately 60% of patients with cirrhosis experience recurrent bleeding within one year, with a mortality rate of 20–60% within six weeks after the initial bleeding episode. Therefore, identifying predictors of recurrent bleeding is essential for improving preventive strategies. This study aimed to identify predictors of recurrent esophageal variceal bleeding in patients with liver cirrhosis and to develop a predictive model.

Methods. This retrospective study included 220 patients with liver cirrhosis and a history of esophageal variceal …

Kontinuitas Terapi Lupus: Kesenjangan Antara Evidence-Based Medicine Dan Real-World Practice, Abirianty P. Araminta

Jurnal Penyakit Dalam Indonesia

No abstract provided.

Hubungan Penggantian Imunosupresan Tidak Terencana Dengan Aktivitas Penyakit Lupus Eritematosus Sistemik: Studi Kohort Retrospektif Di Rsupn Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo, Jakarta, Rosvitha Amanda, Sukamto Koesnoe, Alvina Widhani, Ikhwan Rinaldi, Adityo Susilo, Juferdy Kurniawan, Rudi Putranto, Birry Karim

Jurnal Penyakit Dalam Indonesia

Introduction. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex chronic autoimmune disease with diverse clinical manifestations. Treatment stabilization is crucial for optimal disease control, but the consistency of immunosuppressive therapy may be affected by non-ideal conditions, including drug unavailability or adverse effects. This study aimed to assess the association between unplanned immunosuppressant switching and increased disease activity in SLE patients.

Methods. A retrospective cohort study of SLE patients meeting the inclusion criteria, whose disease activity was evaluated using the MEX-SLEDAI score during immunosuppressant substitution. Participants were grouped into an exposed group undergoing unplanned immunosuppressant switching due to drug unavailability …

Efektivitas Penambahan Suplementasi Vitamin C Terhadap Penurunan Malondialdehid Dan Perbaikan Derajat Aktivitas Penyakit Lupus Eritematosus Sistemik: Uji Klinis Acak Tersamar Ganda, Yuniza Yuniza, Nova Kurniati, Theodorus Theodorus, Eddy M. Salim, Kristian S. Hartanto

Jurnal Penyakit Dalam Indonesia

Introduction. Vitamin C is an antioxidant that exerts its effects at multiple cellular levels. However, evidence regarding its effects in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) remain inconclusive. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of vitamin as an adjunctive antioxidant therapy in patients with SLE by assessing its effects on serum malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and disease activity using the Mexical Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index (MEX-SLEDAI) score.

Methods. This pilot double-blind, randomized controlled trial was conducted at Dr. Mohammad Hoesin General Hospital, Palembang. Participants were patients with mild-to-moderate SLE diagnosed according to the 2019 European Alliance of Association …

Profil Biomarker Apolipoprotein B Dan Lipid Terhadap Skor Syntax Pada Pasien Sindrom Koroner Kronik, Muhammad Novran Chalik, Erwin Sukandi, Taufik Indrajaya, Ferry Usnizar, Syamsu Indra, Imran Saleh, Rukiah Chodilawati, Irfannuddin Irfannuddin

Jurnal Penyakit Dalam Indonesia

Introduction. Apolipoproteins are structural components of plasma lipoproteins that are involved in lipoprotein metabolism and lipid transport, reflecting the number of circulating atherogenic particles. The degree of coronary artery stenosis can be assessed by calculating the Synergy between PCI with TAXUS/paclitaxel-eluting stent and Cardiac Surgery (SYNTAX) score, which is an angiographic scoring system used to evaluate the complexity of coronary artery lesions. This study aimed to investigate the profile of apolipoprotein B and lipids, as well as their correlation with the SYNTAX score in patients with chronic coronary syndrome.

Methods. An observational analytic study with a cross-sectional design …

Gagal Jantung Kanan Pada Hipertiroid Tidak Terkontrol: Laporan Kasus, Kevin Lazuardy, Leonard Nainggolan, Nadim Marchian Tedyanto

Jurnal Penyakit Dalam Indonesia

Right heart failure is a clinical syndrome that is influenced by various factors. The incidence of heart failure reaches 5/1,000 population, while the prevalence of heart failure reaches 1-2% of the adult population. Management of the main etiology of heart failure is the main therapy. In some cases, hyperthyroidism is an indirect cause of heart failure, especially in right heart failure. Hyperthyroidism can cause reversible pulmonary hypertension which causes right heart failure, although the underlying mechanism is uncertain at the moment. This study reports a 46-year-old woman who was diagnosed with right heart failure and also had hyperthyroidism. In this …

Miopati Atrium, Fibrilasi Atrium, Dan Stroke: Mengungkap Hubungan Tersembunyi, Muhammad Yamin, Mohamad Syahrir Azizi, Anneira Amanda Putri

Jurnal Penyakit Dalam Indonesia

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia and has been long recognized as a cause for atrial thrombus formation leading to cardioembolic stroke. However, recent studies reveal that the relationship between atrial fibrillation and stroke is an association rather than a temporal relationship. Left atrial thrombus formation is associated with vascular risk factor, atrial remodeling, and thrombogenesis. Various atrial electrical and structural markers of atrial myopathy have been linked to ischaemic stroke, even in the absence of AF. In addition to the CHA2DS2-VASc score as a consideration for anticoagulant administration, accurate atrial myopathy markers are needed to allow early …

Identifying Patterns In Blood Transfusion Errors In Nhs Inpatient And Outpatient Specialist Haematology Areas: A Service Evaluation, Sarah Kneller, Jessica Mandizha

South West Clinical School Journal

No abstract provided.

Evaluation Of Il-17/Il-23 Axis In Iraqi Patients With Essential Hypertension, Fatima Jalal Ayez, Manal Mohammed Kadhim

Al-Qadisiyah Medical Journal

Background: Essential hypertension is a multifactorial disorder and a major global public health concern. Emerging evidence suggests that chronic low-grade inflammation plays a key role in its pathogenesis. The interleukin-17/interleukin-23 (IL-17/IL-23) axis has been identified as a critical inflammatory pathway linking immune activation to vascular dysfunction and elevated blood pressure. Aim of study: Evaluate the IL-17/IL-23 axis including the levels of IL-17A and IL-23 in patients with essential hypertension and to investigate their potential role as inflammatory biomarkers. Patients, Materials and Methods: A case-control study was conducted in Al-Diwaniyah Governorate, Iraq, from October 2025 to February 2026. The study …

Postural Adaptations In Young Roller Skate Athletes: Effects Of Eight Weeks Of Proprioceptive And Strengthening Training On Static Balance, Widi Arti, Suprianto Suprianto, Hening Laswati Putra, Gadis Meinar Sari, Okky Zubairi Abdillah

Folia Medica Indonesiana

Static and dynamic balance are vital for performance and injury prevention in roller skate athletes. While proprioceptive and strengthening exercises are extensively used, evidence of their combined impact in young athletes is rare. This study evaluated the effects of an eight-week proprioceptive and strengthening program on postural and lower-limb balance parameters in roller skaters aged 11–15 years. The study randomly assigned 30 athletes to an intervention group (n=15) or a control group (n=15). The intervention group trained three times per week with structured exercises, while the control group continued routine skating and endurance activities. Balance outcomes were assessed using the …

Cracking The Code Of Resistance: Carbapenem-Resistant Urinary Tract Infections In Public And Private Hospitals, Shaista Bakhat, Fakhur Uddin, Muhammad Sohail, Shehla M. Baqai, Naresh Kumar, Saman Nadeem

Folia Medica Indonesiana

This research aimed to analogize the resistance patterns against carbapenem antibiotics in Enterobacterales uropathogens between two healthcare facilities. The authors performed this study at the Basic Medical Sciences Institute, Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Center, and the National Medical Center. A total of 374 UTI patients were enrolled, equally distributed in the two centers (187 each hospital). Molecular assays supplemented phenotypic susceptibility testing to detect carbapenem resistance. Statistical analysis, including multivariate logistic regression, was performed to identify associations between hospital type and carbapenem resistance. Of 374 urine samples, CA-UTIs were found in 86 (23.1%) and 90 (24%), while HA-UTIs occurred in 101 …

Lymphovascular Invasion (Lvi) In Ovarian Epithelial Cancer: A Determinant Of Figo 2014 Stage, Intan Septia. J, Aswiyanti Asri, Puja Agung Antonius, Shinta Ayu Intan, Almurdi Almurdi

Folia Medica Indonesiana

Ovarian epithelial cancer is an ovarian malignancy with the highest mortality rate in gynecologic oncology. Its incidence increases after the age of 50 and is associated with various risk factors. Carcinogenesis is driven by factors such as incessant ovulation, gonadotropin stimulation, and postmenopausal hormonal fluctuations. These factors cause DNA damage in ovarian epithelial cells through specific molecular pathways, resulting in diverse histopathological types and subtypes. Furthermore, the disease's progression and staging are significantly impacted by its pathways of spread via blood vessels and lymphatics known as LVI (Lymphovascular Invasion). This study employed a comparative observational analytical design with a cross-sectional …

Burden And Determinants Of Diarrheal Disease Among Children Under Five In East Java, Indonesia: Findings From Ssgi 2024, Raudia Faridah Humaidy, Soraya Isfandiary Iskandar, Sophia Zahra, Sovia Salamah

Folia Medica Indonesiana

Diarrhea is one of the leading causes of morbidity among children under five in Indonesia and remains a major public health concern, particularly in the province East Java, which has the second-highest disease burden in the country. Unfortunately, evidence for provincial-level predictors of childhood diarrhea using recent national data is limited. This study aimed to estimate the burden of diarrhea among children under five and identify its associated factors to support targeted child health interventions. A cross-sectional analysis was conducted utilizing data from the 2024 Indonesian Nutrition Status Survey (SSGI). Data on children under five residing in East Java with …

Effectiveness Of Laser Acupuncture Therapy Compared With Nsaids On Pain Reduction And Quality Of Life In Patients With Knee Osteoarthritis: A Randomized Controlled Trial, Virgyawan Rizki, Teuku Nanta Aulia, Putri Ade Mueratana, Onarisa Ayu, Muhammad Yusuf

Folia Medica Indonesiana

Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is a major cause of chronic pain and disability, and although NSAIDs are widely used, prolonged therapy may increase the risk of adverse effects. Laser acupuncture has been proposed as a non-invasive option to reduce pain and improve knee-related outcomes. This randomized controlled trial compared laser acupuncture and NSAID therapy in 32 patients with knee OA (Kellgren–Lawrence grade II–III) who were randomized equally to laser acupuncture (n = 16) or NSAIDs (n = 16). The authors assessed pain using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS). Meanwhile, we evaluated knee function and knee-related quality of life using the Knee …

The Effects Of Kombucha Consumption On Obesity And Diabetes Outcomes, Linda Linda, Lina Lukitasari, Rahmad Darmawan, Citrawati Dyah Kencono Wungu, Roikhatul Khusniyah, Ervi Audina Munthe

Folia Medica Indonesiana

Numerous clinical trials have explored the potential of kombucha in addressing obesity and diabetes. Nonetheless, a thorough and integrated analysis of findings from these trials remains lacking. Hence, this review seeks to assess effects of kombucha on metabolic parameters and examine the reliability and quality of available clinical evidence to support its role as a dietary intervention. Studies were sourced from scientific databases: PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. This review included studies that reported outcomes related to obesity and diabetes in individuals with either condition who received kombucha as an intervention. There were six clinical trials included. A total …

Extracellular Vesicles In Adult Acute Myeloid Leukemia, Haniatul Qomariya, Fitrotin Azizah, Yetti Hernaningsih

Folia Medica Indonesiana

Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) is an aggressive hematologic malignancy marked by uncontrolled expansion of immature myeloid cells and disruption of normal hematopoiesis. Beyond genetic abnormalities, accumulating evidence demonstrates that leukemic progression is strongly shaped by intercellular communication within the bone marrow niche. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes and microvesicles, have emerged as key mediators of this communication, transporting bioactive molecules that influence leukemic cell behavior, immune responses, and treatment sensitivity. This systematic review synthesizes current findings on EVs in adult AML, focusing on their biogenesis, molecular cargo, roles in disease pathogenesis, diagnostic and prognostic relevance, and therapeutic potential. Following PRISMA …

The Inflammatory Link Between Obesity, Quality Of Life, And Female Sexual Dysfunction: The Role Of Interleukin-6, Amelia Putri Ariyani, Lilik Herawati, Zidni Imanurrohmah Lubis, Alifia Syafira Putri, Adhiratih Ken Sari

Folia Medica Indonesiana

Female sexual dysfunction (FSD) is a common condition that impairs women's quality of life and is frequently associated with obesity. Beyond hormonal and vascular mechanisms, chronic low-grade inflammation, particularly elevated interleukin-6 (IL-6), has been proposed as a biological mediator of this association. This systematic review, registered in PROSPERO (CRD420251046082), aimed to evaluate the role of IL-6 in mediating the association between obesity and FSD. A comprehensive search of PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science was conducted for studies published between 2018 and 2025, focusing on obese women, quantitative IL-6 measurements, and validated assessments of sexual function such as the …

Spatio-Temporal And Determinants Of Hiv Incidence Among Msm In Jember Kidul, Indonesia, Siswi Wijayanti, Budi Utomo, Musofa Rusli

Folia Medica Indonesiana

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) remains a major public health issue, particularly among men who have sex with men (MSM), who are estimated to have more than 20-fold higher risk of HIV infection than the general population. In Indonesia, MSM are disproportionately affected, with surveillance data showing steady annual increases. In Jember Regency, East Java, HIV cases have risen over the past decade, with MSM contributing significantly to new diagnoses. Despite available therapy and prevention programs, transmission persists, suggesting geographic and social factors play a role. Spatio-temporal analysis using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and spatial statistics such as Moran's I and …

Exploring The Role Of Circulating Mir-21 As A Potential Biomarker For Celiac Disease In Pediatric Patients, Shaymaa M. Jabbar, Manal M. Khadhim

Al-Qadisiyah Medical Journal

Background: This training explored the possibility of circulating miR-21 as a biomarker for celiac illness (CD) in pediatric patients. The demographic and clinical characteristics were compared between groups. A case-control design was employed with 45 pediatric CD patients and 45 healthy controls. Aim: The present training stayed directed to exploring the expression of circulating miRNAs in those sick with celiac disease—three miRNAs—miR-21-3p. Methods: Blood samples were collected from participants, and RNA was isolated. miR-21 expression was quantified using STEM-LOOP RT-qPCR. Demographic data (age, gender, residence) and clinical features (family history, disease duration, symptoms) were collected. Serological tests for CD diagnosis …